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Old Friday, July 15, 2011
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Fourteen Points Of Quaid-e-Azam:


Outline:
Background
• Quaid’s Fourteen Points
• Hindus’ Reaction
• Muslims’ Reaction
• Importance Of The Fourteen Points
• Comparison Between The Nehru Report And Fourteen Points Of Quaid


Background:

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah did his best to bring rapprochement between the Muslim League and the Congress. His efforts bore fruit and the Congress and the Muslim League reached an agreement in the annual session at Lucknow in 1916. In Lucknow Pact, Congress first time conceded the right of separate electorate for Muslims and provided for the provincial autonomy. but the way in which Gandhi withdrew from the Khilafat Movement, opened the eyes of the Muslims. Furthermore, the publication of Nehru Report in which Congress adopted a stubborn attitude and withdrew its acceptance of separate electorate of the Muslims, shocked the Muslim leadership out of its dream of Hindu-Muslim unity. Quaid-e-Azam decided to give his own formula for the constitutional reforms in reply to the Nehru Report. He gave his famous 14 points in the Muslim League session of Delhi in 1929. These points were:

Quaid’s Fourteen Points:

i) The form of the future constitution shall be federal, with the residuary powers vested in provinces.
ii) A uniform measures for autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
iii) All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principles of adequate and effective representation to minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality.
iv) Representation of communal groups shall continue by separate electorates provided that it shall be open to any time to abandon its separate electorate in favour of joint electorate.
v) In the central legislature, Muslim representation shall not be less than 1/3rd.
vi) Any territorial redistribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way affect the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal and NWFP.
vii) Sind should be separated from Bombay.
viii) Reforms should be introduced in the province of NWFP and Baluchistan.
ix) Full religious liberty, that is, the liberty of belief, worship and observance, propaganda, association and education shall be granted to all the communities.
x) No bill or resolution or any part thereof shall be passed in any legislature or any other elected body if 3/4th of the members of any community oppose it as being injurious to the interests of that community.
xi) Provision should be made in the constitution giving Muslims an adequate share along with other Indians in the services of the State and other local self-governing bodied having due regard to the requirements of efficiencies.
xii) No cabinet either central or provincial should be formed without having 1/3rd Muslim ministries.
xiii) The constitution embody adequate safeguard for the protection of Muslim culture, and for the promotion of Muslim religion, education, personal laws and Muslim charitable institutions.
xiv) No change shall be made in the constitution by the central legislature except with the consent of the states constituting the Indian Federation.

Hindus’ Reaction:

Hindus rejected the Fourteen Points and considered these against the concept of united Indian although Quaid had not demanded any separate homeland for Muslims.

Muslims’ Reaction:

The celebrated Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam injected a new life in the frail souls of the Muslims and cleared upon them how they could protect their political, economic, social and cultural rights.

Importance Of The Points:

There was nothing new in these 14 points. These were the demand that Muslims had been put forward time and time again but these points comprehensibly covered all the problems of the Muslims confronting them in 1929.
These points contained the germs of Pakistan. On the basis these points it was agrees that the political power and opportunities for development were to be equally divided among the Hindus and the Muslims. Muslims adopted a stiff attitude towards their demands and successfully achieved a separate homeland under the able guidance of the great Quaid.

Comparison Between The Nehru Report And The Fourteen Points Of Quaid

Quaid’s Fourteen Points

i) There should be a federal form of government in India.

Nehru Report
i) There should be a unitary form of government in India.

Quaid’s Fourteen Points

ii) There should be full provincial autonomy in India.

Nehru Report

ii) There should be a dominion status in India.

Quaid’s Fourteen Points

iii) Quaid’s 14 points gave a concept of separate electorate for all communities of India.

Nehru Report

iii) Nehru Report gave a concept of joint electorate for all communities in India.

Quaid’s Fourteen Points

iv) Sindh should be separated from Bombay.

Nehru Report

iv) Sindh should be separated from Bombay.

Quaid’s Fourteen Points

v) The issue of language was not discussed language in 14 points.

Nehru Report

v) Hindi should be made an official

Quaid’s Fourteen Points

vi) Quaid’s points were the solution of the whole Indian communities.

Nehru Report

vi) Nehru Report was based on narrow mindedness and protected only Hindu interests.

Quaid’s Fourteen Points

vii) Central Legislature should not make any legislation without the prior permission of any other unit of federation.

Nehru Report

vii) There was no such thing in the Nehru Report. Congress considered itself the only representating body of the whole India. It did not want division of India and favoured joint electorate in place of a separate electorate.

