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Info about SINDH
GM Syed born on 17 jan 1904
Khairpur Riyast: [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khairpur,_Sindh,_Pakistan]Khairpur, Pakistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url] Shah Abdul latif born in 1689 and died in 1752 name of Pir Pagaro (this is 7th Pagaro) - sikander Shah Dr hotchand molchand gurbakhani did Phd from London in1928 Rohri city was found by Syed Rukin Ud Din in 1297 Badshshi mosque has 101 tombs (gunbaz) first sindhi movie is Umer Marvi first written sindhi book muqdamat ul salat (by makhdom abul hasan thatvi) quran translated in Sindhi first time by: akhund Aziz Ullah Memon largest district Dadu Alberuni discussed about Indus blind Dolphin in his book "kitab ul hind" there are 3 barrages in Sindh, on Idus river sindh annexed by Britians on 7th feb 1843 |
Good work.:)) keep posting such information as it will also benefit those candidates who feel difficulty about sindhi paper's mcqs.
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Spsc paper designers find great pleasure in Sindh specific knowledge.
most of the pcs general knowledge papers by them included a major portion of questions about sindhi culture, its literature,geography,geological distinctions,provincial records, personalities and much more...... A candidate who refers to the general knowledge books at a global and national perspective, he fails to grasp over such minute details of the regional knowledge .. he therefore responds to these papers in a deficient style... and faces frustration at the end of the day............... @ Siraj... You have taken a good start that shows the frustrated beings a sliver lining... i hope other forum mates will also contribute to this thread.. regards |
sindh ministers
[url=http://www.sindh.gov.pk/dpt/services/cabinet.htm]Services General Admin Department Govt of Sindh[/url] sindh road map [url]http://www.sindh.gov.pk/SINDH%20ROAD%20MAP.gif[/url] 2011-12 sindh budget [url]http://www.fdsindh.gov.pk/site/userfiles/1307711265_86346.pdf[/url] |
correction:Thatta Badshahi Mosque has 99 Gunbaz (tombs)
arabs conquered Sindh (Bab ul islam) in 712 AD mehmood ghazni attacked Sindh in 1025 AD Nadir Shah (via Iran) attacked Sindh in 1739 AD Pallah (fish) is called [B]Sindh's Gift[/B] in pakistan Sindh has max area of Bela forest there is a coal mine in Jhimpir KTN started in 2006 info about Sindh: [url=http://www.sindhiinfo.com/]SindhiInfo.com[/url] all old Archives about Sindh province: [url=http://www.sindharchives.gov.pk/index.aspx]:: Sindh Archives ::[/url] govt libraries in Sindh •Liaquat Memorial Library •Shah Abdul Latif Library, Bhitshah •Sir Shahnawaz Bhutto Library, Larkana Sindhi Association of North America [url=http://www.sanalist.org/sana/newsite/]Sindhi Association of North America[/url] KARACHI Karachi, the largest and the most popular city of Pakistan presents an interesting and colorful combination of the old and new. The narrow twisting lanes and alleys of the old city throb with life alongside wide metallic roads and elegant modern buildings. Within the city, talented artisans with age-old skills produce handicrafts of exquisite beauty. Karachi offers a variety of pleasant attractions: wide sunny beaches, deep-sea fishing, yachting, golf and horseracing all year round. It restaurants cater to a wide choice of Pakistani and western cuisine. Its markets and bazaars offer an endless variety of exciting shopping including indigenous handicrafts, particularly rugs and carpets of rare design and beauty. Karachi's recorded history goes back to the 18th century when it was a small fishing village known as Kalachi-jo-Goth. With the development of its harbor, it gradually grew into a large city and an important center of trade and industry. Its selection as the capital of Pakistan in 1947 added to its importance and accelerated its rate of growth and development. Though the seat of Government shifted to Islamabad, Karachi still remains the center of commerce and industry. PLACES OF INTEREST: Wazir Mansion Quaid-e-Azam's Mausoleum Liaqat Hall / Bagh-e-Jinnah National Museum of pakistan Burns Garden Empress Market Masjid-e-Tooba Mereweather Tower Sindh High Court Clifton Beach and FunLand Karachi Golf Club Fayzee Rehamin Art Gallery Mango Pir's Shrine French Beach Haleji Lake Thatta Shah Jehan's Mosque Keenjhar Lake Kirthar National Park Bhanbore HYDERABAD Hyderabad, once the capital of Sindh and now the third largest city of Pakistan, is one of the oldest cities of the sub-continent. Its history dates back to pre-Islamic times, when Ganjo Taken (barren hill), a nearby hilly tract, was used as a place of worship. The city traces its early history to Neroon, a Hindu ruler of the area from whom the city derived its previous name, "Neroon Kot" (Fort of Neroon). The next important phase of its history began when the Indus changed its course from Khudabad. The monuments of the Kalhora and Talpur rulers and the bazaars of the city are worth visiting. Stretching from Hyderabad fort to the Market Tower is Shahi Bazaar, where well-stocked shops are housed on both sides of a winding street, and alongside a maze of tiny lanes that run off it. Good buys are calico, embroidery, bracelets, lacquered wood furniture, hand-loom cloth, "sousi" and "ajrak", "rilli", block printed colorful "chadars" (shawls) bangles, shoes and glazed tiles. Hyderabad is connected with the main cities of the country by road, rail and air links. MOENJODARO On the west bank of the Indus, 350 miles from Karachi lies Moenjodaro (Mound of the Dead), an archaeological site which has been rated amongst the most spectacular of the world's ancient cities. Considered one of the earliest and most developed of urban civilizations, Moenjodaro flourished from the third to the middle of the second millennium B.C., when it vanished, leaving only traces of its culture. Moenjodaro, along with Harappa - some 800 miles away - formed part of the Indus valley civilizations and it is now generally believed that these were the cities, referred to in the Rigveda, that were destroyed by Aryan invaders. The urban planning at Moenjodaro was pragmatic and at a high level. Its main thoroughfares were some 300 feet wide and were crossed by straight streets that formed blocks 400 yards in length and 200/300 yards in width. The walls of the city's mud-brick and baked-brick houses were designed to ensure the safety of its occupants so that in times of earthquakes the structures collapsed outwards. It had an elaborate covered drainage system, soak pits for disposal bins, a state granary, a large and imposing building that could have been a palace, and a citadel mound with solid burnt-brick towers on its margin. Judging from the remains, the Great Hall was probably the most striking of its structures, comprising an open quadrangle with verandahs of four sides, galleries and rooms at the back, a number of halls and a large bathing pool perhaps used for religious or ceremonial bathing. SUKKUR In upper Sindh, this is the most important town. More than 2000 years ago the town was at Armor, nine kms (6 miles) east of the present site, but was relocated in 962 A.D., when owing to an earthquake, the Indus diverted its course to its present channel. By the 13th century the twin towns of Sukkur and Rohri were bustling river ports that reached their zenith in the 17th century. Worth visiting here is the Minaret of Masum Shah. This light house shaped brick minaret was built by Mir Muhammad Masum, a local soldier appointed Nawab of Sukkur by the Emperor Akbar. The tower is slightly tilted and is 84 ft. in height, 84 ft. in circumference with an equivalent number of steps leading up to its top. Masum Shah is buried, along with other family members, in a pavilion near the minaret. THAR The Thar desert is located in the Tharparkar District and is continuation of the Rajasthan arid zone. The District derives its name from the desert it houses. Of a total area of 28,170 sq. kms. (11,404 sq. miles) most is arid except for the coastal belt on the south. The desert area has a colorful heritage with its own distinct folklore, culture, flora and fauna. Some of the major towns bordering the desert are Naukot, Mithi, Nagar Parkar, Chachro and Islamkot that are market centers, situated amidst mud-and-brick houses, narrow lanes and bazaars, where good buys are items such as tribal embroidery and silver jewellery. Accommodation available in the town is not recommended but the rest-houses there is a suitable alternative, though some lack basic facilities such as running water. August and September are the best months for a visit as precipitation is then highest and the area at its greenest. Also recommended is the period from December to February when day time temperatures are cool and the nights cold. ROHRI This old town is on the other side of the Indus, opposite Sukkur. The ancient city of Aror is a few miles to the east, its ruins lying on the edges of a low limestone range. Of its historical past, not much remains. Places to visit in Rohri are : The shrine of War Mubarak (1545) built by Mir Muhammad Kalhora. A gold and jewel encrusted casket enshrines the hair of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H.), that is displayed to the faithful for general viewing annually on the 2nd of March. On the outskirts of Rohri is the SATHBHAINASTAN, the Tomb of the seven Virgin Sisters. According to legend, vowed not to ever show themselves to any man and had themselves locked in rooms. When a licentious Nawab decreed that all beautiful girls be sent to him, one legend has it, that the sisters were swallowed up by the ground in a minor quake. Close to the War Mubarak is the Jamia (Akbari) Mosque (1584) built by an officer of Emperor Akbar. Having been frequently damaged and undergone repeated repairs, little of the original wall-tiles remain source: [url=http://www.vista-tourism.com/geography/sindh.htm]Sindh Pakistan[/url] and best site for Sindh tourism and geography info [url]http://wikitravel.org/en/Sindh[/url] |
shah abdul latif
[url=http://jamalifouru.com/Shah%20Abdul%20Latif/]shah abdul latif bhitai, shah abdul latif poetry, shah abdul latif poetry in sindhi, shah abdul latif bhitai poetry, shah abdul latif university, shah abdul latif tambora, tambora of shah abdul lattif, life of shah abdul lattif, the great poet of sin[/url] Bhit Shah photoes [url=http://jamalifouru.com/Shah%20Abdul%20Latif/bhit%20shah%20photos/index.php]bhit shah photos, photos bhit shah, bhit shah images, bhit shah photo, photo bhit shah, shah abdul latif bhitai, shah abdul latif, latif bhitai, latif bhittai, shah abdul latif bhittai, shah abdul latif bhittai wallpapers, bhitshah photo, bhitshah im[/url] Download Sindhi Fonts To Read And Write [url=http://jamalifouru.com/mix/send-mail-in-sindhi.php]send sindhi mail, sindhi mail, sindhi mailer, mail in sindhi, send email in sindhi, type sindhi, type in sindhi, type email in sindhi, online sindhi editor, sindhi editor, online editor in sindhi[/url] Shah Sain's Concepts (through poetry) [url=http://jamalifouru.com/Shah%20Abdul%20Latif/images/few-verses-shah-abdul-lattiaf-bhittai.php]verses of shah abdul lattiaf bhittai, latif verses, bhittai verses, verses of bhittai[/url] [COLOR="DarkSlateBlue"][I][B]SINDH INFO[/B][/I][/COLOR] Area 140,914 sq. Km (size of England) population (1981) 18.97 million. (Rural 56.63%, Urban 43.37% (Zia regime) (1991) 53 million. (Rural 77.96%, Urban 22.04% (Nawaz Sharif) (1995) Hopefully accurate and free of illegal immigrants National Symbols Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai (18 Century poet and poet) and his "Risalo" (Collection) Moen-jo-Daro (remains of the 5,000 year old Indus civilization) Ajrak (hand-painted cloth sheet/wrap around) Sindhi Topi (embroidered skull cap with mirror work) Sufis Shah Abdul Latif Qalandar Shahbaz Sachal Sarmast Saami Shah Inayat Khuwaja Farid Folk Legends Marui Sassui Suhni Moomal Leela