Asslam-o-Alikum,
Seniors, I asked a question earlier in this thread:
http://www.cssforum.com.pk/beginners...ly-advise.html

Regarding the above issue kindly review my effort, I am still in this notes making dilemma.

SYED AHMED SHAHEED BARELVI (1786 – 1831)
Introduction
• Born on Nov. 29, 1786 at Rai Bareli
• Father Muhammad Irfan, known for his religious learning. Great-great-grandfather, Syed ilmullah was a celebrated saint,
• Outstanding mental and physical capabilities
• Widely respected by people. Shah Ismail, Mawlana Abdul Haiy and Maulana Muhammad Yusuf of Phulat accepted his discipleship.10
• 40,000 Hindus embraced islam on his hand and 3 million muslims took oath
• Greatly impressed by teachings of Shah Waliullah and Shah Abdul Aziz
• Went to Shah Abdul Aziz after unsuccessful in finding job in Luckhnow. He sent him to his brother Shah Abdul Qadir where he learned contemporary sciences and was ordained as Khalifa.
• Start jihadist career as Sarwar in army of Nawab Amir Khan of Tonk at age of 17 in 1811. Learned war related skills
• Left his army when he reconciled with British as he wanted jihad against non-Muslims with Maulana Muhammad Ismail and Maulana Abdul Haiy. British. Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi writes when Nawab “Amir Khan made peace with the British, Syed Ahmad did not attach any importance to the need of earning a livelihood and returned to Delhi”.( Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi, Ulema in Politics, 142.)
• He came back to Rai Breli and then visited Allahabad, Benares, Kanpur and Sultanpur for preaching. Also went to Lankhnow for preaching.
Hajj
• Hajj was neglected and a few ulema had given fatwa for it to be dropped.
• To revive this pillar, he started pilgrim on 2nd July 1821 with 400 disciples after Eid-ul-fitr prayer from Rai Bareli.
• On his way he and his companions preached about correct beliefs.
• He reached Patna via Ghazipur and Danapur.
• Sent a few Tibetans to Tibet from Azimabad for preaching that later spread to China.
• Reached Calcutta which was the center of British government and brought a religious revolution there.
• Left Calcutta with 753 people, his caravan reached Jeddah on 16th May, 1822 and he entered ‘Haram’ on 21st May, 1822.
• Also preached there, The 'imam' of the Grand Mosque and the Grand 'Mufti' of Makkah became his disciples (murid)
• During the period of Hajj he took a vow (bai 'at) for 'jihad' from his companions at ' Aqba~e-U la ' - the place where Prophet Muhammad (peace be on him) had taken the vow (bai'at) from 'Ansar' and which later became the basis of his emigration to Madina.
• Returned to Rae Bareli on 30th April, 1824.
• Stayed at Rae Baerli for 1 year 10 months occupying himself with preaching ‘jihad’ and Islam.
Emigration
• His purpose was Jihad not some rebellion for which he emigrated to KPK
• Left Rae Bareli on 17th Jan,1826
• In a letter he wrote:o “There were many who advised me to carry on Jihad in India, promising to provide me with whatever was necessary by war of material, treasure and weapons. But I could not agree to this, for jihad must be in accordance with Sunnah. Mere rebellion was not intended.”
• Selection of KPK:o Warrior nature of Pakhtoonso Pakhtoon’s bravery, love and devotion for Islamo He analyzed that it is not feasible to fight with British as they were better equipped and organized. On the other hand “though Ranjit Singh had built up an effective and large army, yet his government was not as securely established as was British rule in Indian territories.”(Ibid, 146)o Due its strategic location, geography and demography, pukhtun area of present Khyber Puhktunkhwa could serve as most suitable base for military operation against the Sikhs.o Another reason, He selected the area of present Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as his battlefield. Syed Ahmad was sure that as the Muslim government of Afghanistan was at his back and the people of whole area were enthusiastic Muslims having reputation of being good warriors, his call for Jihad would attract a large number of Muslims. Most people of the area “were Afghans by race and so the Mujahideen would find sanctuaries against the Sikhs and later the British, in the tribal territories and Kabul.( Jehanzeb Khalil, 30.)o The large-scale resentment, frustration and unrest among Pakhtoons against Sikh brutality was also a reason to get favorable atmosphere for Mujahideen.