Quaid’s Fourteen Points

viii) Quaid’s 14 points suggested the establishment of a state in which Muslim culture, civilization and religion should be protected.

Nehru Report

viii) While Nehru report wanted to occupy the whole India.
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  #52  
Old Saturday, July 16, 2011
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Marvelous.

Constructive work dear.

Good job.
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  #53  
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Separation Of East Pakistan:


Outline:

Background

Causes Of The Separation Of East Pakistan

a) Role Of Indian Teachers
b) Irresponsible Leadership Of Muslim League
c) Economic Backwardness Of East Pakistan
d) Geographical Location
e) Cultural Causes
f) Linguistic Problem
g) Delay In Framing Of Constitution
h) Mujib’s Six Points
i) Role Of India
j) International Conspiracy
k) Military Operation In East Pakistan

Conclusion

Background:

When Pakistan came into being in 1947, it consisted of two wings; East Pakistan and West Pakistan. These two wings were separated by 1000 miles long territory on India. Right from its birth, Pakistan became a focus of Indian conspiracy and aggression. In 1971, the Bengalis revolted against Pakistan with active Indian support. As a result, in December 1971, East Pakistan succeeded in seceding from Pakistan.

Causes Of Separation Of East Pakistan:

a) Role Of Hindu Teachers:

After the partition of sub-continent in 1947, the number of Hindu teachers far exceeded Muslim teachers both in the schools and the colleges. The Hindu teachers were basically against the ideology of Pakistan thus they propagated against the two-nation theory. In addition, they incited their students against the people of West Pakistan labelling them as oppressors. Consequently, the new generation of East Pakistan considered the leaders and the people of West Pakistan as their enemies.

b) Irresponsible Leadership Of Muslim League:

There is no doubt that all-India Muslim League played a very important role in the creation of Pakistan but after the independence Pakistan Muslim League fell victim of party dissention and lack of leadership. After the death of Quaid-e-Azam in 1948 and the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951, the political leaders of PML joined race for power and preferred personal interests over national interests. As a result, corruption, bribery, black-marketing and anti-state activities became order of the day. In East Pakistan, PML suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Awami League.

c) Economic Backwardness Of East Pakistan:

The economy of East Pakistan depended mainly on the income from tea, jute and rice only. There were no other sourced to boost the provincial revenues. Overpopulation was yet another factor unemployment which led to many other social evils. India exploited this weakness of Bengalis in 1971.

d) Geographical Location:

Geographically Pakistan was not a politically compact unit because it consisted of two wings which were separated by 1000 miles distance. With the passage of time, the binding force of Islamic Ideology weakened and regional feelings suffered under Hindu influence. The geographical distance between two wings served as a barrier in the way of complete political harmony. In the 1971 Indo-Pak war, this distance prevented military reinforcements to the besieged garrison of East Pakistan.

e) Cultural Causes:

The culture of Bengalis differed greatly from the Punjabis, Pathans, Sindhis and Balochis. Their food, language and ways of living were distinct from the people of West Pakistan.

f) Linguist Problem:

The people of East Pakistan spoke Bengali language which was quite differ from Sindhi, Punjabi and Balochi. This difference created a great linguistic problem at the national level because a large number of people of East Pakistan spoke Bengali and they demanded that Bengali should be given the status of national language.

g) Delay In Framing Of Constitution:

Unfortunately, after the death of Quaid-e-Azam and Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistan could not get a sincere leadership like them. To make the things worse Malik Ghulam Mohammad as the second Governor-General set new traditions of palace intrigues and horse-trading in the country. The tussle between the Bengalis and the Punjabis brought the country on the bank of catastrophe. Under these circumstances, the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan could not frame the constitution in time and nine years elapsed in this process. Delay in constitution-making allowed the anti-state elements to prosper at the cost of national unity.

h) Mujib’s Six Points:

In 1970, Mujib-ur-Rehman, the leader of Awami League put forward his famous six points which sowed the seeds of secession of East Pakistan. According to these points, he demanded a new financial policy for East Pakistan, permission for provinces to levy taxes, permission for east Pakistan to maintain independent trade links with other countries and permission for East Pakistan to establish its own Para-military force. He suggested that the centre should keep only Defence and Foreign relations under its control.

i) Role Of India:

India was instrumental in organizing and supporting the revolt of Bengalis against Pakistan. Indian government provided full military and financial assistance to the guerrillas of Awami League. During the 1971 Indo-Pak war, Indian trained members of Mukti Bahni created many problems for Pakistan army. After creating favourable circumstances India attacked East Pakistan under the pretext of supporting the Bengalis.