Noori Rai Diach Jogi Legends of the Land Dodo Soomro (fought 14th century Delhi ruler Allauddin Khilji) Shah Inayat Soofi (executed in 1718) Hoshoo Sheedi (led resistance against the British in 1843) Heemum Kaliani (hanged by the British as a "terrorist") Mai Bakhtavar (slain in peasant struggle in 1946) Haider Bux Jatoi (peasant leader) Makhdoom Bilawal (killed by Arghuns in 1521) Doolah Darya Khan (Samma warrior) Sain G. M. Syed (Father of Modern Sindhi Nation) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Family Indo-Aryan with strong Dravidian influence. Indigenious samats are descendants of Lakha, Lohana, Rajput, Jat and Sammas Where as, immigrants are, Semmite Arab origin like Sayed Ansari, Siddiqui, etc and Aryan (Turk, Greeks, Mughals, Iranians and Baluch). Sindhi Language Prakit plus Sanskrit basis has vocabulary from Arabic, Persian and some Dravidian words Script: Arabic Naskh, alphabet of 52, with 7 phonetics not present in Urdu. Historical works Chach Nama Tarikh-i-Masumi Tarikhi-Tahiri Tuhfatul Kiram Scinde Tarkhan Nama Beglar Nama Mazhar-i-Shahjehan Maklinama History of Sindh by H.T. Lambrick History of Sindh (Mirza Kalich Beg) Chronological History of Sindh (M.H. Panhwar) Famous Poets Classical Shah Latif Shah Abdul Karim of Bulri Sachal Sarmast and Bedil Contemporary Shaikh Ayaz Tanveer Abbasi Sarvech Sujawali Ibrahim Munshi Niaz Humayuni Ustad Bukhari Fatah Malak Tajal Bevus Shamshir Hydri Literary Personalities Anna Marie Schimele G.M.Mehkri Mirza Kalich Beg (Zeenat) Usman Diplai (Sanghar) Hussamuddin Rashdi Sayed Ghulam Mustafa Shah M. Ibrahim Joyo I.I. Kazi (Brown Girl) G. Allana Agha Mohammad Yaqub Elsa Kazi Alama Daud Poto Dr. Gurbuxani (Shah-jo-Risalo) Dr. Nabi Bux Baluch Hakim Fateh Mohd Sehwani Fiction writers Classical H. M. Gurbuxani ("Noorjehan") S. C. Shahani ("Bilu Khokar") M. Ismail Ursani ("Badnasib") M. Ismail Ursani ("Badnasib Tari") Contemporary Amar Jaleel Jamal Abro Naseem Kharal (late) Najam Abbasi Ibrahim Joyo Siraj Memon Rasheed Bhatti Ghullam Rabbani Agro Tariq Ashraf (late) Noorul-Huda Shah (Jangal) Abdul Qadir Junejo (Diwarian) Major Institutions Sindhi Adabi Board Institute of Sindhology Shah Abdul Latif Cultural Center Sindhi Adabi Sangat Sindh Graduate Association Sindh University Authority for prevention & Restoration of Mohen-Jo-Daro Mahran and Shah Latif Universities Liaquat Medical College Jamshoro Agriculture University Tando-Jam Chandka Medical College Sindh Medical College Peoples Medical College Institutions Builders Sindh Madersah (Hasanally Effendi) Sindh Unversity (I.I. Kazi) L.M.C. Jamshoro (Col. Najeeb Khan) Chandka, Peoples, Sindh Medical Collges, Sindhiology Institute, Mehran Engineering Campus Nawab Shah (Zulfikar Ali Bhutto) Larkana Madersah (Shahnawaz Bhutto) Tando Bago School (Mir Ghulam Ali) Source: [url=http://jamalifouru.com/sindh/sindh/pages/Sindh-at-a-Glance-18.php]Sindh at a Glance sindh history, sindhi history, pakistan history, sindh land, sindh economy, sindhi language, sindhi literature, sindhi culture[/url] Great work on Sindh (geography/demography) [url=http://jamalifouru.com/sindh/sindhgallery/index.php]Sindh Gallery, Gallery of Sindh, sindh image gallery, sindh wallpapers, sindhi image, images of sindh[/url] |
Sindhi Topi
Sindhi topi (urdu) سندھی ٹويی : Sindh has one distinctive cap, which
stands out for its colorful embroidery and glasswork; the Sindhi Topi. It is round in shape except that a portion in front is cut out to expose the forehead (for the same reasons as explained earlier) which represents the Islamic culture of Minbar and Mihrab. It comes in two varieties - hard and soft. The hard variety will keep its shape when not worn but the soft variety can be folded and even put into one�s picket. Most Sindhis, rich or poor, own a Sindhi cap. All Sindh celebrated 6th December, 2009 as Sindhi Topi Sakafat (culture) day. The Sindhi cap is also used in Bahawalpur and Balochistan, both by the Pushtuns and the Baloch. Balochistan, otherwise, is a land of turbans. And very distinctive turbans, too History of Sindhi Topi(Cap) If we march along the course of history due to opulence and generosity of Sindh different communities of the world has been moved here, the majority among out comers were Persian, Greek, Arab, Aryans, Turkhan, Mongols, Dutch, French, English etc: this cruel course of history is continued even today, because the advent of nomadic nations and gipsy communities from different parts of the earth and outside provinces or bordering countries toward Sindh is never stopped. Sindhi people not only welcomed the wandering visitors used to come here from different regions of the world through ages but also impressed them with loving behavior and warm hospitality on such scale that mainstream among the infiltrators preferred to live here rather than to go back their respective homelands. Every traveling family, ethnic group or nation which moved around here, carried their ways of life, like traditions, values, rites, rituals, culture, folklore, dwelling systems, ideologies, beliefs, philosophies etc: along with them, the inhabitants of Sindh patronized those all cordially, while among the guests who went back to their respective native soils sponsored communal values, spiritual stuffs and cultural principles of Sindh amid them. Arab traders accustomed sugar candy in Sindh and took horns of rhinoceros from here to sell in China . Al-Mehlib (the Arabian tribe) transported Hens and Buffaloes of Sindh toward Iraq and China , Arabs also carried prey dogs from Sindhi soldiers as a tribute. These people furthermore carried betel leaf from here and harvested in Oman whereas they brought seeds of taramid tree from Basra . People of Sindh learned honey making process, agriculture of dot tree and making of sweet meal with dot palms from Arabs. The Persians brought perfume, olive and water lily from Khurasan, pomegranate is also Persian gift and they in addition gave us seeds of bringal. Grapes have been planted here during the era of Abbasid dynasty, British carried kernel of orange from here In divine book �Touret� is written that �Suleman brought Peacock, musk, gold and rhinoceros from Sindh�. In 808 AD a doctor named Manik has been called upon for treatment of incurable disease of Abbasi Caliph Haroon Rasheed, after completing successful treatment, Sultan appointed him chief supervisor of the royal hospital at Baghdad . During the era of Yehya Bermki a Sindhi physician named Ibn-e-Dhanna had been appointed an administrative officer at the hospital of Baghdad, this man introduced there Sindhi method of treatment. During invasion of Alexander the great on Sindh the king of Alor gifted him medicine of snake bite whereas a pair of yellow pigeons was presented him by a monarch. During this era Greek learned the treatment of poisons and herbal knowledge from Sindhi doctors. They also carried Sindhi cotton (cloth) from here of which they praised in their books as �Sindhin�, whereas method of teaching and art left by Greeks is part of Sindhi culture even today. In this way due to exchange (which extracted through the ages) of different customs, traditions, things, assets, national and religious values of guest companies Sindh became lodging of complex civilization and ideologies. Though such happenings smashed up the original characteristics of Sindhi culture but also became beneficial with the exchange of rich cultural heritages of the different nations of the world. Such changes and exchanges were not bound only with overseas or distant populations but were usual with bordering nations, among such other civilizing interactions a beautiful piece of cultural art is Sindhi Cap which was introduced among Sindhi natives from neighboring Baloch people. A reason regarding the convey of Balochi cap among Sindhi people was that northern areas of Sindh is bordered with Baluchistan, for that basis the replacement of every aspect of life was order of the day. That time Balochi people used to wear turban upon the cap, copying them Sindhi people also patronized the method, though this has been ended now but in few remote regions of the both provinces same style is still prevailing, whereas in some areas cap has been taken away from turban and on some vicinities load of turban has been suspended. Unfortunately by and large both nations has now thrown away turban and cap from the head thinking these unreasonable weight or out of fashion thing what were once sign of respect, personality and pride. During the eighteen and nineteenth century AD, covering head with turban, cap or cloth was considered as a sigh of soberness among the people of Sindh and Balochistan, while uncovered head was measured as social indulgence, therefore according to their status people always keep their heads covered. In most few areas of both provinces the men with uncovered skull had been prosecuted, fined or socially boycotted, even today in many regions around Pakistan the concept of head covering is respectfully accustomed. During its early phase two type of caps has been used to cover heads, one made by sewing two folds of white cloth, its four sides had been circular with which complete forehead could be covered, pious and religious people like to wear that. Second kind of cap was prepared by silk and golden fibers (threads), curved with beautiful embellishment and ornamented with pieces of glasses to extend its sober attire. This cap has been incised from forehead in the way (like half moon) that both curving corners touches right and left mandible. By the time many changes has been commenced into style plus crafts of cap, hardness and softness of cloth etc:, keeping the seasons of the year in view numerous alterations has also been brought in, like some times increasing pearls with glasses and some times decreasing those. Transaction of cap from Baloch to Sindhi people also seen several innovations seemingly correlated with Sindhi culture and the time came this cap has merged with particular Sindhi dress, sober structure, walking style etc: and called �Sindhi Cap. In any part of the Pakistan if you see some one worn Sindhi cap he must be thought Sindhi or resident of Sindh. Making of Sindhi cap is like constructing a building where there is base, walls, floor, roof, color, plaster etc: plus the periods of polish and shining also. There are five styles of cap, round (circular), four cornered, fancy, betel leaf shaped and the cap having different designs. Prevailing style of cap has been passed from three different phases of its evaluation. Silky Era Before the partition of sub-continent best kind of silk had been imported from Kashmir with which Sindhi cap makers designs the cap and decorated ornamentation of different things as pieces of plastic, pearls, glasses etc: to create fine-looking caps. Such caps have been mostly worn under the turban in such style that cap peeps out of the turban like hump of bullock or camel. That was not similar to the rounded cap prevailed today but was cut from forehead like half moon, this kind of cap has almost been outdated. Phase of Collyrium The cap of this period was different than that of silky one because collyrium has been used instead of glittering golden threads or pieces of glasses. Cap producers create such beautiful lines, decoration and flowering designs with collyrium on cloth (mostly silk) of different color that having seen their art heart filled in high spirits. Lines of collyrium glittered in the light of sun as strips of phosphorus written behind the vehicles, reflects back the beams when head light of other vehicles thrown on those during dark. Top (roof) of the cap had been decorated with interesting geometrical figures like, half, circular, rectangular, four-cornered, oblique, moon, sun, and stars etc. These caps were not very durable because after became dirty if washed, the grayish color and shining went away, in this way after three or four time cleaning no where to found its beauty. Phase of Golden threads