Pak study notes

[umarbajwa]

Governors & Viceroys of India 1757-1947

Robert Clive (1757-67) (1766-67)
Governor of Bengal from 1757-60 and again from 1765-67.
Started dual Government in Bengal in 1765.
He forbade the servants of the company from indulging in private trade and made payment of internal duties obligatory.
Established Society of Trade in 1765 with monopoly of trade in salt, betelnuit and tobacco However this was abolished in 1767.
Bengal white Mutiny-by white brigades at Allahabad and Monghyr, they were arrested and tried.

Warren Hasting (1772-85)
First Governor General after serving as the Governor of Bengal (1772).
Introduced quinquennial settlement of land revenue in 1772 farming out lands to the highest bidder, later on he reversed to annual settlement (1777) on the basis of open auction to the highest bidder.
Made the appointment of collectors and other revenue officials.
Codified Hindu and Muslim laws.
Trial of Nand Kumar and his judicial murder in 1775.
6. Fondation of Asiastic Society of Bengal with the help of Sir William Jones in 1784.
Associated with the Chait Singh (Raj of Banaras) affair (1778).
Associated with Bengams of Oudh affair (1782).
After his return of England in 1785, impeachment proceedings were initiated against him in the house of Lords but after a long trial of 7 years he was eventually acquitted.
Dual Govt. was abolished in 1772 by him.
In 1776 Manu’s Law was Translated into English as Code of Gentoo Laws.
In 1991 William Jones and Colebrok prepared digest of Hindu Laws.
Fatawa-i-Alamgiri was also tranlated.

Lord Cornawallis (1786-93)
Set up courts at different levels and separation of revenue administration from judicial administration in order to reform the judiciary.
Introduced Cornwallis Code based on the principle of separation of powers in 1793.
Superintendent of Police was made the head of district police and became the incharge of an area of 1000 sq. km. Besides the English magistrates were given police powers and the Zamindars were divested of all police powers.
A ten-year settlement was concluded with the Zamindars in 1790 which was made permanent in 1793 (came to be known as Permanent Settlement of 1793.
Raised salaries of the officials. Collectors were to get 1% of the revenue collection in addition to their salary of Rs. 1500.

Lord Wellesley (1793-1798)
Described himself as Bengal Tiger.
Created Madras Presidency after the annexation of the Kingdoms of Tanjore and Carnatic.
Introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance in 1798 which provided for defence of an Indian state by the British, stationing of British Subsidiary Force in the territory, the maintenance of which was to be borne by the ruler, stationing of a British Resident at the headquarters of the state and British control over the external affairs of the state.
The States that signed the alliance were first Hyderabad in 1798 and them Mysore, Tanjore, Awadh, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Macheri, Bundi, Bharatpur, Berar and the Peshwar.
Signed Treaty of Bassein (1802) with the Peshwa and fought second Anglo-Maratha war during 1803-05.
Lord Lake captured Delhi and Agra in 1803 and the Mughal emperor was pur under company’s protection.

Lord Minto-I (1807-1813)
Signed Treaty of Amritsar in 1809 between Ranjit Singh and English.
Sent in 1808 mission of Malcom of Persia and that of Elphinstone to Kabul.

Lord Hastings (1813-1823)
He was made Marquis of Hastings due to his success in the Gokha wasr of the Anglo- Nepalese war (1813-23).
Signed Treaty of Sanguali after defeating the Gorkha leader Amar Singh.
Abolished Peshwaship & annexed of his territories in the Bombay Presidency after the Third Anglo-Maratha was (1818).
Pindari War (1817-1818).
Introduction of Ryotwari settlement in Madras Presidency by Governor, Thomas Munro (1820).
Mahalwari (village community) system of land revenue was made in North-West Province by James Thomson.

Lord Ahmerst (1813-1828)
Received by the Mughal emperor (Akbar II) on terms of equality in 1827.
Signed Treaty of Yaudaboo in 1826 with lower Burma of pegu by which British merchants were allowed to settle on southern coast of Burma and Rangoon.

Lord William Bentinck (1828-35)
Known as the Benevolent Governor-General
Introduced a number of social reforms. Banned the practice of Sati in 1829 (pionnerring efforts made in this connection by Raja Ram Mohan Roy), suppressed Thugi in 1830 (Millitary operation led by William Sleeman).
Defined the aims and objectives of the educational policy of the British Governmentappointed Lord Macualay, the President of the Committee of Public Instruction which recommended English as the medium of instruction and introduction of English language, Literature, Social and Natural Science in the curriculam in 1835.
Banned female infanticide.
Created the Province of Agra in 1834.
English was to be court language at higher courts but Persian continued in lower courts.
The Regulation of 1833 on land revenue settlement by Mertins Bird (called father of land-revenue settlement in the North). Use of fields maps and filed registrars were prescribed for the first time.
Sir Charle Metacalfe (1835-36)
Abolished restriction on press.
Called “Liberator of press”.