j) International Conspiracy:

After Independence in 1947, Pakistan fell victim of international conspiracy which was masterminded by Jews and Hindu. These anti-Islamic lobbies did not want to see Pakistan to become the citadel of Islam.

k) Military Operation In East Pakistan:

In 1971 Awami League won overwhelming majority in general elections. At this stage, Gen. Yahiya Kahn did not hand over powers to Mujib-ur-Rehman and instead launched a military operation in East Pakistan to suppress the Bengalis. Gen. Tika Khan used brutal force to bulldoze the opposition. This oppressive policy created hatred against West Pakistan.

Conclusion:

If there was a consistent and tragic pattern during the first 24 years in the Pakistan’s history, it seemed to be that the more the power elite tried to preserve unity of the political system, the more certain did its eventual disintegration became. Among the factors that resulted in the separation of East Pakistan, two precipitous factors were:

a) The reign of terror and killings unleashed by the Pak-Army during March-December 1971.
b) The intervention of the Indian Army in the civil war in December 1971.

All the above-mentioned factors were irreparable for the separation of East Pakistan in December 1971.



roshan good work but here are some suggessions,

plz divide the factors in two types
1:- Natural factors

*geographical location
*cultural differences
*demographic differences
*linguistic problem


2:- Edaphic causes

THE REST FACTORS



OTHERS CAUSES OF SEPERATION

*The presence of more middle class in east pakistan
*one unit formula
*overdevelped state structure
*rise of bengali nationalism due to prolong ayub`s rule
*inadequate share of bengalis in legislative assembly and in army
*complete breakdown of foriegn policy.

plz also add k.k.aziz quotes reagarding east pakistn seperation.
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Old Saturday, July 16, 2011
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Comparison Between The Nehru Report And The Fourteen Points Of Quaid


1:-FORM OF GOVT


Quaid’s Fourteen Points

i) There should be a federal form of government in India.

Nehru Report
i) There should be a unitary form of government in India.


2:-PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY


Quaid’s Fourteen Points

ii) There should be full provincial autonomy in India.

Nehru Report

ii) There should be a dominion status in India.

3:- SEPERATE ELECTORATE


Quaid’s Fourteen Points

iii) Quaid’s 14 points gave a concept of separate electorate for all communities of India.

Nehru Report

iii) Nehru Report gave a concept of joint electorate for all communities in India.

4:-SEPERATION OF SINDH


Quaid’s Fourteen Points

iv) Sindh should be separated from Bombay.

Nehru Report

iv) Sindh should be separated from Bombay.


5:-LINGUISTIC ISSUE

Quaid’s Fourteen Points

v) The issue of language was not discussed language in 14 points.

Nehru Report

v) Hindi should be made an official

6:-IMPARTIALITY

Quaid’s Fourteen Points

vi) Quaid’s points were the solution of the whole Indian communities.

Nehru Report

vi) Nehru Report was based on narrow mindedness and protected only Hindu interests.

7:-MUSLIM REPRESENTAION IN CENTRAL LEGISLATURE

Quaid’s Fourteen Points

vii) Central Legislature should not make any legislation without the prior permission of any other unit of federation.

Nehru Report

vii) There was no such thing in the Nehru Report. Congress considered itself the only representating body of the whole India. It did not want division of India and favoured joint electorate in place of a separate electorate.

[B][U]8:-MINORITY CULTURE SAFEGUARDE
Quaid’s Fourteen Points

viii) Quaid’s 14 points suggested the establishment of a state in which Muslim culture, civilization and religion should be protected.

Nehru Report

viii) While Nehru report wanted to occupy the whole India.

YOU FORGOT SOME MORE POINTS LIKE
*issue of muslim representaion in punjab and bengal
*muslim represntation in ministries
*reforms in balochistan and n.w.f.p

I HOPE i have done my work with full responsibility by correcting your mistakes.i will try my level best to guide you in future as well.
regards sabahat
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Constitution Of 1973


Outline:

Background
• Salient Features Of The Constitution Of 1973
a) Written Constitution
b) Introductory
c) Rigid Constitution
d) Federal system Of Government
e) Parliamentary Form Of Government
f) Bicameral Legislature
g) Direct Method Of elections
h) Fundamental Rights
i) Independent Judiciary
j) High treason
k) Rule Of Law
l) National Language
m) Single Citizenship
n) Referendum
o) Principles Of Policy
p) Islamic Provisions
q) Other Institutions
• Critical Analysis


Background:

After the debacle of 1971, the country faced serious political and constitutional problems. The Constitution of 1962 had been abolished. Zulifqar Ali Bhutto when took over the reins of the country, he gave a serious attention towards the framing of a new constitution for the country. The National assembly appointed a committee on 17th February, 1972. The committee was headed by Hafiz Pirzada to frame a draft constitution for the new constitution. The committee submitted the draft constitution in the National Assembly on 2nd February, 1973. The draft was passed by the assembly and the President gave his assent on April 12, 1973. It was promulgated on 14th August, 1973.