• Started his journey with 500 -600 companions on 17th Jan 1826
• Not possible to reach Pakhtoon ares directly through Sikh territories so he choose a circuitous route through Gwalior, Tonk, Ajmer, Rajputana, Marwarr, Sindh, Baluchistan, Qnadhar, Ghazni and Kabul.
• Along the way, he kept preaching and gathering people for Jehad
• Barakzai Brothers ruled in Afghanistan, also called Durraniso Purdil Khan  Qandharo Mir Muhammad Khan  Ghaznio Sultan Muhammad Khan  Kabulo Yar Muhammad Khan  Peshawar
• Established his HQ at Nowshera on Dec. 1826
Aims of Mujahideen Movement
• Three major and one minor aim of Mujahideen movement:o Establishment of Islamic Stateo Reformation and purification of society from un-Islamic traditions and practices.
o Restoration of Jihad and raise awareness of Jihad amongst Muslims ofthe region.o To free Muslims of Punjab from the clutches of Sikh.
Jehad Movement
• Battle of Akora (20th Dec. 1820)o Sikhs, Syed Ahmad sent a message to Ranjit Singh to accept Islam but received no positive response from Ranjit Singh.( Ghulam Rasool Mehr, Syed Ahmad Shaheed (Lahore: Sheikh Ghulam Ali & Sons, n.d), 333)o Ranjit Singh dispatched well-armed force under the command of Budh Singho Syed Ahmed detailed the squad of 900 Mujahideen under the command of Allah Baksh (Ibid)o Midnight assault and Mujahideen won.o 82 Mujahideen martyred and 30 – 40 injured whereas 700 Sikh soldiers killed along with 1000 horses and huge amount of war booty was obtained. (Ibid)o Fateh Khan Panjtari, Raees of khadokhel, Ashraf Khan (Raed of Zaida) and Khadi Khan (Raees of Hund) were prominent among the leaders who announced their support for Syed Ahmed.o On the invitation of Khadi Khan, Syed Ahmen decided to setup his HQ at Hund (Strong fortress and well-equipped force of Chief of Hund)
• Raid of Hazruo Hazru, big trading center. Syed sb permitted raid but didn’t participated in it.o The raiders committed many irregularities and did not heed instructions given by Syed sb.o Ulema decided that most important task is to appoint imam so that jihad could be carried out under his command
• Iman-ul-Mujahideeno 13th Jan. 1827 oath of ‘imamat’ and ‘khilafat’ was carried out.o Rulers of Peshawar and Kabul, Yar Muhammad and Sultan Muhammad also came for bai’at.
• Battle of Shaiduo Sikhs gathered a force of more than 35000 at Shaidu under leadership of Budh Khano March 1827, Syed Ahmed proceeded Hundo Yar Muhammad Khan and Sultan Muhammad Khan and Pir Muhammad Khan joined him with 20000 men enhancing his army to 100000o Sikhs further had 20,000 reserve soldiers under Hari Singh near Attock rivero Yar Muhammad made Syed Ahmed sick by poisoning him on eve of attacko Despite that he continued leading the army.o When battle was in final stage Yar Muhammad withdrew his men and shouted defeat that lowered the morale of soldierso About 6000 Mujahidin were martyred in this battle.
• Panjtaro Syed Ahmed shifted his HQ to Panjtar at request of Fateh Khano On 6th Feb, 1829, a meeting was held to establish Islamic government. After another meeting on 20th Feb, 1829, Syed Ahmed started appointed judges at different regions. (Maulvi Syed Muhammad Haban as chief judge or qazi-ul-qaza)o From where he went to Buner, Swat and Hazara for preaching and preparation of Jihado He stayed there for 1 year during which Maulana Abdul Haiy passed away. He was Shaikh-ul-Islam of Mujahidin
• French Generalo General Ventura in service of Ranjit Singh attacked Mujahidin along with Khadi Khan, but they were defeatedo Took field again and advanced towards Sammah, Khadi khan welcomed him and secretly helped himo Syed Ahmed attacked the fort of Hund and seized it during which Khadi Khan was killed.
