notes required
 

i need few questions answers which use to come repeatedly in past paper of PA

like:
1 the salient features of the constitution of 1956

2 the constitution of 1973 of Pakistan is the "Mouth piece of islam"

3 Degeneration of Muslim society in 18th century

4 6 points of mujeeb-ur-Rehman

kindly guide me.

Regards,

Sana Rafique

[CENTER][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U]Salient Features of the Constitution of 1956[/U][/SIZE][/FONT]
[/CENTER]


[COLOR=DarkRed][U][B]I - Introduction
[/B][/U][/COLOR]
During Chaudhary Muhammad Ali''s tenure, the Constituent Assembly adopted the constitution of 1956. His efforts led to the first constitution that was enforced in the country on March 23, 1956. Pakistan's status as a dominion ended and the country was declared an Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Thereupon the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan became the interim National Assembly and Governor General Iskander Mirza was sworn in as the first President of Pakistan.

[COLOR=DarkRed][U][B]II - Salient Features:[/B][/U][/COLOR]


[B][COLOR=DarkGreen]A - Islamic Provisions: [/COLOR][/B]

One of the main features of the Constitution was its Islamic character. The Islamic provisions were contained in the directive principles of the state policy. Along with other Islamic provisions in the Constitution, the president, who was required to be a Muslim of at least 40 years of age, was to set up an organization for Islamic research with the aim of establishing a true Islamic society. The Objectives Resolution was, however, only made the preamble of the Constitution and not included in its main text.

According to the directive principles, steps were to be taken to enable the Muslims of Pakistan individually and collectively to order their lives in accordance with principles in the Qur'an and Sunnah. No law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Qur'an and Sunnah and that existing laws shall be brought into conformity with such injunctions. Whether a law was repugnant to Islam or not, would be decided by the National Assembly.
[B][COLOR=DarkGreen]
B - Written and Flexible Constitution:[/COLOR][/B]

The Constitution of 1956 consisted of 234 articles, which were divided into 13 parts and 6 schedules. The Constitution was not too rigid, as it could be amended in accordance with the changing requirements. National Assembly with the support of 2/3 rd Majority of the members could amend it.
[COLOR=DarkGreen][B]

C - Federal form of Government:[/B][/COLOR]

Under the constitution there existed division of powers between the central and provincial government in the form of three lists. One was Central List – included the affairs on which central government was authorized to legislate. Second List dealt with provincial government’s jurisdiction. While the Third List one included all concurrent affairs on which both centre and provinces could legislate but in case of clash between centre and provinces the central law was to remain operative. All the residuary powers were entrusted to the provinces.
[COLOR=DarkGreen][B]
D - Ascendancy of President:[/B][/COLOR]

The Constitution vested the executive authority of the President in the Federation. The President had the discretionary powers to make the appointment of the Chairman and members of the Election Commission, Delimitation Commission and Public Service Commission. He also had the power to appoint the Prime Minister from amongst the members of the National Assembly. However, his appointee had to take a vote of confidence from the Assembly within two months of his appointment. The President also had the power to remove the Prime Minister if he felt that the Prime Minister had lost the confidence of the majority of the National Assembly members.
[COLOR=DarkGreen][B]
E - Parliamentary form of Government with Unicameral Legislature:[/B][/COLOR]

The Constitution of 1956 provided for parliamentary form of government with a unicameral legislature. The only house of parliament, the National Assembly, was to consist of 300 members. The Constitution recognized the concept of One Unit, and the seats were divided equally between the two wings of the country. Thus the principle of parity was introduced. For the first ten years, five additional seats were reserved for women for each wing. National Assembly was to meet at least twice a year with at least one session at Dhaka. The Constitution offered direct elections under adult franchise. Every citizen of Pakistan with minimum age of 21 was allowed to vote in the elections.
[COLOR=DarkGreen][B]
F - Directive Principles of State Policy:[/B][/COLOR]

These were laid down in Part 3 of the Constitution. Some of these principles dealt with Islamic teachings. It was also reaffirmed that Pakistan would always pay due regard to the UN and perform its role to maintain international peace and security. Pakistan would foster fraternal relations with other nations. Eradication of poverty, protection of interests of wage-earners, elimination of illiteracy, social and economic justice, protection of the rights of minorities etc, were also included.

[COLOR=DarkGreen][B]G - Fundamental Rights:[/B][/COLOR]

Fundamental Rights were made the part of the Constitution and were to be enforced by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. All such laws or administrative policies as violated fundamental rights could be challenged in the court of law. Some important of these were, right to personal security, freedom of thought, and action, freedom of speech and expression, right to privacy and family life etc.

[COLOR=DarkGreen][B]H - Official Language: [/B][/COLOR]

Urdu and Bengali were both accepted as state languages, while English was to remain the official language for the first 25 years. After ten years' passage of the Constitution, the President was to appoint a commission with the task to make recommendation for the replacement of English as the official language.

[COLOR=DarkGreen][B]
I - Independence of Judiciary:[/B][/COLOR]

The Constitution ensured necessary safeguards to secure independence of judiciary. The judges of the superior courts were to be appointed by the head of the State and were ensured full security of service. Judges could not be removed prior to their retirement except through impeachment nor their salaries diminished.

[COLOR=DarkRed][U][B]III – Conclusion:[/B][/U][/COLOR]

The Constitution of 1956 proved to be short-lived one and remain enforced for a period of two years only. The first general elections to be held under it were repeatedly adjourned from one date to another till the Constitution was abrogated on 7th October, 1958 and Martial was proclaimed. A Martial Law Government headed by General Ayub Khan came to power. Leadership crisis, lack of political training, undemocratic norms inside political parties, economic instability, were some of the reason for the failure of the first Constitution of Pakistan.

these are the topix that are available in evry good book of pakistan affairs.
these are not so difficult topics either that u are so worried of.
plz follow any book of pak studies and u wud see these topix.
aur aajkal itne easy questions kahan aate hen CSS men bhai.Allah kare k aisay questions aayen par aajkal ka trend kuch aur ho gaya he that is the analytical and creative approach competition.