Salient Features Of The Constitution Of 1973:

a) Written Constitution:

The constitution of 1973 is a written document. It consists of twelve parts comprising of 27 Chapters and 280 Articles. The twelve parts deals with the following topics.

Part One= Introductory Part
Part Two= Deals with Fundamental Rights
Part Three= Deals with the Federation Of Pakistan
Part Four= Deals with the Provinces
Part five= Deals with the links between Federation and Provinces
Part Six= Deals with the matters like finance, property and contracts.
Part Seven= Deals with Judiciary
Part Eight= Deals With Electoral System
Part Nine= Deals with Islamic Provisions
Part Ten= Deals with emergency
Part Eleven= Deals with Amendment Procedure
Part Twelve= Deals with Miscellaneous matters.

b) Introductory:

The constitution of 1973 commences with an introductory in which Objective Resolution is included which declares God’s sovereignty over the Universe.

c) Rigid Constitution:

It is a rigid Constitution means it is not easy to make amendment to it. only Two-third majority of both the houses of Parliament is required for any amendment.

d) Federal System:

The constitution introduced a federal system in the country. According to this system, the country consisted of federal government and four provinces. President is the Head of the State.

e) Federal system Of Government:

Unlike the Constitution of 1962, the Constitution of 1973 introduced a parliamentary system of Government in the country. Prime Minister is the Head of the government. He is the leader of the majority party in the parliament. He runs the affairs of the country with the help of a cabinet. The members of his cabinet are elected by the ministers of parliament. Prime Ministers enjoy wide powers.

f) Bicameral Legislature:

Unlike the constitution of 1956 and 1962, this constitution set up a bicameral legislature comprising of a National Assembly (Majlis-e-Shoora) and a Senate. The tenure of the National Assembly is five years. The Senators are elected for the term of 6 years. Half of the members of Senate retire after every three years.

g) Direct Elections:

The Constitution of 1973 provides for a direct system of election to the members of national and provisional assemblies. The elections are held on adult franchise basis.

h) Fundamental Rights:

This constitution guarantees the following fundamental rights to all citizens, these are:

i) Security of person and property
ii) Safeguard against slavery and forced labour
iii) Freedom of Movement
iv) Freedom Of Speech
v) Freedom Of Peaceful assembly
vi) Freedom to hold property
vii) Freedom to earn livelihood
viii) Equality before law
ix) Freedom to profess religion
x) Protection of language and culture

j) Independent Judiciary:

This constitution has set up independent judiciary in the country. The Judges are appointed by the President of Pakistan but they cannot be removed from services without the recommendations of Supreme Judicial Council.

k) High Treason:

This constitution declares that any unlawful abolishment of the constitution of Pakistan would be considered a high treason.

l) Rule Of Law:

The constitution has established rule of law in the country. According to this constitution the people of Pakistan are guaranteed their fundamental rights and all of them are equal before law.

m) National Language:

Urdu has been declared national and English as an official language.

n) Single Citizenship:

This constitution has enforced the principle of single citizenship in Pakistan. According to this provision, the duties and rights of the citizens are determined by the federal constitution only. Thus throughout the country the people are the citizens of Pakistan only.

o) Principle Of Policy:

The following principles of policy have been laid down in the constitution of 1973.

