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Old Saturday, May 03, 2008
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Arrow Mr. Jinnah's presidential address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan

Mr. Jinnah's presidential address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan


August 11, 1947


Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen!

I cordially thank you, with the utmost sincerity, for the honor you have conferred upon me – the greatest honor that is possible for this Sovereign Assembly to confer – by electing me as your first President. I also thank those leaders who have spoken in appreciation of my services and their personal references to me. I sincerely hope that with your support and your co-operation we shall make this Constituent Assembly an example to the world. The Constituent Assembly has got two main functions to perform. The first is the very onerous and responsible task of framing our future constitution of Pakistan and the second or functioning as a full and complete sovereign body as the Federal Legislature of Pakistan. We have to do the best we can in adopting a provisional constitution for the Federal Legislature of Pakistan. You know really that not only we ourselves are wondering but, I think, the whole world is wondering at this unprecedented cyclonic revolution which has brought about the plan of creating and establishing two independent sovereign Dominions in this sub-continent. As it is, it has been unprecedented; there is no parallel in the history of the world. This mighty sub-continent with all kinds of inhabitants has been brought under a plan which is titanic, unknown, unparalleled. And what is very important with regard to it is that we have achieved it peacefully and by means of an evolution of the greatest possible character.

Dealing with our first function in this Assembly, I cannot make any well-considered pronouncement at this moment, but I shall say a few things as they occur to me. The first and the foremost thing that I would like to emphasize is this – remember that you are now a sovereign legislative body and you have got all the powers. It, therefore, places on you the gravest responsibility as to how you should take your decisions. The first observation that I would like to make is this: You will no doubt agree with me that the first duty of a government is to maintain law and order, so that the life, property and religious beliefs of its subjects are fully protected by the State.

The second thing that occurs to me is this: One of the biggest curses from which India is suffering – I do not say that other countries are free from it, but, I think, our condition is much worse – is bribery and corruption. That really is a poison. We must put that down with an iron hand and I hope that you will take adequate measures as soon as it is possible for this Assembly to do so.

Black-marketing is another curse. Well, I know that black-marketeers are frequently caught and punished. Judicial sentences are passed or sometimes fines only are imposed. Now you have to tackle this monster which today is a colossal crime against society, in our distressed conditions, when we constantly face shortage of food and other essential commodities of life. A citizen who does black-marketing commits, I think, a greater crime than the biggest and most grievous of crimes. These black-marketeers are really knowing, intelligent and ordinarily responsible people, and when they indulge in black-marketing, I think they ought to be very severely punished, because they undermine the entire system of control and regulation of foodstuffs and essential commodities, and cause wholesale starvation and want and even death.

The next thing that strikes me is this: Here again it is a legacy which has been passed on to us. Alongwith many other things, good and bad, has arrived this great evil – the evil of nepotism and jobbery. This evil must be crushed relentlessly. I want to make it quite clear that I shall never tolerate any kind of jobbery, nepotism or any influence directly or indirectly brought to bear upon me. Whenever I will find that such a practice is in vogue or is continuing anywhere, low or high, I shall certainly not countenance it.

I know there are people who do not quite agree with the division of India and the partition of the Punjab and Bengal. Much has been said against it, but now that it has been accepted, it is the duty of everyone of us to loyally abide by it and honorably act according to the agreement which is now final and binding on all. But you must remember, as I have said, that this mighty revolution that has taken place is unprecedented. One can quite understand the feeling that exists between the two communities wherever one community is in majority and the other is in minority. But the question is, whether it was possible or practicable to act otherwise than what has been done. A division had to take place. On both sides, in Hindustan and Pakistan, there are sections of people who may not agree with it, who may not like it, but in my judgment there was no other solution and I am sure future history will record its verdict in favor of it. And what is more it will be proved by actual experience as we go on that was the only solution of India’s constitutional problem. Any idea of a united India could never have worked and in my judgment it would have led us to terrific disaster. May be that view is correct; may be it is not; that remains to be seen. All the same, in this division it was impossible to avoid the question of minorities being in one Dominion or the other. Now that was unavoidable. There is no other solution. Now what shall we do? Now, if we want to make this great State of Pakistan happy and prosperous we should wholly and solely concentrate on the well being of the people, and especially of the masses and the poor. If you will work in co-operation, forgetting the past, burying the hatchet, you are bound to succeed. If you change your past and work together in a spirit that everyone of you, no matter to what community he belongs, no matter what relations he had with you in the past, no matter what is his color, caste or creed, is first, second and last a citizen of this State with equal rights, privileges and obligations, there will be no end to the progress you will make.