Two or three folds of cloth have been used in this kind of cap which was made inflexible by using hard cloth between the folds. The cap had been incised in orchid shape at its opening, in a way that complete head covered whereas the forehead remained open. With the passage of time keeping in view the disposition of wearer plus needs of modern world, new styles and designs has been introduced, as some times striking with national movements designing the map of Sindh, national slogans plus flag, figures of national heroes, axes, mosques, tombs, old and new geometrical shapes, Ajrak (Sindhi shawl) etc: has been designed. Though many changes have been introduced in the industry of cap making but not much difference can be found between old and new Sindhi cap. like other cultural heritages of Sindh nothing has been done for the development and maturity of Sindhi cap or its makers, neither any step has been taken by government missionaries nor private institutions or social organizations did anything, rather they has been denied and distorted by the authorities. Forgetting the cultured character of our cap in sociology, history and literature we bounded its use only on special occasions or gatherings like marriage. In spite of this state of rejection regarding this art, cottage industry of Sindhi cap making is with us winning all interferences in the travel of times, present life and conservation of this skill goes to the genuine struggle of Sindhi and Baloch women whose are more effective and active than male artists. Nonetheless, due to introduction of modern technology manual work has effected on great scale even though a class among new generation of cap lovers mostly like to wear the cap made of hand. Wherever is education around the globe, the nations of world are busy to save their national and cultural heritages, whether it is in form of archaeology, history, dress, language, literature, land etc: but among us where rays of education reached, our cultural and traditional heritages has been ignored and destroyed there. Thus the tradition of cap wearing has mostly remained only in less educated and northern districts of Sindh like Larkana, Jacobabad, Dadu, Shikarpur and Nawabshah, but the percentage of its use has been decreasing day by day. Though the past of Sindhi nation is excellent but present is alarmingly worse, its current generation has became prey of Europe like other nations of the Pakistan . Due to infiltration of borrowed schooling syllabus and conquest of foreign media and being victim of downfall against foreign civilizations we are destroying our national heritages and cultural legacies with our own hands Sindhi cap is also among those. In this connection we should have to be grateful the poor and amateurish section of our society who has protected this cultural heritage because they think it sin to uncover their heads, in this state of affairs the cultured legacy of Sindhi cap can be claimed by this group because they are not only makers of the cap but also protectors of expertise and exercise. Sindhi Topi Day The Sindhi Topi Day was celebrated for the first time on 6th December 2009 to show solidarity and loyalty to the Sindhi culture and land. The day was marked by rallies, street shows, concerts and cultural events through out the province to denounce the remarks of a television anchor's criticism of President Asif Ali Zardari's donning of traditional Sindhi attire on his state visit to Kabul a 'cheap political tactic.' Later the day was declared an annualized event by the government of Pakistan. |
Ajrak
[url=http://jamalifouru.com/sindh/sindh/pages/Ajrak15.php]Ajrak sindh history, sindhi history, pakistan history, sindh land, sindh economy, sindhi language, sindhi literature, sindhi culture[/url] Moen Jo Daro [url=http://jamalifouru.com/sindh/sindh/pages/Moen-Jo-Daro16.php]Moen Jo Daro sindh history, sindhi history, pakistan history, sindh land, sindh economy, sindhi language, sindhi literature, sindhi culture[/url] kotdiji fort [url=http://jamalifouru.com/sindh/sindh/pages/Kot-Diji-Fort19.php]Kot Diji Fort sindh history, sindhi history, pakistan history, sindh land, sindh economy, sindhi language, sindhi literature, sindhi culture[/url] other facts and figures on Sindh [url=http://jamalifouru.com/sindh/sindh/index.php]Sindh, Sindhi, Sindhu Nadi, sindh history, sindhi history, pakistan history, sindh land, sindh economy, sindhi language, sindhi literature, sindhi culture[/url] |
best Sindhi books
[url=http://www.sanalist.org/Books.htm]Books On Sindh[/url] others [url]http://panhwar.com/rarebooks/Travels%20in%20India.pdf[/url] [url]http://panhwar.com/rarebooks/Travels%20in%20Beloochistan%20and%20Sinde.pdf[/url] [url]http://panhwar.com/rarebooks/The%20Musalman%20Races.pdf[/url] [url]http://panhwar.com/rarebooks/The%20Conquest%20of%20Scinde.pdf[/url] [url]http://panhwar.com/Adobe/Sind_revisited.pdf[/url] all these books are worth reading, plz try |
Sindhi literature: [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_literature]Sindhi literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url]
length of indus river in Sindh is 400 miles Arabs called indus river as Mehran kheer thar park area 112miles square allama I I Qazi: [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imdad_Ali_Imam_Ali_Kazi]Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url] GM Syed: [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._M._Syed]G. M. Syed - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url] elsa qazi: [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Kazi]Elsa Kazi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url] sarmad sindhi: [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmad_Sindhi]Sarmad Sindhi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url] sheikh ayaz: [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaikh_Ayaz]Shaikh Ayaz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url] mirza qalich beg: [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Kalich_Beg]Mirza Kalich Beg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url] ustad bukhari: [url=http://sindhfolklore.wordpress.com/2009/04/05/in-memory-of-ustad-bukhari-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A1%D9%8E-%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF-%DB%BE/]In memory of Ustad Bukhari[/url] [url=http://literature.sindhiana.com/ustad_bukhari.htm]Literature - Classic Sindhi poetry of Ustad Bukhari[/url] [url]http://www.esnips.com/doc/f0f40cc7-3b1a-4e12-b80a-6f36b76eb1bc/Ustad-Bukhari%20Poetry[/url] pir pagara: [url=http://pakistanherald.com/Profile/Pir-Sahab-Pagara-927]Pir Sahab Pagara | Chairman (PML-F) @ Pakistan Herald[/url] [url=http://www.pirpagara.com/]Pir Pagara[/url] |
Sindhi important personalities: [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_people]List of Sindhi people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url]
[url=http://www.thesindhuworld.com/bio_society.html]Biography: Hemu Kalani: Prem Ramchandani: Hinduja Group: Dr. Hiranandani: Famous Sindhis[/url] [url=http://www.flickr.com/photos/26441503@N07/sets/72157609659447008/]Sindhi Personalities - a set on Flickr[/url] Sindhi speaking in India: [url=http://www.thesindhuworld.com/home_directory.html]Sindhi Directory: Sindhi Surname: Sindhi Population: Database: Sindhu: SMS Service: Kolhapur[/url] [B]AMAR SHAHID HEMU KALANI[/B] One of the youngest Indian freedom fighter and freedom God of Sindhi community Amar shahid Hemu Kalani was bon on the twenty third day of March in the year 1924 as the son of Jethibai and Pessumal Kalani. This is the most unfortunate thing that this brave son of sindh and inspiring sindhi soul even was not able to complete teen age existence in the physical body. He was is a brilliant student who passed the matriculation exam with flying colors in the year 1942 as the student from the famous Tilak high school of Sakhar [sukkur] the city is presently in the Pakistan. 1942 holds a great value in the Indian history of struggle for the freedom as during this time Mahatma Gandhi was persisting for his famous Non co-operation movement. Hemu's uncle, Dr. Mangharam Kalani was a famous nationalist and great follower of Mahatama Gandhi hence got attracted towards his activities and started singing in the Prabhat Pheris [early morning awaking processions]. Entire country was under very strong waves of desire for self rule and protest against the British rule was on from every walk of life. Different ideologies and groups were working in tandem for the one and only one common aim of getting freedom. Hemu joined a group, expert in under ground activities for allowing motherland to respire in the atmosphere of freedom. In those days non humanitarian treatment to common people by the military and government was common thing so group decided to dislodge the railway track for creating a hurdle in military movement. Unfortunately on the action day, which was a full moon day, when Hemu was dislodging track with three other group member, the security force on duty caught them. During the raid on Hemu Kalan's house a litho press and other objectionable materials were also founded and they were presented before the Marshal law court because during those days Sakhar Distric was under the military rule and Marshal law was in force. The court recommended life time imprisonment for Hemu and forwarded his decision to higher authorities at Hyderabad for the further action. In the views of higher authorities the action of Hemu was liable for higher punishment so they changed it to hanging till the death. The news spread like a storm and a wave of anger generated through the entire land. People started to send telegrams to government officials for changing this cruel decision, even Sadhu Vaswani and Shri Jamshed Ji came forward with Mercy appeal but all the efforts went in vain. On the 21st January 1943 Hemu was hanged till death in the Sakhar. It was a true surprise for the official present there that they were not able to find any sign of fear on the Hemu's face while he was taken to rope for hanging till date. His weight in the prison was increased by 7lbs. Hemu expressed his last will of taking birth again on this holly land India with the officials. "Inqulab Zindabad" "Bharat Mata Ki Jai" were the last spoken words of this brave son. It was undeclared holiday in Sakhar as all the citizens were present at Agani Sanskar [funerals] of Hemu Kalani. |
a lot about Sindh:::::; [url=http://www.centralfloridasindhi.org/site/default.aspx]Central Florida Sindhi .Org[/url]
