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Old Friday, November 17, 2006
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Lightbulb History of Pakistan's Pride!!Nuclear Development History of PAkistan:-)

I am here providing all eminent events of Nuclear Development Histoy of Pakistan.Though very hard to get and arrange data but i done it for benefit of all aspirants,either for Civil services of Pakistan or Pakistan Atomic Enegy Commision.

1960s

1962: The United States agrees to supply a light-water research reactor (Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor: PARR).
1965: PARR-1, a 5MW research reactor, begins operating. PARR-1 is located at the Pakistan Institute of Scientific and Technical Research (PINSTECH).
1968: Nonproliferation Treaty completed. Pakistan refuses to sign.

1970s

1972: Canada supplies Pakistan with a heavy-water reactor for the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP), heavy water as a moderator for the reactor, and a heavy-water production facility.
1974: India tests a device of up to 15 kilotons and calls the test a ``peaceful nuclear explosion.'' Pakistani Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto tells meeting of Pakistan's top scientists of intention to develop nuclear arms.
1975: Purchasing of components and know-how for the Kahuta uranium-enrichment centrifuge facility begins in August.
1976: Canada abruptly terminates its supply of nuclear fuel for the KANUPP.
1976: Construction begins on the first uranium-enrichment centrifuges at Kahuta.
1977: Leybold Heraeus of Hanan Germany sells Pakistan vacuum pumps and equipment to be used in uranium enrichment.
1978: Pakistan proposed to India a joint Indo-Pakistan declaration renouncing the acquisition and manufacture of nuclear weapons.
1978: France cancels its 1976 deal with Pakistan to supply a plutonium reprocessing plant at Chasma. The facility had been partly constructed.
1979: The United States cut off aid to Pakistan under section 669 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 FAA) after it was learned that Pakistan had secretly begun construction of a uranium enrichment facility.
1979: Pakistan proposed to India mutual inspections by India and Pakistan of nuclear facilities
1979: Pakistan proposed to India simultaneous adherence to the NPT by India and Pakistan.
1979: Pakistan proposed to India simultaneous acceptance of full-scope IAEA safeguards.