• Battle of Zaidao Amir Khan (brother of Khadi Khan) joined hands with Yar Muhammad and launched an attack on Mujahidin at Zaidao Durrani army was driven back and Yar Muhammad was killed (1829)o The routed Durrani army attacked Hund fort but were unsuccessful.o Mujahidin seized Ashra and Ambo Syed Ahmed sent his nephew Syed Ahmed Ali to seize Phulra (necessary to advance towards Kashmir), however he lost and was killed.
• Battle of Mayaro Sultan Muhammad fought the battle against Syed Ahmed at Mayar. And was defeated
• Entry in Peshawaro Occupied Peshawar in 1830o Decided to forgive Sultan Muhammad Khano Nov-1831, Syed Ahmed withdrew from Peshawar in favor of Sultan Muhammad on condition that he will implement Islamic Shariaho He appointed Maulvi Syed Mazhar Ali as Qazi of Peshawaro Sultan Muhammad later conspired against Syed Ahmed and not only killed Maulvi Syed Mazhar Ali but also encouraged tribal chiefs to kill 150 aamils of Syed in one night.o He also obtained fatwa from ulema to declare Mujahidin as fasid.o Most of the people killed were among the revenue collectors of the area.
• Second Emigrationo Lost heart on merciless killing and Syed Ahmed moved towards Kashmir towards reformative effortso Administration of Pakhli and Kaghan were oppressive due to successive Sikh incursionso Syed Ahmed reached Balakot at 17th April,1831
• Last War and Martyrdomo Sher Singh (son of Ranjit Singh), came to know Syed Ahmed was at Balakot. o He camped at east back of Kunhar rivero The valley of Balakot was strategically favourable for Mujahidino Due to natural defences of Balakot, he was thinking of going backo Local Muslims spied and led Sikh forces near the Mujahidin camp through secret routeo Syed Ahmed Shaheed, Ismail Shaheed and many other followers were martyred
Reasons for failure
• Outdated weapons of Mujahidin
• Lack of funds and proper training of Mujahidin
• Well organized and trained forces of Ranjit Singh (Acquired services of Jean Bapriste Ventrua and Fracois Allard in 1822)
• Selfishness and consequently deception of Pathan Chiefs. Dr. Jahanzed Khalil:”Chieftans of the area were neither sincere to Syed Ahmed not to Islam”
• No Backing from government and people of Afghanistan
• Lack of Unity, Jealousy and Rivalry among local leaders.
• Mujahidin started collecting ushr which was collected by local ulema thus creating resentment among them
• Pathans were unaware of rules of Islam and were not ready to accept them like compulsory girls and widow marriages. IH Qureshi: ”People were nt used to observance of any law beyond what was approved by tribal usage and cutom” (Ullema in Politics, 149)
Partial Success
• It kindled a spirit of Jihad which could be observed later and differentiated the Muslims from other nations
• “It helped to keep the spirit of Jihad against non-Muslims and internalized the Dar-ul-Islam and Dar-ul-harb dichotomy in the social consciousness of the Muslim masses” (Prof. Mujahid Hussain)
• Mujahidin movement took the banner of revivalism form the great revivalist movement of the past (Shah Waliullah Movement) and later expanded itself to the whole of south Asia
Critical Analysis
• The key ideological components of the movement:o Islam was the solutiono A return to Quran and Sunnaho Implementation of Shariaho All who resisted the spread of Islam, Muslim or non-Muslim were enemies of God therefore Jihad is compulsory against them
• The movement responded to the apparent gap between Islamic ideal and realities of Muslim life
• Moreover it addressed the need why an Islamic state is necessary for practicing the Islamic way of life.
• It was influenced by the growth of Islamic identity where Muslims lived in symbiosis with other communities. Movement was response to open accommodation of local practices in Muslims which resulted intensification of general feeling of Islamic identity.