@ wiki sindhi language [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language]Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url] Sindhi (Sindhi: سنڌي , Devanagari script: सिन्धी, Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan that is spoken by the Sindhi people. In India, it is among 22 constitutionally recognized languages, where Sindhis are a sizeable minority. It is spoken by 53,410,910 people in Pakistan, according to the national government's Statistics Division. It is the the second most spoken language in all of Pakistan and is the official language of the province of Sindh.[3] It is also spoken in India by some 5,820,485 speakers in 2011 and abroad there are some 2.6 million Sindhis, out of which approximately 60% are Pakistani and 40% are Indian.[1] The government of Pakistan issues national identity cards to its citizens only in two languages, Sindhi and Urdu. It is an Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It has influences from a local version of spoken form of Sanskrit and from Balochi spoken in the adjacent province of Balochistan. Most Sindhi speakers are concentrated in the Sindh province and in Kutch, India where Sindhi is a local language. The remaining speakers in India are composed of the Hindu Sindhis who migrated from Sindh and settled in India after partition and the Sindhi diaspora worldwide. [B]dialects of sindhi: [/B] [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dialects_of_Sindhi.PNG]File:Dialects of Sindhi.PNG - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url] i. Sindhi Siraiki, a form of Saraiki regarded as a dialect of Sindhi; spoken mainly in Upper Sindh. Shown in orange. ii. Vicholi, in Vicholo, Central Sindh. Shown in yellow. iii. Lari, in Laru (Lower Sindh). Shown in grey. iv. Lasi, in Lasa B’elo, a part of Kohistan in Baluchistan and the western part of Sindh. Shown in green. v. Thari or Thareli, in Tharu, the desert region on the southeast border of Sindh and a part of the Jaisalmer district in Rajasthan. Shown in purple. vi. Kachhi, in the Kutch region and in a part of Kathiawar in Gujarat, in southern Sindh. Shown in blue. Vicholi is the basis for standardised Sindhi. @ [url=http://www.sindhilanguage.com/]Sindhi Language[/url] Sindhi is an ancient language, over seventy percent of the Sindhi words are Sanskrit. The fact that Sindhi is mostly written in the Arabic script, gives some people the impression that it is a Persio-Arabic tongue. Professor E. Trumpp in his monumental `Sindhi Alphabet and Grammar' (1812) writes: "Sindhi is a pure Sanskritical language, more free from foreign elements than any of the North Indian vernaculars." The Rev. Mr.G. Shirt of Hyderabad, one of the first Sindhi scholars, considered that the language is probably, so far as its grammatical construction is concerned, the purest daughter of Sanskrit. It has small sprinkling of Dravidian words, and has in later times received large accessions to its vocabulary from Arabic and Persian. Sindhi is a very sweet and melodious language. Writes Dr. Annemarie Schimmel, Harvard professor of Islamics, and versatile linguist: "Since every word in Sindhi ends in a vowel, the sound is very musical." Sindhi is a very rich language with a vast vocabulary; this has made it a favourite of many writers and so a lot of literature and poetry has been written in Sindhi. Writes K. R. Malkani in "THE SINDH STORY": 'The Sindhi language and literature reflect the rich variety and quality of Sindhi life and thought. Sindhi has 125 names for as many varieties of fish. From Hyderabad to the sea, a distance of less than one hundred miles, the Sindhu river has half a dozen names --- Sahu, Sita, Mograh, Popat, Bano, and Hajamiro --- to reflect its many moods. The camel has a score of names, to indicate its age, colour, gait and character.' It is the language of Saints and Rishis of ancient Sindh. It has been the inspiration for Sindhi art, music, literature, culture and the way of life. Many great poets and literatis have been profoundly inspired by the beauty of Sindhi language. The treasures of the ancient Sindhi Literature, of the immortal Sufi poet-saints: "Shah", "Sachal", "Sami" , or the Saints of Modern India: Sadhu T.L.Vaswani, Dada J.P.Vaswani, sung in sweet, melodious, rhythmic Sindhi tunes, fills the hearts and souls of the listeners with sheer rapture, joy and ecstasy. Dada J.P.Vaswani says: The Sindhis dont have a land, nation or state to call their own. They are a scattered community, spread all over India, and in most countries of the world. If there is one thing that will help us to retain our identity, it is our language. Unfortunately Sindhis have neglected their mother tongue, and if we dont use the language, we will lose it. Language is the root of our community. Language is the Soul of our community. If the soul goes away, how long will can the community last? [B]history: [/B] Culture Sindh is a repository of varied cultural values and has remained the seat of civilization and meeting point of diverse cultures from times immemorial. Sindh’s cultural life has been shaped, to a large extent, by its comparative isolation in the past from the rest of the subcontinent. A long stretch of desert to its east and a mountainous terrain to the west served as barriers, while the Arabian Sea in the south and the Indus in the north prevented easy access. As a result, the people of Sindh developed their own exclusive artistic tradition. Their arts and craft, music and literature, games and sports have retained their original flavor. Sindh is rich in exquisite pottery, variegated glazed tiles, lacquer-work, leather and straw products, needlework, quilts, embroidery, hand print making and textile design. According to renowned European historian H.T. Sorelay, Sindhis had not only contributed to literature but also to astronomy, medicine, philosophy, dialectics and similar subjects. Genuine love for fellow beings, large heartedness and hospitality constitute the very spirit of Sindhi culture and it is the association of the cultural elements that elevate it and keep aloft its banner among the contemporary cultures of South-Asia. Having lived for centuries under the changing sway of various dynasties i.e. the Arabs, Mughals, Arghuns, Turkhans and Soomras, Sammahs, Kalhoras and Talpurs, Sindhi culture is a fusion of multiple culture patterns. Origins Sindhi language has evolved over a period of two millennia; with many waves of invasions by Greeks, Arabs, Arghuns, Tarkhans, Seythians, Turks, Mughals and so on. Sindh, on the north west of undivided India, had always been the first to bear the onslaught of the never-ending invaders, and as such absorbed Hindi, Persian, Arabic, Turkish, English and even Portuguese. The language of the people of Sindh has a solid base of Prakrit and Sanskrit, showing great susceptibility towards borrowings from Arabic, Persian, and Dravidian (such as Brahui in Baluchistan). Sindh was the seat of the ancient Indus valley civilization during the third millennium BC as discovered from the Moen-jo-Daro excavation. The pictographic seals and clay tablets obtained from these excavations still await proper decipherment by epigraphists. For more about the Language of Mohenjodaro: click here. The Sindhi parlance has witnessed a transition over the years and there are varying theories related to the ancestry of the language. Historians working hard to fathom the origin of the language have varying conclusions to offer. Facts and discoveries of Sindhi parlances over the years have launched a debate about the Sindhi language being a derivative of the ancient Sanskrit dialect and there a few historians who believe that it's the other way round. Dr Ernest Trumpp was the pioneer of the theory that Sindhi is a derivative of Sanskrit language. Judging from its vocabulary and roots of verbs, Dr Trumpp came to the conclusion that "Sindhi is a pure Sanskritical language, more free from foreign elements than any of the North Indian vernaculars." The Rev. Mr.G. Shirt of Hyderabad, one of the first Sindhi scholars, considered that the language is probably, so far as its grammatical construction is concerned, the purest daughter of Sanskrit. It has small sprinkling of Dravidian words, and has in later times received large accessions to its vocabulary from Arabic and Persian. Hindu scholars Dr. H M Gurbaxani and Berumal Maharchand Advani agreed with the concept. But Miss Popati Hiranandani in her book 'Sindhis: The scattered treasure' (pg6) has an interesting deliberation to this theory. According to her some scholars confused the words prakrita (meaning=natural) with the word purakrita (meaning - formed first), which misled them. In the same way, she says, due to affinity towards Hinduism, litterateurs like Kishinchand Jetley translated a couplet from Sindhi poet Shah Abdul Latif's poetry into Sanskrit and concluded that the similarity shows the derivation of Sindhi from Sanskrit. She rightly argues that it could be the other way round too and cites two authorities to elucidate this point. One is Siraj-ul-Haq of Pakistan who states: "The history of Sindhi is older than that of Sanskrit and its related civilization or culture are derived from the civilization or culture of Sindh and from Sindhi language…Sanskrit is born of Sindhi - if not directly, at least indirectly." The other is an Indian linguist, S Kandappan who says: "Sindhi is one of the ancient languages. I say it is the most ancient languages, I know it has got its origin even before Sanskrit in the country…." Interestingly, after further studies Dr Trumpp himself seemed to be doubtful about his findings. Testimonies to this are the remarks in one of his work of arts: "Sindhi has remained steady in the first stage of decomposition after the old Prakrit, where all other cognate dialects have sunk some degrees deeper and we shall see in the course of our introductory remarks that rule, which the Prakrit grammarian, Kramdishvara has laid down in reference to the Apabramsha, are still recognizable in present day Sindhi, which by no means can be stated of the other dialects. The Sindhi has thus become an independent language, which, though sharing a common origin with its sister tongues, is very materially different from them." Dr Trumpp's initial theory was first challenged by Dr. Nabibux Baloch. He believes that Sindhi belongs to the Semitic group. Mr. Ali Nawaz Jatoi holds the same view. They point out that there are some words in Sindhi that cannot be found in Sanskrit. Besides, the suffixes added to the pronouns in Sindhi suggest its relation with Semitic languages. The word 'Sanskrit' itself denotes that it is a polished or refined form of a language that was already prevalent. The grammarians Patanjali and Panini formed rules and regulations, which came to be necessarily, and compulsorily followed by writers and poets of those days. Thus, Sanskrit was only the language of literature as is evident from works of classical writers. Dr Baloch states: "Sindhi is an ancient Indo-Aryan language, probably having its origin in a pre-Sanskrit Indo-Aryan Indus Valley language. The Lahnda and Kashmiri appear to be its cognate sisters with a common Dardic element in them all." Sir George Grierson too places Sindhi as a near relative of the Dardic languages. (Dardistan is a region near Kashmir). Literature Sindh is where Persian and Indian cultures blended, for the area was introduced to Islam in 712AD. Thus, very little of Sindhi literature of the earlier period has survived. The Summara and Summa periods are virtually blank except for the few poems of Hamad, Raju and Isack. The heroic ballads of this period set to music by Shah Abdul Karim (1538-1625) are the earliest records of the Sindhi language. Real flourish of Sindhi poetic talent came during the last stages of the 18th century. Although the time was not appropriate for cultural developments as invaders repeatedly plundered the country during this period. Several works like Shah Abdul Latif's Shah-Jo-Rasalo, the magnum opus of Sindhi literature, were produced. It describes the life of a common man, the sorrows and sufferings of the ill-starred heroes of ancient folklore. Sachal, another eminent, poet closely followed Shah Abdul Karim. He was a Sufi rebel poet who did not adhere to any religion and denounced religious radicals. The poet Saami was a complete contrast to Kari, more pious than poetical, yet possessing a charm of his own. There was an excess of songsters in Sindhi who recited similar ideas and themes in varied tones. The notables among them are Bedil, his son Bekas, and Dalpat. Gul Mohamad introduced Persian forms of poetry replacing the native baits and Kafees. Mirza Kaleech Beg who composed on the same lines contributed a lot to Sindhi literature. Dayaram Gidumal and Mirza Kaleech were two of the early prose writers. The former was a great scholar and he was famous mainly for his metaphysical writings. The noted lexicographer and essayist Parmanand Mewaram wrote essays that educated and instructed both the young and the old. This peer group also comprised of Bherumal Meherchand, Lalchand Amardinomal and Jethmal Parsram, and Acharya Gidwani, N. R. Malkani and Dr H. M. Gurbuxani. Source: [url=http://www.sindhishaan.com]The Virtual State[/url], etc [B]script:[/B] [url=http://www.sindhilanguage.com/script.html]Script[/url] [B]about sindhi language:[/B] [url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm]Sindhi alphabets, pronunciation and language[/url] [B]sindhi language authority[/B]: [url=http://www.sindhila.org/]Welcome to Sindhi Language Authority[/url] you can have access to best info and books available online Sindh history::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: SINDHI REFLECTIONS: A BRIEF SINDHI HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 7000 BC – Neolithic settlements in the Indus Valley 3000 BC – The Indus Valley Civilization. 