[QUOTE=fromQAU;180197]these are the topix that are available in evry good book of pakistan affairs.
these are not so difficult topics either that u are so worried of.
plz follow any book of pak studies and u wud see these topix.
aur aajkal itne easy questions kahan aate hen CSS men bhai.Allah kare k aisay questions aayen par aajkal ka trend kuch aur ho gaya he that is the analytical and creative approach competition.[/QUOTE]

hmmmmmm... thnx for ur cooperation. Please prepare answers of good quality on the following questions. We are waiting anxiouly for:

[B]2-The constitution of 1973 of Pakistan is the "Mouth piece of Islam".[/B]
[B]3-Degeneration of Muslim society in 18th century. [/B]

[CENTER][B]---------------------------------------------------------------------------[/B][/CENTER]

[CENTER][SIZE=4][U][FONT=Georgia]6 points of Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rahman[/FONT][/U][/SIZE][/CENTER]



In the 1970 National Assembly elections, the mandate of Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman's Awami League Party was based on a Six-Point Program of regional autonomy in a federal Pakistan. Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman had presented the Six-Point Program as the constitutional solution of East Pakistan's problems, in relation to West Pakistan.

[B]First enunciated on February 12, 1966, the six points are as below:[/B]

[B]1.[/B] The Constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in the true sense on the basis of the Lahore Resolution and for a parliamentary form of government based on the supremacy of a directly elected legislature on the basis of universal adult franchise.

[B]2.[/B] The Federal Government shall deal with only two subjects; Defense and Foreign Affairs. All residuary subjects will be vested in the federating states.

[B]3.[/B] There should be either two separate, freely convertible currencies for the two Wings, or one currency with two separate reserve banks to prevent inter-Wing flight of capital.

[B]4.[/B] The power of taxation and revenue collection shall be vested in the federating units. The Federal Government will receive a share to meet its financial obligations.

[B]5.[/B] Economic disparities between the two Wings shall disappear through a series of economic, fiscal, and legal reforms.

[B]6.[/B] A militia or paramilitary force must be created in East Pakistan, which at present has no defense of it own.

After the elections of 1970, differences arose between the Government and Awami League on the transfer of power on the basis of this Six-Point Program. There ensued a political deadlock with talks ending in failure and postponement of the first session of the National Assembly. The postponement of the National Assembly session triggered a chain of events that eventually led to the separation of East Pakistan.

[B]Source: [/B][URL="http://[url]http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A099[/url]"]Story of Pakistan[/URL]

[QUOTE=Crown Prince;180198]hmmmmmm... thnx for ur cooperation. Please prepare answers of good quality on the following questions. We are waiting anxiouly for:

[B]2-The constitution of 1973 of Pakistan is the "Mouth piece of Islam".
3-Degeneration of Muslim society in 18th century. [/B][/QUOTE]

sir go through the islamic provisions of the 1973 constitution for ur first question.
as for as the 2nd question is concerned plz go through jahangir's world times digest of the february month.it is really well written there.

as for as preparation of these questions by me is concerned, i wud say sorry because i dun hv that much typing speed to type these legthy questions.i can provide u my contact number,if u ask, and tell u all that includes in these questions with a sufficient explanation.

[CENTER][SIZE=3][COLOR=DarkGreen][U][B]Degeneration of Muslim society in 18th century[/B][/U][/COLOR][/SIZE]
[/CENTER]



This question is mainly concerned with the age of Shah Wali Ullah please read about the prevailing social, political and religious conditions in his time and also mentioned the causes of degeneration in the Muslim Society. I hope the following points will help you in this matter.


[B]1. [/B]Demise of Aurangzeb – kind fall into the hands of incompetent heirs. Anti Islamic forces raised in the reign of Akbar, Dara Shikoh etc were checked by him.

[B]2.[/B]Spiritual confusion: the disputes between the Sufis and the Ulema

[B]3.[/B]Weak successors of Aurangzed Alamgir to face rebellious forces.

[B]4.[/B]Islam clouded with mystic philosophy.

[B]5.[/B]Sectrainsm, Shia-Sunni problem

[B]6.[/B]Un-Islamic customs crept into Muslim society due to its contact with Hinduism such as excessive extravagance in marriages, festivals and other ceremonies, custom of satti etc

[B]7.[/B]Economic degeneration – capitalism, exploitation of the poor

[B]8.[/B]Luxurious life style of rulers

[B]9.[/B]Rising influence of Marhatta


[B]P.S: fromQAU is expected to comment and add some more points.:)[/B]

[COLOR="Purple"][B]@ All

[COLOR="Black"]I want to add some more points as following:[/COLOR]
[LIST][*]Vastness of the Empire

[*]Absence of a Definite Law of Succession

[*]Deterioration of Morality of Mughal Emperors

[*]Degeneration of Nobility

[*]Deterioration of Army

[*]Intellectual Bankruptcy

[*]Mughal Rule Alien, to Indian Soil

[*]Corrupt Administration

[*]Stoppage of Adventures from Persia, Afghanistan and Turkistan

[*]Invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali

[*]Aurangzeb's Policy in Deccan

[*]Absence of Naval Power

[*]Plight of the Common People and Peasants

[*]Rise of Sikhs

[*]Rise of Hindus of Rajputana

[*]Backwardness in Science and Technology

[*]Advent of English East India Company[/LIST]

Regards,[/COLOR][/B]