I cannot emphasize it too much. We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time all these angularities of the majority and minority communities, the Hindu community and the Muslim community – because even as regards Muslims you have Pathans, Punjabis, Shias, Sunnis and so on and among the Hindus you have Brahmins, Vashnavas, Khatris, also Bengalees, Madrasis, and so on – will vanish. Indeed if you ask me this has been the biggest hindrance in the way of India to attain the freedom and independence and but for this we would have been free peoples long long ago. No power can hold another nation, and specially a nation of 400 million souls in subjection; nobody could have conquered you, and even if it had happened, nobody could have continued its hold on you for any length of time but for this. Therefore, we must learn a lesson from this. You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the State. As you know, history shows that in England conditions, some time ago, were much worse than those prevailing in India today. The Roman Catholics and the Protestants persecuted each other. Even now there are some State in existence where there are discriminations made and bars imposed against a particular class. Thank God, we are not starting in those days. We are starting in the days when there is no discrimination, no distinction between one community and another, no discrimination between one caste or creed and another. We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State. The people of England in course of time had to face the realities of the situation and had to discharge the responsibilities and burdens placed upon them by the government of their country and they went through that fire step by step. Today, you might say with justice that Roman Catholics and Protestants do no exist; what exists now is that every man is a citizen, an equal citizen of Great Britain and they are all members of the Nation.

Now, I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State.

Well, gentlemen, I do not wish to take up any more of your time and thank you again for the honor you have done to me. I shall always be guided by the principles of justice and fairplay without any, as is put in the political language, prejudice or ill-will, in other words, partiality or favoritism. My guiding principle will be justice and complete impartiality, and I am sure that with your support and co-operation, I can look forward to Pakistan becoming one of the greatest nations of the world.

I have received a message from the United States of America addressed to me. It reads:

I have the honor to communicate to you, in Your Excellency’s capacity as President of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, the following message which I have just received from the Secretary of State of the United States:

On the occasion of the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly for Pakistan, I extend to you and to the members of the Assembly, the best wishes of the Government and the people of the United States for the successful conclusion of the great work you are about to undertake.
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Committees under the Constituent Assembly
Committee on the Rules of procedure - Rajendra Prasad
Steering Committee Rajendra Prasad
Finance and Staff Committee Anugrah Narayan Sinha
Credential Committee Alladi Krishnaswami Iyer
House Committee B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya
Order of Business Committee K.M. Munshi
Ad hoc Committee on the National Flag Rajendra Prasad
Committee on the Functions of the Constituent Assembly G.V. Mavalankar
States Committee Jawaharlal Nehru
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities
and Tribal and Excluded Areas Vallabhbhai Patel

Minorities Sub-Committee H.C. Mookherjee
Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee J.B. Kripalani
North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam. Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee Gopinath Bardoloi
Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee A.V. Thakkar
Union Powers Committee Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution Committee Jawaharlal Nehru
Drafting Committee B.R. Ambedkar

Members of the Indian Constituent Assembly
Indian National Congress
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Home Minister
Maulana Azad, Minister for Education,
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Chairman of the Assembly
C. Rajagopalachari, Governor General
Sarat Chandra Bose
Anugrah Narayan Sinha
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
Asaf Ali
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, President, Hindu Mahasabha
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Minister for Health
Hansa Mehta, President, All India Women's Conference
Prof. N.G. Ranga
Sri Krishna Sinha
Deep Narayan Sinha
P. Subbarayan
Kailashnath Katju
N.G Ayyangar
T.T. Krishnamachari
Durgabai Deshmukh
K.M. Munshi
Krishana Vallabh Sahay
Frank Anthony, Anglo Indian representative
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Dr. John Mathai
Pratap Singh Kairon
Prof. Shibbanlal Saxena
R. K. Shanmukham Chetty
Alladi Krishnaswami Iyer
Jagjivan Ram, President, All India Depressed Classes League
Pandit Govind Ballab Pant, Premier, United Provinces
Minoo Masani
Renuka Ray
Purushottam Das Tandon
Mahavir Tyagi
Thakur Das Bhargava
Bhagwan Das
Feroze Gandhi
B. Shiva Rao
Jairamdas Daulatram
A. Thanu Pillai
R. Sankar
P.S. Nataraja Pillai
K.A. Mohamed
P.T. Chacko
P. Govinda Menon
Annie Mascarene
Bhograju Pattabhi Sitaramayya
Kamraj
Ammu Swaminathan
Purnima Banerjee
Vijayalakshmi Pandit
Ramnath Goenka, Editor of the Indian Express
Sarojini Naidu
Jaipal Singh Munda, President,Adibasi Mahasabha
Jagjivan Ram
Dakshayani Velayudan
Reverend Jerome D'Souza
Reverend JJM Nichols-Roy
Gopinath Bordoloi
Malati Choudhury
Homi Mody
Leela Roy
Biswanath Das, Premier of Orissa
Acharya Kriplani
Sucheta Kriplani
Harendra Coomar Mookerjee
Gopi Krishna Vijayvargiya
Pandit Raghunath Vinayak Dhulekar, Member of Parliament, 1952,Jhansi
D.H. Chandrasekharaiya
Nibaran Chandra Laskar
Ari Bahadur Gururng, Gorkha Community
Muslim League