2300 BC – The civilization of Mohen-jo-daro. 1500 BC – The Aryan rule with the Vedic Civilization, known as Hinduism. 519 BC – The Persians conquered Sindh 326 B.C. The Greeks under Alexander controlled Sindh. 320-293 Chandragupta Maurya conquered Sindh 273-232 B.C. Ashoka's reign whose conversion to Buddhism popularizing it in Sindh. 711 A.D. The Muslim invasion of Sindh under Muhammad bin Qasim. This was followed by various Muslim dynasties that ruled Sindh. 1783 to 1843: The Muslim reign of Talpur Mirs in Sindh. February 1843: Charles Napier, a British general, conquered Sindh from the Talpur Mirs with the help of the rich Sindhi, Seth Naomal Bhojwani. Mr. Bhojwani's father had been kidnapped and ill-treated by Muslims and he wanted to end their rule. It was only after the British rule in Sindh, that Hindus were allowed to buy property, where they had none earlier. The Hindu Sindhis also gained in power and position since they took to education quickly and were adept at learning languages. They quickly learnt English and made themselves useful to the British for administrative jobs. 1847: Sindh was annexed to Bombay Presidency. British colonialism brought two immediate and far-reaching changes in Sindh's history: firstly, it broke the uninterrupted Islamic rule right from 712, transferring power from Muslim to non-Muslim authorities. Secondly, it effected the merger of Sindh with Bombay Presidency, terminating Sindh's geographical, cultural and political isolation from India. This resulted in Sindh seeing, in the 19th century, the emergence of modern social and political institutions. K.R.Malkani, in - The Sindh Story narrates how Hindus became rich, - When the British took over, the Hindus did not hold any land. The British gave land to the retiring officers, most of them Hindu. The wealthy began to buy lands at market price. The improvident Muslim landlords began to mortgage lands to the Hindu money-lenders, who gradually acquired the same on default. In one century of British rule, the Hindus had come to, acquire about 40 per cent of the land. Another 20 per cent was believed to have been mortgaged to them. Some Muslim League leaders --- particularly Sir Abdullah Haroon --- made this into a big issue. Here was a gentleman who started life as a cycle-repair assistant on four annas a day, and ended up as a crore-pati, who grudged 30 per cent of the population .(Hindus) owning 40 per cent of the land! He could never see the initial iniquity of the Hindus (30 per cent of the population) holding zero land under the Muslim rule. However, many other Muslim leaders noted that the peasants were happier with the Hindu zamindars than with the Muslim zamindars. They also noted that many Muslim zamindars did not want education to spread --- for fear the next generation of educated tenants might ask for more rights. The real reasons for this shift of land-ownership were two: the Hindus who had been starved of land for centuries, felt the natural human urge for land --- and now they went in for it. Secondly, the impecunious Muslim habits stood in sharp contrast with Hindu prudence. A Muslim tended to spend beyond his means; a Hindu tended to save and invest. A popular saying was that when a Hindu had money, he would buy or build more and more houses (Jaye Mathan Jaye); when a Muslim had money, he would marry more and more wives ( Joye Mathan Joye). 1934: The formation of the Sindh Separation committee. Earlier, as Sirajul Haque Memon says in his piece in the Daily Dawn (23. 3. 2001) entitled, Genesis of Separatist Sentiment in Sindh, A campaign was started through the vernacular press for separation of Sindh from Bombay. It gathered momentum when looking at the trend of public opinion, political parties such as the Congress and the Muslim League too joined in. No political party could survive in Sindh if it opposed the Separation Movement. Hindu Maha Sabha was the only party, which opposed the separation. But soon it lost face in the towns and villages of Sindh and slowly and gradually it ceased to be an influential political party in Sindh. April 1, 1936: Sindh was made into a separate, autonomous province—separated from Bombay Presidency. Gobindram Mukhi of Hyderabad, was the only one to vote against this move (with similar protests from Swami Harinamdasji of the Sadhubella of Sukkur); they could both see that this move would reduce Hindus in Sindh to a voiceless and powerless minority. However, others estimated that with the separation from Bombay, many opportunities would come their way and they would gain in power; accordingly, they all voted, along with the Muslims, for the separation from Bombay Presidency. Sindh became autonomous and Hindu Sindhis went on later to lose their homeland because the foundation of the separation was population strength. Hindus were a minority in a Muslim province. Abdullah Haroon, says Prof Sharif al Mujahid, played an important role: - A strenuous advocate and campaigner for the separation o f Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, he continuously lobbied for it, proposing resolutions at all-India moots, from 1925 onwards. He repeatedly urged the Aga Khan who led the Muslim delegation to the Round Table Conference (1930-32) and Jinnah to get the Sindh separation issue settled favourably during the London confabulations. Along with Muhammad Ayub Khuhro and Miran Muhammad Shah, Haroon also played a leading role in getting Sindh to acquire an autonomous provincial status in the Act of 1935. - 1936-1937: Hindus subjected to discrimination (see Ram Ramchandani's account.) October 1939: Gandhi received a telegram from Dr. Choitram Gidwani, Vice President of the Sind Provincial Congress Committee, from Shikarpur: It read:'Riots, loot, incendiarism, Sukkur district villages Hindus mercilessly butchered. Women and girls raped and kidnapped. Hindu life, property unsafe. Situation most critical. Government policy not firm. Pray send enquiry committee immediately to see situation personally. Gandhi's intervention, in his words, was - Now the only effective way in which I can help the Sindhis (is) to show them the way of non-violence. But that cannot be learnt in a day. The other way is the way the world has followed hitherto, i.e. armed defense of the life and property. God helps only those who help themselves. The Sindhis are no exception. They must learn the art of defending themselves against robbers, raiders and the like. If they do not feel safe and are too weak to defend themselves, they should leave the place which has proved too inhospitable to live in. March, 23, 1940: Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution at Lahore, visualizing a Confederal arrangement where units or states will be autonomous and sovereign. August 9, 1942: Mahatma Gandhi started the - Quit India = movement, asking the British to leave India through non-violent means of protests and non-cooperation. 1946 Sindh, with its Muslim majority, was already under the Muslim League. The Muslim League got its toehold in Sindh earlier thanks to a Muslim League candidate who stood for election against Shah Nawaz Bhutto, a secular Muslim. The latter was defeated because he refused to rise to the Muslim League's challenge to perform namaz in public. The opponent made capital of his refusal and won the wrested the seat from Mr. Bhutto, giving the Muslim League an entry into Sindh politics. August 16, 1946: Jinnah declares the day as - Direct Action Day - to get Pakistan, letting loose loot and murder. Gandhiji agrees to the Partition of India the very next day. (See Prof. G.A.'s account.) March, 1947: One learns what happened from the biography, - Mountabatten, the Private Story - by Brian Hoey: - Lord Mountbatten was once again interrupted—this time by Prime Minister Clement Atlee, who summoned him to an urgent meeting. He was informed that the then Viceroy of India, Lord Wavell, had failed in his efforts to obtain a settlement between the various political parties and the main Hindu and Muslim leaders. Atlee wanted Mountbatten20to take up the job. Every demand of Mountbatten's was met by Atlee, who did not want to be bothered by mere details as long as the result was a peaceful end to this massive burden of what had become a troublesome Empire. Independence had been promised in 1942 as a reward for the support of Indian troops against the Japanese, and even earlier, in the 1920s, moves towards granting independence had started. In any case, the cost of maintaining a government in India was proving a drain on the finances of a Britain whose own funds were sorely depleted after six years of the most expensive war in history. So, in monetary terms alone, Britain wanted out of India. He was given fifteen months to achieve a solution to a problem. By June 1948, the handover of power was to be complete. Mountbatten knew that if he was going to get the job done in the time allotted he would inevitably make some enemies. When he arrived in India he realized that fifteen months was far too long for the period of transition. He knew that the longer the negotiations went on the more bloodshed there was likely to be. So he insisted on a shorter period, which was immediately reduced to five months, so that instead of June 1948 as the deadline, he now had August 1947 as the date by which he had to complete the handover. Papers in the Mountbatten archives appear to confirm that Atlee did not have a firm withdrawal date in mind and that it was Mountbatten's idea. Mountbatten felt that to go to India without the Hindu and Muslim leaders knowing there was a definite date for withdrawal would weaken his position immeasurably. They would be suspicious that he was not there to end colonial rule, merely to delay the decision. The means were not all that important; it was the end that counted. Britain wanted to be rid of its Empire and Mountbatten was the man to do it. The only guidance which Mountbatten had from the British government when he took over as Viceroy was that they fully recognised that India fell naturally into two parts, Muslim and Hindu, and that it was possible that these parts could be separated geographically. The last Viceroy arrived in Delhi on March 22, 1947. June 1947: The British announce the Partition. The first wave of migration from Sindh. August 14-15, 1947: Withdrawal of the British, the birth of independent India and Pakistan, with Sindh in Pakistan. August 19, 1947: Riots in Quetta, many Hindus killed (see Lila Kripalani's account.) August 20, 1947: Second wave of migration (see Dr. Ram Buxani's account.) August 27, 1947: Riots in Nawabshah organised by Mr. Masood, the Muslim collector of Nawabshah (see Gul & Pahilraj Ramchandani's account.) September 1947: Curfew in Hyderabad Sind. All Hindu families were informed that the refugees were out of control and that all Hindus were at risk (see A. Daswani's and Javhar Advani's accounts.) November 22, 1947: Riots in Hyderabad Sindh (see Chandru Gurbaxani's account.) December 1947: Hindu houses and businesses were marked overnight. The very next day Muslim mobs began open looting and occupation with the full connivance of the authorities (see Dr. Niranjan Dudani's account and also Shewak Nandwani's.) Jan 6, 1948 Riots in Karachi and Hyderabad. The third and the largest wave of migration after these riots. (see Mangharam Sipahimalani's account as well as Meena Rupchandani's and Dr. Motilal Jotwani's accounts among several