** Pardon any gramatical mistake

SYED AHMED SHAHEED BARELVI (1786 – 1831)

Introduction

• Born on Nov. 29, 1786 at Rai Bareli

· Father Muhammad Irfan, known for his religious learning. Great-great-grandfather, Syed ilmullah was a celebrated saint,

• Outstanding mental and physical capabilities

· Widely respected by people. Shah Ismail, Mawlana Abdul Haiy and Maulana Muhammad Yusuf of Phulat accepted his discipleship.10

· 40,000 Hindus embraced islam on his hand and 3 million muslims took oath

· Greatly impressed by teachings of Shah Waliullah and Shah Abdul Aziz

· Went to Shah Abdul Aziz after unsuccessful in finding job in Luckhnow. He sent him to his brother Shah Abdul Qadir where he learned contemporary sciencesand was ordained as Khalifa.

· Start jihadist career as Sarwar in army of Nawab Amir Khan of Tonk at age of 17 in 1811. Learned war related skills

· Left his army when he reconciled with British as he wanted jihad against non-Muslims with Maulana Muhammad Ismail and Maulana Abdul Haiy. British.Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi writes when Nawab “Amir Khan made peace with the British, Syed Ahmad did not attach any importance to the need of earning alivelihood and returned to Delhi”.( Ishtiaq Husain Qureshi, Ulema in Politics, 142.)

· He came back to Rai Breli and then visited Allahabad, Benares, Kanpur and Sultanpur for preaching. Also went to Lankhnow for preaching.
Hajj


· Hajj was neglected and a few ulema had given fatwa for it to be dropped.

• To revive this pillar, he started pilgrim on 2nd July 1821 with 400 disciples after Eid-ul-fitr prayer from Rai Bareli.

· On his way he and his companions preached about correct beliefs.

• He reached Patna via Ghazipur and Danapur.

· Sent a few Tibetans to Tibet from Azimabad for preaching that later spread to China.

· Reached Calcutta which was the center of British government and brought a religious revolution there.

· Left Calcutta with 753 people, his caravan reached Jeddah on 16th May, 1822 and he entered ‘Haram’ on 21st May, 1822.

· Also preached there, The 'imam' of the Grand Mosque and the Grand 'Mufti' of Makkah became his disciples (murid)

· During the period of Hajj he took a vow (bai 'at) for 'jihad' from his companions at ' Aqba~e-U la ' - the place where Prophet Muhammad (peace be on him)had taken the vow (bai'at) from 'Ansar' and which later became the basis of his emigration to Madina.

• Returned to Rae Bareli on 30th April, 1824.

· Stayed at Rae Baerli for 1 year 10 months occupying himself with preaching ‘jihad’ and Islam.
Emigration


· His purpose was Jihad not some rebellion for which he emigrated to KPK

• Left Rae Bareli on 17th Jan,1826
• In a letter he wrote:

o “There were many who advised me to carry on Jihad in India, promising to provide me with whatever was necessary by war of material, treasure and weapons.But I could not agree to this, for jihad must be in accordance with Sunnah. Mere rebellion was not intended.”

• Selection of KPK:

o Warrior nature of Pakhtoons

o Pakhtoon’s bravery, love and devotion for Islam

o He analyzed that it is not feasible to fight with British as they were better equipped and organized. On the other hand “though Ranjit Singh had built upan effective and large army, yet his government was not as securely established as was British rule in Indian territories.”(Ibid, 146)

o Due its strategic location, geography and demography, pukhtun area of present Khyber Puhktunkhwa could serve as most suitable base for military operationagainst the Sikhs.

o Another reason, He selected the area of present Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as his battlefield. Syed Ahmad was sure that as the Muslim government of Afghanistanwas at his back and the people of whole area were enthusiastic Muslims having reputation of being good warriors, his call for Jihad would attract a largenumber of Muslims. Most people of the area “were Afghans by race and so the Mujahideen would find sanctuaries against the Sikhs and later the British, inthe tribal territories and Kabul.( Jehanzeb Khalil, 30.)

o The large-scale resentment, frustration and unrest among Pakhtoons against Sikh brutality was also a reason to get favorable atmosphere for Mujahideen.

