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Old Friday, December 23, 2022
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Default Fedelalism vs Federataion

The terms federalism and federation have been discussed from different angles and perspectives by various scholars. An attempt has been made to draw a line of demarcation between the two terms. Federalism refers to
an organizational principle whereas the federation is a legal term. The former is normative while the latter is descriptive. Preston King uses federalism from the two angles of institutional and ideological or philosophical.
The institutional meaning carries the connotation that federation is the end while federalism is the means to get that end. In its ideological or philosophical parlance, it signifies the values and benefits that serve as guide to act, which carries the meaning that there can be federalism without federation but there can be no federation without federalism. So, federalism provides the theoretical framework which finds its practical manifestation in the form of federation.
Federalism is classified into various categories. The formal or quasi federalism is mainly concerned with the constitutional form of the government whereby the legal institutions are taken into account, while in the effective federalism, constitution, machinery of the government and society are federal. The USA, India, Canada and Switzerland are the examples of this type of federalism. In the unitary federations, the governmental authority is concentrated in the central government while the residuary powers are either vested in the centre as in the case of India and Canada or in the federating units as in the case of United States of America and Australia.
Decentralized federations give more powers and autonomy to the federating units and no example can be quoted in this regard since such type of federations exit on the papers only. In the symmetric federalism, the federal state bestows upon the federating units the same constitutional status, equal distribution of rights and resources. In the asymmetric federalism, the federal state gives some extra competencies and rights to the federating units. In the centralized federation, all the important decisions are taken by the central government while the states have nothing to do with the decisions making process. In the partially decentralized federations, the states play an important role in the decision making process of the federation.
The three models of federalism describe the intergovernmental relations in three different ways. The Coordinate Authority Model depicts the independence of the national as well as the state governments whereby
each sector of government enjoys the high level of autonomy in its respective sphere. The Overlapping Authority Model depicts the interdependence among the three sectors of national, state and local units in an overlapping circle based on the contract of bargain. The inclusive Authority Model describes the relationship among the three
levels of national, state and local units in a hierarchical and dependent way such that it leaves no room for autonomy of any unit without the state permission. So, the first model describes the autonomy and independence,
the second one describes the contract of close interdependence among the three levels of government while the third one describes the relationship among the three levels of government in a hierarchical and dependent way.
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