1980s

Early 1980's: Multiple reports that Pakistan obtained a pre-tested, atomic bomb design from China.
Early 1980's: Multiple reports that Pakistan obtained bomb-grade enriched uranium from China.
1980: U.S. Nuclear Export Control Violation: Reexport via Canada (components of inverters used in gas centrifuge enrichment activities).
1981: U.S. Nuclear Export Control Violation: New York, zirconium (nuclear fuel cladding material).
1981: AP story cites contents of reported US State Department cable stating `We have strong reason to believe that Pakistan is seeking to develop a nuclear explosives capability * * * Pakistan is conducting a program for the design and development of a triggering package for nuclear explosive devices.'
1981: Publication of book, Islamic Bomb, citing recent Pakistani efforts to construct a nuclear test site.
1982/3: Several European press reports indicate that Pakistan was using Middle Eastern intermediaries to acquire bomb parts (13-inch `steel spheres' and `steel petal shapes').
1983: Declassified US government assessment concludes that `There is unambiguous evidence that Pakistan is actively pursuing a nuclear weapons development program * * * We believe the ultimate application of the enriched uranium produced at Kahuta, which is unsafe guarded, is clearly nuclear weapons.'
1983: Senior Pakistani nuclear scientist His Excellency Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan orders over 6,000 tubes made of special steel to be used for uranium enrichment.
1984: President Zia-UL-Haq states that Pakistan has acquired a `very modest' uranium enrichment capability for `nothing but peaceful purposes.'
1984: President Reagan reportedly warns Pakistan of `grave consequences' if it enriches uranium above 5%.
1985: ABC News reports that US believes Pakistan has `successfully tested' a `firing mechanism' of an atomic bomb by means of a non-nuclear explosion, and that US krytrons `have been acquired' by Pakistan.
1985: U.S. Nuclear Export Control Violation: Texas, krytrons (nuclear weapon triggers).
1985: U.S. Nuclear Export Control Violation: US cancelled license for export of flash x-ray camera to Pakistan (nuclear weapon diagnostic uses) because of proliferation concerns.
1985/6: Media cites production of highly enriched, bomb-grade uranium in violation of a commitment to the US.
1985: Pressler Amendment [section 620E(e) of the Foreign Assistance Act] requires a total cut-off of U.S. aid to Islamabad unless the president can certify that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear weapon, and that continued US aid will significantly decrease the probability of its developing one in the future.
1986: Bob Woodward article in Washington Post cites alleged DIA report saying Pakistan `detonated a high explosive test device between Sept. 18 and Sept. 21 as part of its continuing efforts to build an implosion-type nuclear weapon;' says Pakistan has produced uranium enriched to a 93.5% level.
1986: Press reports cite U.S. `Special National Intelligence Estimate' concluding that Pakistan had produced weapons-grade material.
1986: Commenting on Pakistan's nuclear capability, General Zia tells interviewer, `It is our right to obtain the technology. And when we acquire this technology, the Islamic world will possess it with us.'
1986: Declassified memo to then-Secretary of State Henry Kissinger states, `Despite strong U.S. concern, Pakistan continues to pursue a nuclear explosive capability * * * If operated at its nominal capacity, the Kahuta uranium enrichment plant could produce enough weapons-grade material to build several nuclear devices per year.'
1986: In June, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, head of the Pakistan's nuclear program, announces that Pakistan has a program to manufacture an indigenous nuclear reactor.
1987: Pakistan proposed to India an agreement on a bilateral or regional nuclear test ban treaty
1987: London Financial Times reports US spy satellites have observed construction of second uranium enrichment plant in Pakistan.
1987: Pakistan's leading nuclear scientist Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan states in published interview that `What the CIA has been saying about our possessing the bomb is correct.'
1987: West German official confirms that nuclear equipment recently seized on way to Pakistan was suitable for `at least 93% enrichment' of uranium; blueprints of uranium enrichment plant also seized in Switzerland.
1987: According to photocopy of a reported German foreign ministry memo published in Paris in 1990, UK government official tells German counterpart on European nonproliferation working group that he was `convinced that Pakistan had `a few small' nuclear weapons.'
1988: President Reagan waives an aid cutoff for Pakistan due to an export control violation; in his formal certification, he confirmed that `material, equipment, or technology covered by that provision was to be used by Pakistan in the manufacture of a nuclear explosive device.'
1988: Hedrick Smith article in New York Times reports US government sources believe Pakistan has produced enough highly enriched uranium for 4-6 bombs.
1988: President Zia-Ul-Haq tells Carnegie Endowment delegation in interview that Pakistan has attained a nuclear capability `that is good enough to create an impression of deterrence.'
1989: Multiple reports of Pakistan modifying US-supplied F-16 aircraft for nuclear delivery purposes; wind tunnel tests cited in document reportedly from West German intelligence service.
1989: Test launch of Hatf-2 missile: Payload (500 kilograms) and range (300 kilometers) meets `nuclear-capable' standard under Missile Technology Control Regime.
1989: CIA Director Webster tells Senate Governmental Affairs Committee hearing that `Clearly Pakistan is engaged in developing a nuclear capability.'
1989: Article in Nuclear Fuel states that the United States has issued `about 100 specific communiqués to the West German Government related to planned exports to the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and its affiliated organizations;' exports reportedly included tritium and a tritium recovery facility.
1989: Article in Defense & Foreign Affairs Weekly states `sources close to the Pakistani nuclear program have revealed that Pakistani scientists have now perfected detonation mechanisms for a nuclear device.'
1989: Gerard Smith, former US diplomat and senior arms control authority, claims US has turned a `blind eye' to proliferation developments Pakistan in and Israel.
1989: Senator Glenn delivers two lengthy statements addressing Pakistan's violations of its uranium enrichment commitment to the United States and the lack of progress on nonproliferation issues from Prime Minister Bhutto's democratically elected government after a year in office; Glenn concluded, `There simply must be a cost to non-compliance--when a solemn nuclear pledge is violated, the solution surely does not lie in voiding the pledge.'