· Started his journey with 500 -600 companions on 17th Jan 1826

· Not possible to reach Pakhtoon ares directly through Sikh territories so he choose a circuitous route through Gwalior, Tonk, Ajmer, Rajputana, Marwarr,Sindh, Baluchistan, Qnadhar, Ghazni and Kabul.

· Along the way, he kept preaching and gathering people for Jehad

· Barakzai Brothers ruled in Afghanistan, also called Durranis

o Purdil Khan à Qandhar

o Mir Muhammad Khan à Ghazni

o Sultan Muhammad Khan à Kabul

o Yar Muhammad Khan à Peshawar

• Established his HQ at Nowshera on Dec. 1826

Aims of Mujahideen Movement


· Three major and one minor aim of Mujahideen movement:

o Establishment of Islamic State

o Reformation and purification of society from un-Islamic traditions and practices.

o Restoration of Jihad and raise awareness of Jihad amongst Muslims of the region.

o To free Muslims of Punjab from the clutches of Sikh.
Jehad Movement

• Battle of Akora (20th Dec. 1820)

o Sikhs, Syed Ahmad sent a message to Ranjit Singh to accept Islam but received no positive response from Ranjit Singh.( Ghulam Rasool Mehr, Syed AhmadShaheed (Lahore: Sheikh Ghulam Ali & Sons, n.d), 333)

o Ranjit Singh dispatched well-armed force under the command of Budh Singh

o Syed Ahmed detailed the squad of 900 Mujahideen under the command of Allah Baksh (Ibid)

o Midnight assault and Mujahideen won.

o 82 Mujahideen martyred and 30 – 40 injured whereas 700 Sikh soldiers killed along with 1000 horses and huge amount of war booty was obtained. (Ibid)

o Fateh Khan Panjtari, Raees of khadokhel, Ashraf Khan (Raed of Zaida) and Khadi Khan (Raees of Hund) were prominent among the leaders who announced theirsupport for Syed Ahmed.

o On the invitation of Khadi Khan, Syed Ahmen decided to setup his HQ at Hund (Strong fortress and well-equipped force of Chief of Hund)

• Raid of Hazru

o Hazru, big trading center. Syed sb permitted raid but didn’t participated in it.

o The raiders committed many irregularities and did not heed instructions given by Syed sb.

o Ulema decided that most important task is to appoint imam so that jihad could be carried out under his command

• Iman-ul-Mujahideen

o 13th Jan. 1827 oath of ‘imamat’ and ‘khilafat’ was carried out.

o Rulers of Peshawar and Kabul, Yar Muhammad and Sultan Muhammad also came for bai’at.

• Battle of Shaidu

o Sikhs gathered a force of more than 35000 at Shaidu under leadership of Budh Khan

o March 1827, Syed Ahmed proceeded Hund

o Yar Muhammad Khan and Sultan Muhammad Khan and Pir Muhammad Khan joined him with 20000 men enhancing his army to 100000

o Sikhs further had 20,000 reserve soldiers under Hari Singh near Attock river

o Yar Muhammad made Syed Ahmed sick by poisoning him on eve of attack

o Despite that he continued leading the army.

o When battle was in final stage Yar Muhammad withdrew his men and shouted defeat that lowered the morale of soldiers

o About 6000 Mujahidin were martyred in this battle.

• Panjtar

o Syed Ahmed shifted his HQ to Panjtar at request of Fateh Khan

o On 6th Feb, 1829, a meeting was held to establish Islamic government. After another meeting on 20th Feb, 1829, Syed Ahmed startedappointed judges at different regions. (Maulvi Syed Muhammad Haban as chief judge or qazi-ul-qaza)

o From where he went to Buner, Swat and Hazara for preaching and preparation of Jihad

o He stayed there for 1 year during which Maulana Abdul Haiy passed away. He was Shaikh-ul-Islam of Mujahidin

• French General

o General Ventura in service of Ranjit Singh attacked Mujahidin along with Khadi Khan, but they were defeated

o Took field again and advanced towards Sammah, Khadi khan welcomed him and secretly helped him

o Syed Ahmed attacked the fort of Hund and seized it during which Khadi Khan was killed.