Lord Auckland (1836-42)
Tripatriate Treaty was signed between the company Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja by which
Ranjit Singh accepted company’s mediation in disputes Amirs (sind).
Shah Shuja conceded his sovereign right to the company over Sind on condition of receiving the arrears of the tribute, the amount of which was to be determined by the company.
Mandavi state was annexed in 1839.

Lord Ellenborough (1942-44)
Annexation of Sindh to British Empire (1843).
Charles Napier was replaced by Major Outram as the Resident in Sind.
On the annexation of Sind, Charles Napier commented - we have no right to seize yet we shall do and a very advantages, useful, Humane piece of rascality it will be.
Disagreeing to Napier’s policy in Sind, Major Outram wrote to him-I am sick of your policy I wll not say yours is the best, but it is undoubtedly the shortest that of the sword. Oh, I how wish you had drawn it in a better curse.

Lord Dalhausie (1849-56)
Introduced the policy of Doctrine of Lapse of Law of Escheat which postulated that Indian States having no natural heir would be annexed to the British Empire. The Indian States annexed by the application of his doctrine were Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).
In troduced Wood’s despatch known as the Magna Carta of English education in India prepared by Charles Wood the President of the Board of control in 1854 on education in suggested a scheme of education from the primary to the university level. It recommended, establishment of Anglovemacular Schools in districts, government colleges in important towns and universities in presidency towns and introduction of vermacular languages as the medium of introduction.
Boosted up the development of railways-laid the first railway line in 1853 from Bombay to thane and second from Calcutta to Raniganj.
Gave a great impetus to post and telegraph. Telegraph lines were laid. (First line from Calcutta to Agra).
Organised a separate Public Works Department by divesting the Malitary Board of this power.
Shmla was made summer capital and army headquarter.
Hindu widow remarriage Act was passed in 1856.
Annexed Awadh in 1856 on excuse of misgovernment when nawab Wajid Ali Shah refused to abdicate.

Lord Canning (1856-62)
Queen Victoria’s Proclamatior and passing of the Indian Act of 1856.
Doctrine of Lapse started by Lord Dalhausie was officially withdrawn in 1859.
Foundation of the universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1857. 4. Indigo revolt in Bengali in 1858-60.
White Mutiny by the European trooops of the EICO in 1859.
Bahadur Shah was sent to Rangoon (Burma).

Lord Elgin (1862-63)
Suppressed the Wahabi movement.

Sir John Lowrance (1864-69)
Followed a policy of rigid non-interference in Afghanistan called Policy of Masterly Inactivity.
Set up High Courts at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras (865).

Lord Lyttan (1876-80)
Passing of the Royal Title Act of 1876 and the assumption of the title Express of India (Kaiseri- Hind) by Queen Victoria.
Holding of Delhi Durbar in 1877.
Passing of Vernacular Press Act of 1878 which empowered a magistrate to call upon the printer and publisher of any vermacular newspaper to enter in into an undertaking not to publish any news which would create antipathy against the government.

Passing of Arms Act of 1878 which declared keeping, bearing and trafficking in arms without a licence a criminal offence (The Europeans, Anglo-Indians and same categories of government officials were exempted).
Lowering of the maximum age from 21 yrs. to 19 yrs. for the Civil Services Examination - an attempt to prevent Indians from entering Civil Services.
Appointment of the first Famine Commission under Sir Richard Strachey. Policy of Masterly inactivity towards Afghanistan was replaced by Forward Policy.
Started statutory civil services.

Lord Ripon (1880-84)
Passing of the first Factory Act in 1881 for the welfare of child labour.
Repeal of Vernacular Press Act in 1882.
Foundation of local Self-Government (1882) - passing of local Self-Government acts in various provinces during the period 1883-85.
Holding of first decennial & regular censes in 1881 which put the total population at the figure 254 millions.
Financial decentralisation in 1882 which was earlier initiated by Lord Mayo.
Appointment of an education commission under Sir William Hunter in 1882.
The Ilbert Bill controversy, 1883-84 relating to passing of a bill, framed by the law member of the Viceroy’s Council Sir C.P. libert which abolished judicial disqualification based on race. There was a strong protest on the part of the Europeans particularly the English and eventually under pressure the government amended the bill and provided for the rights of the European to claim trial by jury of 12, out of which at least 7 were to be European.
Famine Code in 1883.
He usually said “Judge me by my works and not by my words”.