others.) Jan-Mar, 1948: The highest numbers of Hindus migrated from Sindh to divided India. Most settled in the outskirts of Mumbai. The population of Sindhi Hindus before the Partition in Sindh was 1,400,000. By 1950, 1,225,000 had left Sindh for India The following is from: The History of Sindh Sindhis hail from Sindh, a province, now in Pakistan, but previously a part of undivided India. It was in Sindh where one of the earliest, world-renowned, Indus Valley civilization (2300 BC - 1760 BC) flourished. The Indus Valley civilization is considered a marvel in social set-up and communal living. Sindh covers an area of 58,000 square miles. It's capital is Karachi. The first mention of Sind is to be found in the Mahabharata, where Jayadratha the Aryan king of Sind fought against Krishna - on the side of the Kauravas against the Pandavas. Mention is also made in the Upanishads about Sind being famous for horses ! It is not known how long the Aryan kings ruled in the land, but Sind is next mentioned in History about five centuries before Christ, when Darius, the King of Iran (Persia), attacked India, captured the Punjab and then sailed from Peshawar in boats down the river Indus, and conquered it. Hindu Sindhis were forced by circumstances beyond their control to leave their land of birth, their homes and belongings and flee to India in 1947. History Of Sindh until 1947: BC 6000 : Indus Valley - Neolithic settlements. BC 5000 : Farming, pottery and beads developed. BC 4000 : PotterÂ’s wheel and bow drill invented. BC 3500 : Growth of pottery. BC 3000 : Amri civilization and its ruins. BC 3100-850 : Sindhi language evolved over a period of 2400 years. BC 2500 : Kani Kot ruins - civilization BC 2300 : Mohen-jo-daro civilization BC 1700 : Aryan rule for about 1000 years starting 1700 BC. BC 1500 : Sehwan (Sivistan) was important center of Shiva cult. BC 810 : Egyptian Emperor Sume Rames attacked Sindh BC 566-490 : Huns ruled Sindh. BC 519 : Sindh annexed to Persian Achaemenian Empire ruled by King Darius for about 125 years. BC 326-325 : Alexander the "Great" stormed through the Indus Valley, met resistance in Sindh and was injured in Multan. BC 313 : Buddhism was popularised in Sindh during emperor AshokaÂ’s period. AD 280-500 : Persian rule. AD 550-711 : i) Rai Sahiras and his son Rai Sahasi ruled Sindh and formed Rai Dynasty. (ii) Chach succeeded the Rai and founded Brahman Dynasty. (iii) Raja Dahar (ChachÂ’s son) took over from Chander (ChachÂ’s brother). Raja Dahar ruled Sindh for several years until the invasion of Arabs, when he was martyred. AD 711-1026 : Sindh was invaded by a 17-year old Arab General, Muhammad Bin Qasim, establishing the Arab rule for next 305 years. AD 1026-1350 : Soomro Dynasty ruled Sindh for 300 years. AD 1054 : Soomras faced ruinous invasion by Mahmood Ghaznavi and Allauddin Khilji. AD 1351 : The rise of the Samma Dynasty in Sindh. "Jams of Lasbella or currently known as the Alianis" AD 1521-1554 : Arghun Rule was established in Sindh by Shah Beg. He was a descendant of Changez Khan. AD 1554-1591 : General Mirza Isa Beg found Tarkhan Dynasty in Sindh (Turks in origin) after the death of Shah Hassan Arghun. AD 1555 : Portuguese sacked Thatta, a bustling metropolis of Sindh. AD 1591-1700 : Shanshah Akbar, the Ruler of Hindustan, annexed Sindh, and ruled Sindh by appointing his governors. (40 Governors were appointed during the 81 years of rule.) AD 1701-1782 : Kalhoras ruled Sindh for 85 years. Twelve Kalhora rulers ruled during this time. This period is known as the golden period of Sindhi literature. Poets like Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Sachal Sarmast, and Sami are among the prominent poets of Sindh. AD 1782-1843 : Talpurs ruled Sindh for 61 years. The country was divided into three states - Hyderabad State, Khairpur State and the State of Mirpur Khas. AD 1843 : Talpur rulers of Sindh and Baluchistan were defeated by the British under Sir Charles Napier. AD 1847 : Sindh was made part of Bombay Presidency by the British. AD 1851 : Sindhi language was declared official language of Sindh. AD 1853 : Final and refined version of Sindhi script was adopted by the British throughout Sindh and Bombay, which still exist in Sindh today. AD 1908 : Barrister Ghulam M. Bhurgri and Harchandrai Vishindas demanded independence of Sindh from Bombay. AD 1936 : Sindh regained independence from Bombay Presidency. AD 1947 : India achieved independence from British rule after a long struggle and great sacrifices. Sindh became part of newly created Islamic State of Pakistan. Riots and violence erupted in Sindh. A massive exodus of Hindu Sindhis resulted. More than 1.1 million Sindhis migrated to India. Sindh Was Ruled By The Following Dynasties After the Arab Invasion: The Sumra Dynasty (750 [1026?] - 1350 A.D.) The Samma Dynasty (1351 - 1521 A.D.) The Arghun Dynasty (1521 - 1554 A.D.) The Turkhan Dynasty (1555 - 1608 A.D.) The Moghul Dynasty (1608 - 1701 A.D.) The Kalhora Dynasty (1701 - 1783 A.D.) The Talpur Dynasty (1783 - 1843 A.D.) The British Rule (1843 - 1947 A.D.) The Pakistani Rule (1947 A.D. Onward) ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; |
[QUOTE=siraj narejo;357349]a lot about Sindh:::::; [url=http://www.centralfloridasindhi.org/site/default.aspx]Central Florida Sindhi .Org[/url]
@ wiki sindhi language [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language]Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url] Sindhi (Sindhi: سنڌي , Devanagari script: सिन्धी, Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan that is spoken by the Sindhi people. In India, it is among 22 constitutionally recognized languages, where Sindhis are a sizeable minority. It is spoken by 53,410,910 people in Pakistan, according to the national government's Statistics Division. It is the the second most spoken language in all of Pakistan and is the official language of the province of Sindh.[3] It is also spoken in India by some 5,820,485 speakers in 2011 and abroad there are some 2.6 million Sindhis, out of which approximately 60% are Pakistani and 40% are Indian.[1] The government of Pakistan issues national identity cards to its citizens only in two languages, Sindhi and Urdu. It is an Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It has influences from a local version of spoken form of Sanskrit and from Balochi spoken in the adjacent province of Balochistan. Most Sindhi speakers are concentrated in the Sindh province and in Kutch, India where Sindhi is a local language. The remaining speakers in India are composed of the Hindu Sindhis who migrated from Sindh and settled in India after partition and the Sindhi diaspora worldwide. [B]dialects of sindhi: [/B] [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dialects_of_Sindhi.PNG]File:Dialects of Sindhi.PNG - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/url] i. Sindhi Siraiki, a form of Saraiki regarded as a dialect of Sindhi; spoken mainly in Upper Sindh. Shown in orange. ii. Vicholi, in Vicholo, Central Sindh. Shown in yellow. iii. Lari, in Laru (Lower Sindh). Shown in grey. iv. Lasi, in Lasa B’elo, a part of Kohistan in Baluchistan and the western part of Sindh. Shown in green. v. Thari or Thareli, in Tharu, the desert region on the southeast border of Sindh and a part of the Jaisalmer district in Rajasthan. Shown in purple. vi. Kachhi, in the Kutch region and in a part of Kathiawar in Gujarat, in southern Sindh. Shown in blue. Vicholi is the basis for standardised Sindhi. @ [url=http://www.sindhilanguage.com/]Sindhi Language[/url] Sindhi is an ancient language, over seventy percent of the Sindhi words are Sanskrit. The fact that Sindhi is mostly written in the Arabic script, gives some people the impression that it is a Persio-Arabic tongue. Professor E. Trumpp in his monumental `Sindhi Alphabet and Grammar' (1812) writes: "Sindhi is a pure Sanskritical language, more free from foreign elements than any of the North Indian vernaculars." The Rev. Mr.G. Shirt of Hyderabad, one of the first Sindhi scholars, considered that the language is probably, so far as its grammatical construction is concerned, the purest daughter of Sanskrit. It has small sprinkling of Dravidian words, and has in later times received large accessions to its vocabulary from Arabic and Persian. Sindhi is a very sweet and melodious language. Writes Dr. Annemarie Schimmel, Harvard professor of Islamics, and versatile linguist: "Since every word in Sindhi ends in a vowel, the sound is very musical." Sindhi is a very rich language with a vast vocabulary; this has made it a favourite of many writers and so a lot of literature and poetry has been written in Sindhi. Writes K. R. Malkani in "THE SINDH STORY": 'The Sindhi language and literature reflect the rich variety and quality of Sindhi life and thought. Sindhi has 125 names for as many varieties of fish. From Hyderabad to the sea, a distance of less than one hundred miles, the Sindhu river has half a dozen names --- Sahu, Sita, Mograh, Popat, Bano, and Hajamiro --- to reflect its many moods. The camel has a score of names, to indicate its age, colour, gait and character.' It is the language of Saints and Rishis of ancient Sindh. It has been the inspiration for Sindhi art, music, literature, culture and the way of life. Many great poets and literatis have been profoundly inspired by the beauty of Sindhi language. The treasures of the ancient Sindhi Literature, of the immortal Sufi poet-saints: "Shah", "Sachal", "Sami" , or the Saints of Modern India: Sadhu T.L.Vaswani, Dada J.P.Vaswani, sung in sweet, melodious, rhythmic Sindhi tunes, fills the hearts and souls of the listeners with sheer rapture, joy and ecstasy. Dada J.P.Vaswani says: The Sindhis dont have a land, nation or state to call their own. They are a scattered community, spread all over India, and in most countries of the world. If there is one thing that will help us to retain our identity, it is our language. Unfortunately Sindhis have neglected their mother tongue, and if we dont use the language, we will lose it. Language is the root of our community. Language is the Soul of our community. If the soul goes away, how long will can the community last? [B]history: [/B] Culture Sindh is a repository of varied cultural values and has remained the seat of civilization and meeting point of diverse cultures from times immemorial. Sindh’s cultural life has been shaped, to a large extent, by its comparative isolation in the past from the rest of the subcontinent. A long stretch of desert to its east and a mountainous terrain to the west served as barriers, while the Arabian Sea in the south and the Indus in the north prevented easy access. As a result, the people of Sindh developed their own exclusive artistic tradition. Their arts and craft, music and literature, games and sports have retained their original flavor. Sindh is rich in exquisite pottery, variegated glazed tiles, lacquer-work, leather and straw products, needlework, quilts, embroidery, hand print making and textile design. According to renowned European historian H.T. Sorelay, Sindhis had not only contributed to literature but also to astronomy, medicine, philosophy, dialectics and similar subjects. Genuine love for fellow beings, large heartedness and hospitality constitute the very spirit of Sindhi culture and it is the association of the cultural elements that elevate it and keep aloft its banner among the contemporary cultures of South-Asia. Having lived for centuries under the changing sway of various dynasties i.e. the Arabs, Mughals, Arghuns, Turkhans and Soomras, Sammahs, Kalhoras and Talpurs, Sindhi culture is a fusion of multiple culture patterns. Origins Sindhi language has evolved over a period of two millennia; with many waves of invasions by Greeks, Arabs, Arghuns, Tarkhans, Seythians, Turks, Mughals and so on. Sindh, on the north west of undivided India, had always been the first to bear the onslaught of the never-ending invaders, and as such