• Battle of Zaida

o Amir Khan (brother of Khadi Khan) joined hands with Yar Muhammad and launched an attack on Mujahidin at Zaida

o Durrani army was driven back and Yar Muhammad was killed (1829)

o The routed Durrani army attacked Hund fort but were unsuccessful.

o Mujahidin seized Ashra and Amb

o Syed Ahmed sent his nephew Syed Ahmed Ali to seize Phulra (necessary to advance towards Kashmir), however he lost and was killed.

• Battle of Mayar

o Sultan Muhammad fought the battle against Syed Ahmed at Mayar. And was defeated

• Entry in Peshawar

o Occupied Peshawar in 1830

o Decided to forgive Sultan Muhammad Khan

o Nov-1831, Syed Ahmed withdrew from Peshawar in favor of Sultan Muhammad on condition that he will implement Islamic Shariah

o He appointed Maulvi Syed Mazhar Ali as Qazi of Peshawar

o Sultan Muhammad later conspired against Syed Ahmed and not only killed Maulvi Syed Mazhar Ali but also encouraged tribal chiefs to kill 150 aamils ofSyed in one night.

o He also obtained fatwa from ulema to declare Mujahidin as fasid.

o Most of the people killed were among the revenue collectors of the area.

• Second Emigration

o Lost heart on merciless killing and Syed Ahmed moved towards Kashmir towards reformative efforts

o Administration of Pakhli and Kaghan were oppressive due to successive Sikh incursions

o Syed Ahmed reached Balakot at 17th April,1831

• Last War and Martyrdom

o Sher Singh (son of Ranjit Singh), came to know Syed Ahmed was at Balakot.

o He camped at east back of Kunhar river

o The valley of Balakot was strategically favourable for Mujahidin

o Due to natural defences of Balakot, he was thinking of going back

o Local Muslims spied and led Sikh forces near the Mujahidin camp through secret route

o Syed Ahmed Shaheed, Ismail Shaheed and many other followers were martyred
Reasons for failure

• Outdated weapons of Mujahidin
• Lack of funds and proper training of Mujahidin

· Well organized and trained forces of Ranjit Singh (Acquired services of Jean Bapriste Ventrua and Fracois Allard in 1822)

· Selfishness and consequently deception of Pathan Chiefs. Dr. Jahanzed Khalil:”Chieftans of the area were neither sincere to Syed Ahmed not to Islam”

• No Backing from government and people of Afghanistan

· Lack of Unity, Jealousy and Rivalry among local leaders.

· Mujahidin started collecting ushr which was collected by local ulema thus creating resentment among them

· Pathans were unaware of rules of Islam and were not ready to accept them like compulsory girls and widow marriages. IH Qureshi: ”People were nt used toobservance of any law beyond what was approved by tribal usage and cutom” (Ullema in Politics, 149)
Partial Success


· It kindled a spirit of Jihad which could be observed later and differentiated the Muslims from other nations

· “It helped to keep the spirit of Jihad against non-Muslims and internalized the Dar-ul-Islam and Dar-ul-harb dichotomy in the social consciousness of theMuslim masses” (Prof. Mujahid Hussain)

· Mujahidin movement took the banner of revivalism form the great revivalist movement of the past (Shah Waliullah Movement) and later expanded itself tothe whole of south Asia
Critical Analysis

• The key ideological components of the movement:

o Islam was the solution

o A return to Quran and Sunnah

o Implementation of Shariah

o All who resisted the spread of Islam, Muslim or non-Muslim were enemies of God therefore Jihad is compulsory against them

· The movement responded to the apparent gap between Islamic ideal and realities of Muslim life

· Moreover it addressed the need why an Islamic state is necessary for practicing the Islamic way of life.

· It was influenced by the growth of Islamic identity where Muslims lived in symbiosis with other communities. Movement was response to open accommodationof local practices in Muslims which resulted intensification of general feeling of Islamic identity.

**Guys, messed up. New to Forum. Sorry for the repost

Glorification of terrorist & Jehadi psyche in Pak-History at its worst.