Lord Dufferin (1884-88)
Commented on the Congress being a microscope minority in 1888.

Lord Lansdowne (1888-94)
passed the Age of Consent Act in 1891 which forbade marriage of girl below 12.

Lord Elgim-II (1894-99)
Famine in part of Rajasthan - Lyli Commission appointed to look into the cause of femines.

Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
Creation of a new province called the North West Frontier Province.
Appointment of a Police Commission under the president ship of Sir andrew Frazer to inquire into the police administration in 1902-03. It recommended for enhancement in salaries and creation of a department of Criminal intelligence.
Creation oa a new Department of Commerce and Industry.
Passing of Ancient Monuments Protection Act in 1904 for the preservation of India’s Cultural heritage. This was followed by the foundation of Archeological Survey of India.
Appointed Mac Donell Commission on Famine in 1900.
Appointed Moncrief Commssion on irrigation in 1902.
His biography has been written by ronaldshay - The life of Lord Curzon.

Lord Minto-I (1905-10)
S.P. Sinha was appointed a member of Governor-Generals council.

Lord Hardinge (1910-16)
Coronation Durban in 1911 at Delhi in the honour of George V.
A separate state of Bihar and Orissa was created in 1911.
A bomb was throuwn on his carriage at Chandni Chowk in Delhi in 1912 while he was entering the capital.

Lord Chelmsord (1916-21)
Foundation of Women’s University at Poona in 1916.
Hunter Committee was constituted on Punjab wrongs.
Chambers of Princess was established in 1921.

Lord Reading (1921-26)
Foundation of Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sang (RSS) by K.B. Hedgewar at Nagpur in 1925.
Beginning of Indianisation of the officers cadre of the Indian army.
Railway budget was separated from General Budget in 1925. Skeen Committee or Indian Sandhurst Committee on Army reforms was appointed in 1925. It submitted its report to 1926.
Lee Commission on Public Service in 1924, Report Submitted in 1924.
Young Hilton Committee on Currency (1926).

Lord Irwin (1926-31)
Popularly known as Christan Viceroy.
Appointment of the Indian States Commission under. Harcourt Butler (1927) to recommend measures for the establishment of better relations between the Indian states and the Central government.
Deepavali Declaration (1929) that India would be granted Dominion status in due course.
Royal commssion on Indian Labour was appointed (1929), Report (1931).
Sard Act was passed in 1929 Marriages of girl below 14 and boys below 18 years of age was prohibited.

Lord Willington (1931-36)
Communal Award in August 1932.
Third Round Table Conference (1932)
White Paper on political reforms in India was published (1933).
Burma and Aden was separated from the British Empire (1935).
Orissa, Bihar and Sind were made new States (1935)
Lees-Mody Pact (October 1933) by this Bombay textiles group agreed to further preferences for British textiles in place of Japanese Imports in return for a Lancaashire promise to buy more Indian raw cotton.
Muslim Conference was founded in Kashmir (1932), renamed National Conference in 1938. Important leaders Sheikh Abdullah and P.N. Bazaz.

Lord Llnlthgow (1936-43)
October offer by the Vicroy in which he declaraed the Dominion status as the ultimate goal of British policy in India.
At its Haripura Session (February, 1939) Congress declared Poorna Swaraj ideal to cover native states and British India.

Lord Wavell (1943-47)
Wavell Plan and Shimla conference. Congress represented by Maulana Azad.
RIN mutiny (1946).
Interim Goverfnment was formed (September 2, 1946).
Prime Minister of Britain Clement Attlee announced independence of India by June 1948. (February 20, 1947).

Lord Mountbatten (1947-48)
Earlier proposed Plan-Balkan i.e. total dismemberament of the Indian territory but soon lieft the idea.
Made it clear to the Princely states that they shall not be granted separate independence and they will have to join either India or Pakistan.
His plan to make India free on August 15, 1947 is also known as 3rd June Plan.
G.G. Council held meeting of two kinds one was ordinary meetings which were associated with executive business. Second was known as legislative, meetings which were for making laws & regulations. Executive Council & Legislative Council were two terms used to indicate two separate functions of council.
Act introduced concept of porfolio system. Members of G.G. Council were made incharge of separate departments.