• Local Bodies will be set up for solving local problems.
• The parochial prejudices will be discouraged.
• The women shall be given equal representation in all spheres of life.
• The rights of minorities will be protected.
• Links with Muslim countries will be promoted.
• People from all parts of the country allowed to serve in Armed Forces.
• State shall promote social justice.

p) Islamic Provisions:

The Constitution included following Islamic provisions:
• Country was named as Islamic Republic Of Pakistan.
• God’s sovereignty was declared over the universe and authority delegated by Him is a sacred trust.
• Islam was declared as a State religion of Pakistan.
• Teachings of Holy Quran and Arabic made compulsory in the country.
• Muslims shall be allowed to mould their lives according to the teachings of Islam.
• Prime Minister and President should be Muslims.
• During oath-taking ceremony, both Prime Minister and President must declare that they believe in the Oneness of God/Almighty Allah, the sacred revealed books of Allah with the Holy Quran being the last of all and the Prophet hood of Muhammad (PBUH) as the last prophet of Allah.
• Parliament was given the Islamic name as Majlis-e-Shoora.
• Establishment of Council of Islamic Ideology to bring all the existing laws into conformity with the injunctions of Holy Quran and Sunnah and advice the President, National Assembly, Senate, Governor or Provincial Assemblies on Islamic matters.
• Promotion of friendly relations with the Islamic countries be promoted.

q) Referendum:

This constitution allows the President to hold referendum on national issues of extreme importance. Prime Minister can also ask the President to hold referendum on any national issue.

Critical Analysis:

In light of the previous experience, the Constitution of 1973 was more Islamic in character than the previous ones. Emphasis was made to establish a real Islamic system in all aspects of social life. Keeping this objective in mind, more Islamic provisions were laid down in the Constitution of 1973. The Constitution recognized Islam as the religion of the country and enjoined upon the State to serve the cause of Islam and to bring all existing laws in conformity with Islam. The Islamic Advisory Council was set up to recommend ways and means to bring existing laws of the country in conformity with the Islamic principles.

The Constitution of 1973 remained in force for nearly four years. It was, however, suspended by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who imposed Martial Law in the country on July 5, 1979. However, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq who ran the country with Martial Law passed the Eighth Amendment in the Constitution in 1985. This Amendment empowered the President to dissolve the National Assembly under Article 58(2) b. This Article was later repealed by the Parliament during Nawaz Sharif's era through Thirteenth Amendment introduced on April 1, 1997. The Thirteenth Amendment was in turn repealed by the Legal Framework Order of 2002, which effectively restored the discretionary powers of the President enacted by the Eighth Amendment.



plz write about 18th amendment in detail and its effects on provinces. its adv. and dis.advantages and loopholes it have.
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Bundle of thnx dear Syeda Sabahat for every bit of ur suggestion and guidance....its really kind of u giving thorough reading to my notes and pointing out every missing point in order to guide me...always welcumng u whole heartedly for ur guidance.....thnkng once again dear..keep guiding meGod Bless You
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@ ROSHAN

Dear one think i must tell you that notes, must be in your own wording. the bookish words would not give you benefit of making notes. i read your first post that is Dar-ul-uloom-i-deoband. that is exactly the same think which was written in the book Pakistan Affairs by Ikram Rabbani, try to write your own words it will give you benefit. First read the topic in detail and then place the book in front of you but write all important aspects of that topic in your own words.
it is just my advice, others may vary..
BEST OF LUCK.....

@SYEDA SABAHAT

you alwayes been a great help for others, nice effort........


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thnx dear, welcuming ur advice, u r rite ones own wording matters a lot, i refered three buks and have prepared my notes from them, and they r just to get the full idea about the topic and when iam going to revise or when iam gng to attempt these questions in xams i'll use my words as much as possible..thnkng once again, keep guiding me
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SAMEYA AROOJ (Wednesday, November 05, 2014)
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Old Sunday, July 17, 2011
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rishzzz is just really nicerishzzz is just really nicerishzzz is just really nicerishzzz is just really nicerishzzz is just really nice
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Roshan, you have good approach and you have made notes exactly targeting the exam days.....Isn't it???
Its very nice that you have started jotting points like this, you need to, now, revise them on n on n on so that you retain them sitting in exam hall. For the usage of wording or expression, i must tell you that you should read experts and authorities from different books because basic facts stay same in Pak Aff. The difference is your approach and Expression...

Beware, you need to have the cushion of handsome details and history behind each point you jotted down in ur notes....


Ur on Good track keep it up
Regards
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Old Sunday, July 17, 2011
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@Roshan
You are really doing a nice job by sharing your work....a big clap.
To make notes and then to taka pain for converting the whole notes in soft form is not as easy as to look and enjoy the notes.No doubt You are doing a wonderful job.I really appreciate it and thankful as well for your prestigious effort.To me, Pakistan affairs was very difficult to handle but by reading your 2,3 posts i am feeling relaxed now...
Keep it up dear
May Allah bless you

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Roshan wadhwani (Sunday, July 17, 2011), SAMEYA AROOJ (Wednesday, November 05, 2014)
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