absorbed Hindi, Persian, Arabic, Turkish, English and even Portuguese. The language of the people of Sindh has a solid base of Prakrit and Sanskrit, showing great susceptibility towards borrowings from Arabic, Persian, and Dravidian (such as Brahui in Baluchistan). Sindh was the seat of the ancient Indus valley civilization during the third millennium BC as discovered from the Moen-jo-Daro excavation. The pictographic seals and clay tablets obtained from these excavations still await proper decipherment by epigraphists. For more about the Language of Mohenjodaro: click here. The Sindhi parlance has witnessed a transition over the years and there are varying theories related to the ancestry of the language. Historians working hard to fathom the origin of the language have varying conclusions to offer. Facts and discoveries of Sindhi parlances over the years have launched a debate about the Sindhi language being a derivative of the ancient Sanskrit dialect and there a few historians who believe that it's the other way round. Dr Ernest Trumpp was the pioneer of the theory that Sindhi is a derivative of Sanskrit language. Judging from its vocabulary and roots of verbs, Dr Trumpp came to the conclusion that "Sindhi is a pure Sanskritical language, more free from foreign elements than any of the North Indian vernaculars." The Rev. Mr.G. Shirt of Hyderabad, one of the first Sindhi scholars, considered that the language is probably, so far as its grammatical construction is concerned, the purest daughter of Sanskrit. It has small sprinkling of Dravidian words, and has in later times received large accessions to its vocabulary from Arabic and Persian. Hindu scholars Dr. H M Gurbaxani and Berumal Maharchand Advani agreed with the concept. But Miss Popati Hiranandani in her book 'Sindhis: The scattered treasure' (pg6) has an interesting deliberation to this theory. According to her some scholars confused the words prakrita (meaning=natural) with the word purakrita (meaning - formed first), which misled them. In the same way, she says, due to affinity towards Hinduism, litterateurs like Kishinchand Jetley translated a couplet from Sindhi poet Shah Abdul Latif's poetry into Sanskrit and concluded that the similarity shows the derivation of Sindhi from Sanskrit. She rightly argues that it could be the other way round too and cites two authorities to elucidate this point. One is Siraj-ul-Haq of Pakistan who states: "The history of Sindhi is older than that of Sanskrit and its related civilization or culture are derived from the civilization or culture of Sindh and from Sindhi language…Sanskrit is born of Sindhi - if not directly, at least indirectly." The other is an Indian linguist, S Kandappan who says: "Sindhi is one of the ancient languages. I say it is the most ancient languages, I know it has got its origin even before Sanskrit in the country…." Interestingly, after further studies Dr Trumpp himself seemed to be doubtful about his findings. Testimonies to this are the remarks in one of his work of arts: "Sindhi has remained steady in the first stage of decomposition after the old Prakrit, where all other cognate dialects have sunk some degrees deeper and we shall see in the course of our introductory remarks that rule, which the Prakrit grammarian, Kramdishvara has laid down in reference to the Apabramsha, are still recognizable in present day Sindhi, which by no means can be stated of the other dialects. The Sindhi has thus become an independent language, which, though sharing a common origin with its sister tongues, is very materially different from them." Dr Trumpp's initial theory was first challenged by Dr. Nabibux Baloch. He believes that Sindhi belongs to the Semitic group. Mr. Ali Nawaz Jatoi holds the same view. They point out that there are some words in Sindhi that cannot be found in Sanskrit. Besides, the suffixes added to the pronouns in Sindhi suggest its relation with Semitic languages. The word 'Sanskrit' itself denotes that it is a polished or refined form of a language that was already prevalent. The grammarians Patanjali and Panini formed rules and regulations, which came to be necessarily, and compulsorily followed by writers and poets of those days. Thus, Sanskrit was only the language of literature as is evident from works of classical writers. Dr Baloch states: "Sindhi is an ancient Indo-Aryan language, probably having its origin in a pre-Sanskrit Indo-Aryan Indus Valley language. The Lahnda and Kashmiri appear to be its cognate sisters with a common Dardic element in them all." Sir George Grierson too places Sindhi as a near relative of the Dardic languages. (Dardistan is a region near Kashmir). Literature Sindh is where Persian and Indian cultures blended, for the area was introduced to Islam in 712AD. Thus, very little of Sindhi literature of the earlier period has survived. The Summara and Summa periods are virtually blank except for the few poems of Hamad, Raju and Isack. The heroic ballads of this period set to music by Shah Abdul Karim (1538-1625) are the earliest records of the Sindhi language. Real flourish of Sindhi poetic talent came during the last stages of the 18th century. Although the time was not appropriate for cultural developments as invaders repeatedly plundered the country during this period. Several works like Shah Abdul Latif's Shah-Jo-Rasalo, the magnum opus of Sindhi literature, were produced. It describes the life of a common man, the sorrows and sufferings of the ill-starred heroes of ancient folklore. Sachal, another eminent, poet closely followed Shah Abdul Karim. He was a Sufi rebel poet who did not adhere to any religion and denounced religious radicals. The poet Saami was a complete contrast to Kari, more pious than poetical, yet possessing a charm of his own. There was an excess of songsters in Sindhi who recited similar ideas and themes in varied tones. The notables among them are Bedil, his son Bekas, and Dalpat. Gul Mohamad introduced Persian forms of poetry replacing the native baits and Kafees. Mirza Kaleech Beg who composed on the same lines contributed a lot to Sindhi literature. Dayaram Gidumal and Mirza Kaleech were two of the early prose writers. The former was a great scholar and he was famous mainly for his metaphysical writings. The noted lexicographer and essayist Parmanand Mewaram wrote essays that educated and instructed both the young and the old. This peer group also comprised of Bherumal Meherchand, Lalchand Amardinomal and Jethmal Parsram, and Acharya Gidwani, N. R. Malkani and Dr H. M. Gurbuxani. Source: [url=http://www.sindhishaan.com]The Virtual State[/url], etc [B]script:[/B] [url=http://www.sindhilanguage.com/script.html]Script[/url] [B]about sindhi language:[/B] [url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm]Sindhi alphabets, pronunciation and language[/url] [B]sindhi language authority[/B]: [url=http://www.sindhila.org/]Welcome to Sindhi Language Authority[/url] you can have access to best info and books available online Sindh history::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: SINDHI REFLECTIONS: A BRIEF SINDHI HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 7000 BC – Neolithic settlements in the Indus Valley 3000 BC – The Indus Valley Civilization. 2300 BC – The civilization of Mohen-jo-daro. 1500 BC – The Aryan rule with the Vedic Civilization, known as Hinduism. 519 BC – The Persians conquered Sindh 326 B.C. The Greeks under Alexander controlled Sindh. 320-293 Chandragupta Maurya conquered Sindh 273-232 B.C. Ashoka's reign whose conversion to Buddhism popularizing it in Sindh. 711 A.D. The Muslim invasion of Sindh under Muhammad bin Qasim. This was followed by various Muslim dynasties that ruled Sindh. 1783 to 1843: The Muslim reign of Talpur Mirs in Sindh. February 1843: Charles Napier, a British general, conquered Sindh from the Talpur Mirs with the help of the rich Sindhi, Seth Naomal Bhojwani. Mr. Bhojwani's father had been kidnapped and ill-treated by Muslims and he wanted to end their rule. It was only after the British rule in Sindh, that Hindus were allowed to buy property, where they had none earlier. The Hindu Sindhis also gained in power and position since they took to education quickly and were adept at learning languages. They quickly learnt English and made themselves useful to the British for administrative jobs. 1847: Sindh was annexed to Bombay Presidency. British colonialism brought two immediate and far-reaching changes in Sindh's history: firstly, it broke the uninterrupted Islamic rule right from 712, transferring power from Muslim to non-Muslim authorities. Secondly, it effected the merger of Sindh with Bombay Presidency, terminating Sindh's geographical, cultural and political isolation from India. This resulted in Sindh seeing, in the 19th century, the emergence of modern social and political institutions. K.R.Malkani, in - The Sindh Story narrates how Hindus became rich, - When the British took over, the Hindus did not hold any land. The British gave land to the retiring officers, most of them Hindu. The wealthy began to buy lands at market price. The improvident Muslim landlords began to mortgage lands to the Hindu money-lenders, who gradually acquired the same on default. In one century of British rule, the Hindus had come to, acquire about 40 per cent of the land. Another 20 per cent was believed to have been mortgaged to them. Some Muslim League leaders --- particularly Sir Abdullah Haroon --- made this into a big issue. Here was a gentleman who started life as a cycle-repair assistant on four annas a day, and ended up as a crore-pati, who grudged 30 per cent of the population .(Hindus) owning 40 per cent of the land! He could never see the initial iniquity of the Hindus (30 per cent of the population) holding zero land under the Muslim rule. However, many other Muslim leaders noted that the peasants were happier with the Hindu zamindars than with the Muslim zamindars. They also noted that many Muslim zamindars did not want education to spread --- for fear the next generation of educated tenants might ask for more rights. The real reasons for this shift of land-ownership were two: the Hindus who had been starved of land for centuries, felt the natural human urge for land --- and now they went in for it. Secondly, the impecunious Muslim habits stood in sharp contrast with Hindu prudence. A Muslim tended to spend beyond his means; a Hindu tended to save and invest. A popular saying was that when a Hindu had money, he would buy or build more and more houses (Jaye Mathan Jaye); when a Muslim had money, he would marry more and more wives ( Joye Mathan Joye). 1934: The formation of the Sindh Separation committee. Earlier, as Sirajul Haque Memon says in his piece in the Daily Dawn (23. 3. 