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Facts about congress
Foundation in 1885

• The significance of A.O. Hume’s involvement was to remove official hostility.
• The first Session at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Mumbai.
• The first president was Womesh Chandra Bannerjee of Bengal.
• It was attended by 100 men of whom 72 were non-officials and were recongnised as members.
• The foundermembers were PherozshahMehta, Badruddin Tayabji, W.C. Banerjee, RomeshChandra Dutt Dada Bhai Naroji etc.
• Initially it was named Indian National Union.
• The name Indian National Congress was onthe suggestion of Dadabhai Nauroji.
• Earlier Poona was selected for the venue, but it had to be shifted to Mumbai because of the outbreak of Cholera in Poona.
• The Governor-General of India at the time of its foundaiton was Lord Dufferin.
• Among the classes, the educated middle class had the largest share in the beginning.
• The legal profession was most heavilyrepresented among the professions.
• The Brahmins among the castes were comparatively large in number.
• Among the provinces, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai took the leading part.
• Landed classes and the masses were absent.
• Foundation of “British Committee of the Congress” in 1889 by Dada Bhai Nauroji, A.O. Hume and William Wedderburn to influence British Public opinion at London.
• Dada Bhai started the journal ‘India’ in 1890.

Year Venue President Remark
1885 Mumbai W.C.Bannerjee 72delegates
1886 Kolkata Dadabhai Naroji 436delegates
1887 Chennai Badruddin Tyabji First Muslim President
1888 Allahabad George Yule First English President
1889 Mumbai Sir William Wedderbum 1889 delegates
1892 Allahabad W.C. Nannjerjee
1895 Poona Surendranath Bannerji
1905 Lahore G.K. Gokhale
1906 Kolkata Dadabhai Naroji
1907 Surat Rahbehari Ghosh Congress split and session broke up
1908 Chennai Rashbehari Ghosh A constitution for the Congress
1915 Mumbai Sir S.P. Sinha
1916 Lucknow A.C.Majumdar Congress Merger and Pact with MuslimLeague
1917 Kolkata Mrs.Annie Besant First Woman president
1920 Nagpur C. Vijaya Raghavachariyar Change the constitution
the Congress
1922 Gaya C.R. Das Formation of Swaraj Party
1924 Begaon Mahatma Gandhi First Indian President
1925 Cawnpore Mrs. Sarojini Naidu
1927 Chennai M.A. Ansari Independence Resolution Passed for
the first time on the instance of J.L. Nehru
1928 Kolkata Motilal Nehru First All India Youth Gongress
1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru Poona Swaraj Resolution
1931 Karachi Vallabhbhai Patel Resolution on Fundamental Rights and
National Economic Policy
1934 Mumbai Rajendra Prasad Formation of Congress
Socialist party
1936 Lucknow Jawaharlal Nehru
1937 Faizpur Jawaharlal Nehru First session to be held
in a village
1938 Haripura Subhash Chandra
Bose
1939 Tripuri Subhash Chandra Bose Resignation of S.C. Bose (Rajendra Prasad took over) and formation of powerd Block
1946 Meerut Jawahar Lal Nehru
1947 J.B. Kriplani

• State of Bengal comprising Bengal proper, Assam, Bihar and Orissa with capital at Kolkata.
• Sepration of Assamand creation of a new state with Assam and Sylhet in 1874.
• Partition of Bengal in 1905 by Lord Cruzon-two separate states were created.
• Bengal comprising Western part of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa with capital of Kolkata.
• East Bengal and Assamwith capital at Dacca comprising the Chitagon,Dacca and Rajshahi division, Hill Tippera (Tripura), Malda and Assam.
• Annulment of the partition of Bengal in 1911- intergration of West and East Bengal and creation of three separate states.
• Bengal Comprising West and East Bengal.
• Assam
• Bihar and Orissa

Separation of Bihar and Orissa in 1935.

Partition of Bengal and Swadesh Movement

• Though publicly known since 1903, this was announced on July 19, 1905.
• Motive of partition was totally political as as in clearly from what H.R. Risley, the then Home Secretary, wrote-”Bengal united is a power, Bengal divided will pull in several different ways”.
• Call for Swadeshi Movement against partition was made orr August 7, 1905 in ameeting held at Kolkata Town Hall where boycott resolution was passed.
• Partition of Bengal was effected in October 16, 1905.
• The Congress supported the boycott movement only for Bengal at its Bearas session (1905) which was presided byG.K. Gokhle. Extremists in the Congress wanted it to be extended to other parts also.
• In 1906 sessional Kolkata, Dadabhai Naaoroji decleared the aimof the Congress “Swaraj like that of U.K. or Colonies”. Four compromise resolution was also passed at this session—

Swadeshi Boycott National Education and Self-Government.