1990’s

1990: French magazine publishes photo of West German government document citing claim by UK official that British government believes Pakistan already possesses `a few small' nuclear weapons; cites Ambassador Richard Kennedy claim to UK diplomat that Pakistan has broken its pledge to the US not to enrich uranium over 5%.
1990: London Sunday Times cites growing U.S. and Soviet concerns about Pakistani nuclear program; paper claims F-16 aircraft are being modified for nuclear delivery purposes; claims US spy satellites have observed `heavily armed convoys' leaving Pakistan uranium enrichment complex at Kahuta and heading for military airfields.
1990: His Excellency Dr. A.Q. Khan, father of Pakistan's bomb, receives `Man of the Nation Award.'
October 1990: President Bush announced that he could no longer provide Congress with Pressler Amendment certification that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear weapon. Economic and military aid was duly terminated, though the Bush administration continued to permit a limited number of commercial military sales to Pakistan. Pakistan handled the cutoff with little public rancor and committed itself to freezing the nuclear program in an attempt to placate the United States.
1991: Pakistan proposed to India commencement of a multilateral conference on the nuclear proliferation in south Asia
1991: India and Pakistan enter agreement prohibiting attacks on each other's nuclear installations.
1991: Reliable reports from Islamabad confirm that Pakistan had frozen production of HEU and halted the manufacturing of nuclear weapons components.
1991: In September, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto said that Pakistan could "rapidly produce" a nuclear weapon in the event of a serious threat.
1992: In February, Pakistani Foreign Secretary Shahryar Khan confirmed that Pakistan has the components necessary to construct at least one nuclear weapon.
1993: Pakistan proposed to India creation of a missile-free zone in south Asia.
1993: The China National Nuclear Corporation begins work on a 300MW pressurized-water reactor at Chasma. Work is expected to be completed in late 1997, and the facility is expected to be commissioned in October 1998.
01 January 1996: India and Pakistan exchange lists of atomic installations which each side has pledged not to attack under an over seven-year-old confidence-building agreement
1996: Pakistan denies charges that it bought 5,000 ring magnets from China to be used in gas centrifuges for uranium enrichment. Pakistan expects to complete its unsafeguarded 40MW heavy-water reactor at Khushab.
March 1996: Pakistan commissioned an unsafeguarded nuclear reactor, expected to become fully operational in the late 1990s, that will provide it with a capability to produce weapons-grade plutonium
Late 1996: Pakistan's main nuclear weapons laboratory, the A.Q. Khan Laboratory in Kahuta, purchased 5,000 ring magnets from China. The ring magnets would allow Pakistan to effectively double its capacity to enrich uranium for nuclear weapons production.
03 October 1996: Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto called for the convening of a South Asia security conference that would deal with, among other things, Kashmir and the nuclear arms issue.
04 July 1997: Pakistan confirms test-firing of new indigenous Hatf missile.
06 September 1997: Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif claims Pakistan possesses nuclear weapons, saying that: "Pakistan's nuclear capability is now an established fact. Whatever we have, we have a right to keep it...."
28 May 1998: Pakistan detonates five nuclear devices. Pakistan claimed that the five nuclear tests measured up to 5.0 on the Richter scale, with a reported yield of up to 40 KT (equivalent TNT).
30 May 1998: Pakistan tested one more nuclear warhead, with a yield of 12 kilotons, bringing the total number of claimed tests to six. Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub Khan announced that Pakistan had conducted a sixth nuclear test in the Chagai Hills underground test site.

The test occurred at 0810 GMT on May 30th, 1998.
Very Well Done our Respectful Scientist
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Old Monday, November 20, 2006
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Gr8 info dear brother
7th june first Rocket (weather) was sent to space(pakistan)
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