2001) entitled, Genesis of Separatist Sentiment in Sindh, A campaign was started through the vernacular press for separation of Sindh from Bombay. It gathered momentum when looking at the trend of public opinion, political parties such as the Congress and the Muslim League too joined in. No political party could survive in Sindh if it opposed the Separation Movement. Hindu Maha Sabha was the only party, which opposed the separation. But soon it lost face in the towns and villages of Sindh and slowly and gradually it ceased to be an influential political party in Sindh. April 1, 1936: Sindh was made into a separate, autonomous province—separated from Bombay Presidency. Gobindram Mukhi of Hyderabad, was the only one to vote against this move (with similar protests from Swami Harinamdasji of the Sadhubella of Sukkur); they could both see that this move would reduce Hindus in Sindh to a voiceless and powerless minority. However, others estimated that with the separation from Bombay, many opportunities would come their way and they would gain in power; accordingly, they all voted, along with the Muslims, for the separation from Bombay Presidency. Sindh became autonomous and Hindu Sindhis went on later to lose their homeland because the foundation of the separation was population strength. Hindus were a minority in a Muslim province. Abdullah Haroon, says Prof Sharif al Mujahid, played an important role: - A strenuous advocate and campaigner for the separation o f Sindh from the Bombay Presidency, he continuously lobbied for it, proposing resolutions at all-India moots, from 1925 onwards. He repeatedly urged the Aga Khan who led the Muslim delegation to the Round Table Conference (1930-32) and Jinnah to get the Sindh separation issue settled favourably during the London confabulations. Along with Muhammad Ayub Khuhro and Miran Muhammad Shah, Haroon also played a leading role in getting Sindh to acquire an autonomous provincial status in the Act of 1935. - 1936-1937: Hindus subjected to discrimination (see Ram Ramchandani's account.) October 1939: Gandhi received a telegram from Dr. Choitram Gidwani, Vice President of the Sind Provincial Congress Committee, from Shikarpur: It read:'Riots, loot, incendiarism, Sukkur district villages Hindus mercilessly butchered. Women and girls raped and kidnapped. Hindu life, property unsafe. Situation most critical. Government policy not firm. Pray send enquiry committee immediately to see situation personally. Gandhi's intervention, in his words, was - Now the only effective way in which I can help the Sindhis (is) to show them the way of non-violence. But that cannot be learnt in a day. The other way is the way the world has followed hitherto, i.e. armed defense of the life and property. God helps only those who help themselves. The Sindhis are no exception. They must learn the art of defending themselves against robbers, raiders and the like. If they do not feel safe and are too weak to defend themselves, they should leave the place which has proved too inhospitable to live in. March, 23, 1940: Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution at Lahore, visualizing a Confederal arrangement where units or states will be autonomous and sovereign. August 9, 1942: Mahatma Gandhi started the - Quit India = movement, asking the British to leave India through non-violent means of protests and non-cooperation. 1946 Sindh, with its Muslim majority, was already under the Muslim League. The Muslim League got its toehold in Sindh earlier thanks to a Muslim League candidate who stood for election against Shah Nawaz Bhutto, a secular Muslim. The latter was defeated because he refused to rise to the Muslim League's challenge to perform namaz in public. The opponent made capital of his refusal and won the wrested the seat from Mr. Bhutto, giving the Muslim League an entry into Sindh politics. August 16, 1946: Jinnah declares the day as - Direct Action Day - to get Pakistan, letting loose loot and murder. Gandhiji agrees to the Partition of India the very next day. (See Prof. G.A.'s account.) March, 1947: One learns what happened from the biography, - Mountabatten, the Private Story - by Brian Hoey: - Lord Mountbatten was once again interrupted—this time by Prime Minister Clement Atlee, who summoned him to an urgent meeting. He was informed that the then Viceroy of India, Lord Wavell, had failed in his efforts to obtain a settlement between the various political parties and the main Hindu and Muslim leaders. Atlee wanted Mountbatten20to take up the job. Every demand of Mountbatten's was met by Atlee, who did not want to be bothered by mere details as long as the result was a peaceful end to this massive burden of what had become a troublesome Empire. Independence had been promised in 1942 as a reward for the support of Indian troops against the Japanese, and even earlier, in the 1920s, moves towards granting independence had started. In any case, the cost of maintaining a government in India was proving a drain on the finances of a Britain whose own funds were sorely depleted after six years of the most expensive war in history. So, in monetary terms alone, Britain wanted out of India. He was given fifteen months to achieve a solution to a problem. By June 1948, the handover of power was to be complete. Mountbatten knew that if he was going to get the job done in the time allotted he would inevitably make some enemies. When he arrived in India he realized that fifteen months was far too long for the period of transition. He knew that the longer the negotiations went on the more bloodshed there was likely to be. So he insisted on a shorter period, which was immediately reduced to five months, so that instead of June 1948 as the deadline, he now had August 1947 as the date by which he had to complete the handover. Papers in the Mountbatten archives appear to confirm that Atlee did not have a firm withdrawal date in mind and that it was Mountbatten's idea. Mountbatten felt that to go to India without the Hindu and Muslim leaders knowing there was a definite date for withdrawal would weaken his position immeasurably. They would be suspicious that he was not there to end colonial rule, merely to delay the decision. The means were not all that important; it was the end that counted. Britain wanted to be rid of its Empire and Mountbatten was the man to do it. The only guidance which Mountbatten had from the British government when he took over as Viceroy was that they fully recognised that India fell naturally into two parts, Muslim and Hindu, and that it was possible that these parts could be separated geographically. The last Viceroy arrived in Delhi on March 22, 1947. June 1947: The British announce the Partition. The first wave of migration from Sindh. August 14-15, 1947: Withdrawal of the British, the birth of independent India and Pakistan, with Sindh in Pakistan. August 19, 1947: Riots in Quetta, many Hindus killed (see Lila Kripalani's account.) August 20, 1947: Second wave of migration (see Dr. Ram Buxani's account.) August 27, 1947: Riots in Nawabshah organised by Mr. Masood, the Muslim collector of Nawabshah (see Gul & Pahilraj Ramchandani's account.) September 1947: Curfew in Hyderabad Sind. All Hindu families were informed that the refugees were out of control and that all Hindus were at risk (see A. Daswani's and Javhar Advani's accounts.) November 22, 1947: Riots in Hyderabad Sindh (see Chandru Gurbaxani's account.) December 1947: Hindu houses and businesses were marked overnight. The very next day Muslim mobs began open looting and occupation with the full connivance of the authorities (see Dr. Niranjan Dudani's account and also Shewak Nandwani's.) Jan 6, 1948 Riots in Karachi and Hyderabad. The third and the largest wave of migration after these riots. (see Mangharam Sipahimalani's account as well as Meena Rupchandani's and Dr. Motilal Jotwani's accounts among several others.) Jan-Mar, 1948: The highest numbers of Hindus migrated from Sindh to divided India. Most settled in the outskirts of Mumbai. The population of Sindhi Hindus before the Partition in Sindh was 1,400,000. By 1950, 1,225,000 had left Sindh for India The following is from: The History of Sindh Sindhis hail from Sindh, a province, now in Pakistan, but previously a part of undivided India. It was in Sindh where one of the earliest, world-renowned, Indus Valley civilization (2300 BC - 1760 BC) flourished. The Indus Valley civilization is considered a marvel in social set-up and communal living. Sindh covers an area of 58,000 square miles. It's capital is Karachi. The first mention of Sind is to be found in the Mahabharata, where Jayadratha the Aryan king of Sind fought against Krishna - on the side of the Kauravas against the Pandavas. Mention is also made in the Upanishads about Sind being famous for horses ! It is not known how long the Aryan kings ruled in the land, but Sind is next mentioned in History about five centuries before Christ, when Darius, the King of Iran (Persia), attacked India, captured the Punjab and then sailed from Peshawar in boats down the river Indus, and conquered it. Hindu Sindhis were forced by circumstances beyond their control to leave their land of birth, their homes and belongings and flee to India in 1947. History Of Sindh until 1947: BC 6000 : Indus Valley - Neolithic settlements. BC 5000 : Farming, pottery and beads developed. BC 4000 : PotterÂ’s wheel and bow drill invented. BC 3500 : Growth of pottery. BC 3000 : Amri civilization and its ruins. BC 3100-850 : Sindhi language evolved over a period of 2400 years. BC 2500 : Kani Kot ruins - civilization BC 2300 : Mohen-jo-daro civilization BC 1700 : Aryan rule for about 1000 years starting 1700 BC. BC 1500 : Sehwan (Sivistan) was important center of Shiva cult. BC 810 : Egyptian Emperor Sume Rames attacked Sindh BC 566-490 : Huns ruled Sindh. BC 519 : Sindh annexed to Persian Achaemenian Empire ruled by King Darius for about 125 years. BC 326-325 : Alexander the "Great" stormed through the Indus Valley, met resistance in Sindh and was injured in Multan. BC 313 : Buddhism was popularised in Sindh during emperor AshokaÂ’s period. AD 280-500 : Persian rule. AD 550-711 : i) Rai Sahiras and his son Rai Sahasi ruled Sindh and formed Rai Dynasty. (ii) Chach succeeded the Rai and founded Brahman Dynasty. (iii) Raja Dahar (ChachÂ’s son) took over from Chander (ChachÂ’s brother). Raja Dahar ruled Sindh for several years until the invasion of Arabs, when he was martyred. AD 711-1026 : Sindh was invaded by a 17-year old Arab General, Muhammad Bin Qasim, establishing the Arab rule for next 305 years. AD 1026-1350 : Soomro Dynasty ruled Sindh for 300 years. AD 1054 : Soomras faced ruinous invasion by Mahmood Ghaznavi and Allauddin Khilji. AD 1351 : The rise of the Samma Dynasty in Sindh. "Jams of Lasbella or currently known as the Alianis" AD 1521-1554 : Arghun Rule was established in Sindh by Shah Beg. He was a descendant of Changez Khan. AD 1554-1591 : General Mirza Isa Beg found Tarkhan Dynasty in Sindh (Turks in origin) after the death of Shah Hassan Arghun. AD 1555 : Portuguese sacked Thatta, a bustling metropolis of Sindh. AD 1591-1700 : Shanshah Akbar, the Ruler of Hindustan, annexed Sindh, and ruled Sindh by appointing his governors. (40 Governors were appointed during the 81 years of rule.) AD 1701-1782 : Kalhoras ruled Sindh for 85 years. Twelve Kalhora rulers ruled during this time. This period is known as the golden period of Sindhi literature. Poets like Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Sachal Sarmast, and Sami are among the prominent poets of Sindh. AD 1782-1843 : Talpurs ruled Sindh for 61 years. The country was divided into three states - Hyderabad State, Khairpur State and the State of Mirpur Khas. AD 1843 : Talpur rulers of Sindh and Baluchistan were defeated by the British under Sir Charles Napier. AD 1847 : Sindh was made part of Bombay Presidency by the British. AD 1851 : Sindhi language was declared official language of Sindh. AD 1853 : Final and refined version of Sindhi script was adopted by the British throughout Sindh and Bombay, which still exist in Sindh today. AD 1908 : Barrister Ghulam M. Bhurgri and Harchandrai Vishindas demanded independence of Sindh from Bombay. AD 1936 : Sindh regained independence from Bombay Presidency. AD 1947 : India achieved independence from British rule after a long struggle and great sacrifices. Sindh became part of newly created Islamic State of Pakistan. Riots and violence erupted in Sindh. A massive exodus of Hindu Sindhis resulted. More than 1.1 million Sindhis migrated to India. Sindh Was Ruled By The Following Dynasties After the Arab Invasion: The Sumra Dynasty (750 [1026?] - 1350 A.D.) The Samma Dynasty (1351 - 1521 A.D.) The Arghun Dynasty (1521 - 1554 A.D.) The Turkhan Dynasty (1555 - 1608 A.D.) The Moghul Dynasty (1608 - 1701 A.D.) The Kalhora Dynasty (1701 - 1783 A.D.) The Talpur Dynasty (1783 - 1843 A.D.) The British Rule (1843 - 1947 A.D.) The Pakistani Rule (1947 A.D. Onward) ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;[/QUOTE] good work narejo sahib for sindhi student |
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