Begum Aizaz Rasul, Vice President (later President)Muslim League (India)
Maulana Hasrat Mohani
Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan
Kazi Syed Karimuddin
Chaudhary Khaliquzzaman, President, Muslim League (India)
Naziruddin Ahmad
Z.H. Lari
Mohammad Saadullah, Premier of Assam
Aziz Ahmed Khan
Maulana Daud Ghazhnavi
Tajamul Hussain
Hussain Imam
Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur
Pocker Sahib Bahadur

Scheduled Caste Federation

Dr. Ambedkar
Akalis

Sardar Hukam Singh
Communist

Somnath Lahiri
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FIRST DAY IN THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY


The Constituent Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December, 1946 in the Constitution Hall which is now known as the Central Hall of Parliament House. Decorated elegantly for the occasion, the Chamber wore a new look on that day with a constellation of bright lamps hanging from the high ceilings and also from the brackets on its walls.
Overwhelmed and jubilant as they were, the hon'ble members sat in semi-circular rows facing the Presidential dias. The desks which could be warmed electrically were placed on sloping green-carpeted terraces. Those who adorned the front row were Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Acharya J.B. Kripalani, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Smt. Sarojini Naidu, Shri Hare-Krushna Mahatab, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Shri Sarat Chandra Bose, Shri C. Rajagopalachari and Shri M. Asaf Ali. Two hundred and seven representatives, including nine women were present.
The inaugural session began at 11 a.m. with the introduction of Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha, the temporary Chairman of the Assembly, by Acharya Kripalani. While welcoming Dr. Sinha and others, Acharyaji said: "As we begin every work with Divine blessings, we request Dr. Sinha to invoke these blessings so that our work may proceed smoothly. Now, I once more, on your behalf, call upon Dr. Sinha to take the Chair."
Occupying the Chair amidst acclamation, Dr. Sinha read out the goodwill messages received from different countries. After the Chairman's inaugural address and the nomination of a Deputy Chairman, the members were formally requested to present their credentials. The First Day's proceedings ended after all the 207 members present submitted their credentials and signed the Register.
Seated in the galleries, some thirty feet above the floor of the Chamber, the representatives of the Press and the visitors witnessed this memorable event. The All India Radio, Delhi broadcast a composite sound picture of the entire proceedings.
SOME FACTS

The Constituent Assembly took almost three years (two years, eleven months and seventeen days to be precise) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for Independent India. During this period, it held eleven sessions covering a total of 165 days. Of these, 114 days were spent on the consideration of the Draft Constitution.
As to its composition, members were chosen by indirect election by the members of the Provincial Legislative Assemblies, according to the scheme recommended by the Cabinet Mission. The arrangement was: (i) 292 members were elected through the Provincial Legislative Assemblies; (ii) 93 members represented the Indian Princely States; and (iii) 4 members represented the Chief Commissioners' Provinces. The total membership of the Assembly thus was to be 389. However, as a result of the partition under the Mountbatten Plan of 3 June, 1947, a separate Constituent Assembly was set up for Pakistan and representatives of some Provinces ceased to be members of the Assembly. As a result, the membership of the Assembly was reduced to 299.
On 13 December, 1946, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru moved the Objectives Resolution

1.This Constituent Assembly declares its firm and solemn resolve to proclaim India as an Independent Soverign Republic and to draw up for her future governance a Constitution;

2.WHEREIN the territories that now comprise British India, the territories that now form the Indian States, and such other parts fo India as are outside British India and the States as well as such other territories as are willing to be constituted into the Independent Soverign India, shall be a Union of them all; and

3.WHEREIN the said territories, whether with their present boundaries or with such others as may be determined by the Constituent Assembly and thereafter according to the law of the Constitution, shall possess and retain the status of autonomous Units, together with residuary powers and exercise all powers and functions of goverrnment and administration, save and except such powers and functions as are vested in or assigned to the Union, or as are inherent or implied in the Union or resulting therefrom; and

4.WHEREIN all power and authority of the Soverign Independent India, its constituent parts and organs of government, are derived from the people; and

5.WHEREIN shall be guaranteed and secured to all the people of India justice, social economic and political : equality of status, of opportunity, and before the law; freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship, vocation, association and action, subject to law and public morality; and

6.WHEREIN adequate safeguards shall be provided for minorities, backward and tribal areas, and depressed and other backward classes; and

7.WHEREBY shall be maintained the integrity of the territory of the Republic and its soverign rights on land, sea, and air according to justice and the law of civilized nations; and

8.this ancient land attains its righful and honoured placed in the world and make its full and willing contribution to the promotion of world peace and the welfare of mankind.

This Resolution was unanimously adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 January 1947.
Late in the evening of 14 August, 1947 the Assembly met in the Constitution Hall and at the stroke of midnight, took over as the Legislative Assembly of an Independent India.

On 29 August, 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India. While deliberating upon the draft Constitution, the Assembly moved, discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled.

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November, 1949 and the hon'ble members appended their signatures to it on 24 January, 1950. In all, 284 members actually signed the Constitution. On that day when the Constitution was being signed, it was drizzling outside and it was interpreted as a sign of a good omen.

The Constitution of India came into force on 2 6 January, 1950. On that day, the Assembly ceased to exist, transforming itself into the Provisional Parliament of India until a new Parliament was constituted in1952

Sessions of the Constituent Assembly



First Session: 9-23 December, 1946

Second Session: 20-25 January, 1947

Third Session: 28 April - 2 May, 1947

Fourth Session: 14-31 July, 1947

Fifth Session: 14-30 August, 1947

Sixth Session: 27 January, 1948

Seventh Session: 4 November,1948 - 8 January, 1949

Eighth Session: 16 May - 16 June, 1949

Ninth Session: 30 July - 18 September, 1949

Tenth Session: 6-17 October, 1949

Eleventh Session: 14-26 November, 1949


[The Assembly met once again on 24 January, 1950,

when the members appended their signatures

to the Constitution of India]


IMPORTANT COMMITTEES OF
THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY AND THEIR CHAIRMEN


-------------------------------------------------------------

Name of the Committee Chairman

-------------------------------------------------------------

Committee on the Rules of Rajendra Prasad
Procedure

Steering Committee Rajendra Prasad

Finance and Staff Committee Rajendra Prasad

Credential Committee Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar

House Committee B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya

Order of Business Committee K.M. Munsi

Ad hoc Committee on the Rajendra Prasad
National Flag

Committee on the Functions of G.V. Mavalankar
the Constituent Assembly

States Committee Jawaharlal Nehru

Advisory Committee on Vallabhbhai Patel
Fundamental Rights, Minorities
and Tribal and Excluded Areas

Minorities Sub-Committee H.C. Mookherjee

Fundamental Rights J.B. Kripalani
Sub-Committee

North-East Frontier Tribal Areas Gopinath Bardoloi
and Assam Exluded & Partially
Excluded Areas Sub-Committee

Excluded and Partially Excluded A.V. Thakkar
Areas (Other than those in Assam)
Sub-Committee

Union Powers Committee Jawaharlal Nehru

Union Constitution Committee Jawaharlal Nehru

Drafting Committee B.R. Ambedkar

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

STATEWISE MEMBERSHIP OF THE CONSTITUENT

ASSEMBLY OF INDIA AS ON 31 DECEMBER, 1947

PROVINCES-229

-----------------------------------------------------------

S.No. State No. of Members

-----------------------------------------------------------

1. Madras 49

2. Bombay 21

3. West Bengal 19

4. United Provinces 55

5. East Punjab 12

6. Bihar 36

7. C.P. and Berar 17

8. Assam 8

9. Orissa 9

10. Delhi 1

11. Ajmer-Merwara 1

12. Coorg 1


INDIAN STATES-70
1. Alwar 1

2. Baroda 3

3. Bhopal 1

4. Bikaner 1

5. Cochin 1

6. Gwalior 4

7. Indore 1

8. Jaipur 3

9. Jodhpur 2

10. Kolhapur 1

11. Kotah 1

12. Mayurbhanj 1

13. Mysore 7

14. Patiala 2

15. Rewa 2

16. Travancore 6

17. Udaipur 2

18. Sikkim and Cooch Behar Group 1

19. Tripura, Manipur and Khasi
States Group 1

20. U.P. States Group 1

21. Eastern Rajputana States Group 3

22. Central India States Group 3
(including Bundelkhand and Malwa)

23. Western India States Group 4

24. Gujarat States Group 2

25. Deccan and Madras States Group 2

26. Punjab States Group I 3

27. Eastern States Group I 4

28. Eastern States Group II 3

29. Residuary States Group 4

------

Total 299
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