1. Tilak gave a call “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it”
2. Important quotes about Swadeshi.
3. Tilak— “Swaraj or self-government is essential for theexercise of Swadharma. Without Swaraj there could be no social reform, no industrial progess, no useful education, no fulfillment of national life.
4. B.C. Pal—“It is not reformbut re-form, which is the new city in the country”.
5. Aurobindo Ghose—“Swaraj is the fulfillment of the ancient life of India under modern conditions. The return of Satyuga of national greatness” Political freedom is the flife breath of national life.
6. Lala Lajpat Rai— “A man without souls is a mere animal. A nation without a soul is only a dumb driven cattle.
7. Indigenous organizations is various fields developed to sustain swadeshi call.
8. Bengal National College was established.
9. Bengal Council of National Education headedby Guroodas Banerjee.
10. Panchaiapa National College-Chennai.
11. Bengal Chemical Factory established by Acharya P.C. Ray.
12. Tagore wrote “Amar Sonar Bangla”
13. To mark the Hindu-Muslim unity Raksha Bandhan was celebrated on the day of Partition.
14. Nanda Lal Bose became the first receipt of scholarship of effered by Indian Society of Oriental Art, set up in 19007.
15. Surat split in 1907. The moderates dominated the session and the extremists were ousted. Leader of Moderates was Firoz Shah Mehta. President of this session was Ras Behari Bose.

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1707 - Battle of Jajau, accession of Bahadur Shah I
1708 - Death of Guru Govind Singh
1712 - Death of Bahadur Shah I, accession of Jahandar Slah
713 - Accession of Farukh Siyar, murder of Jahandar Shah
1714 - Hussain All viceroy of the Deeccan, Treaty between Hussain Mi and the Marathas
1716 - Execution of Banda Bahadur, Swman Embassy to the Imperial Court.
1717 - Emperor Farukh siyar’s firman to East India Co. Appointment of Murshid Quli Khan as Governor of Bengal
1719 - Farukh Siyar put to death, accession and deposition of puppet emperors, accession of Muhammad Shah
1720 - Fall of the Sayyid brothers
1724 - Appointment of Saadat Khan as governor of Oudh, virtual independence of the Nizam in the Deccan, appointment of Qamaruddin as wazir
1739 - Nadir Shah took Delhi and sacked it, death of Sujauddin and appointment of his son, Sarfaraz, as Governor of Bengal. capture of bassein and Salsette Kha &
1740 - Aliwardi Khan defeated and killed Sarfraz Khan and became Nawab of engal
1742 - Marathas invaded Bengal, appointment of Duplex as Governor of Pondicherry
1744-48 - First Camatic (Anglo-French) War
1745 - Rohullas in occupied of Rohllkhand
1746 - Capture of Madras by La Bourdonnais
747 - Invasion by Ahmad Shah Abdul
1748 - Death of Nizam Chin Qilich Khan, death of Emperor Muhammad Shah. accession of Ahmad Shah
1749 - Restoration ofMadras to the English
1749-54 - Second Carnatic War
1750 - Defeat and death of Nizam Nasir Jang after him Muzaffar Jang became Nizam
1751 - Capture and defence of Arcot by Robed Clive, death of Muzaffar Jang, accession of Salabat Jang as Nizam, conclusion of treaty by NawabAlivardi Khan with the Marathas by surrendering Cuttack
1754 - Recall of Dupleix, Godehu’s appointment as governor and his treaty with the English, accessi6n of Alamgirll
1756 - Death of Alivardi Khan (21 April) accession of Sirajuddaulab who captured Calcutta (20 June)
1757 - Recovery of Calcutta by the English (2 January), Delhi and Mathura sacked by Abmad Shah Abdali (January) treaty of Alinagat between Siraj and the English (9th Feb.), capture of Chandernagoreby the English (March), battle of Plassey (23x June), Mir Jafar installed as Nawab (28 June), capture and execution of Siiajuddaulah (2nd July).
1758-63 - Third Carnatic War
1758 - Arrival of Lally in India, occupation of the Punjab by the Marathas, Manulipatnam captured by Forde.
1759 - Battle of Bedara, Prince Au Jafar, second Governorship of Clive in Bengal, treaty of Allahabad, grant of the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa b31 Shah Alam II to the Company.
1766 - Acquisition by the company of the Northern Circars.
1766-69 - First Mysore War
1767 - Departure of dive, Verelest governor in Bengal
1770 - The Great Bengal Famine
1772 - Warren Hastings Governor in Bengal, death of Peshwa Madhava Rao, accession and murder of Peshwa Narayan Rao
1773 - Enactment of the Regulating Act, Peshwaship of Raghnath Rao of Raghaba
1774 - Accession of Narayn Rao as Peshwa, the Rohilla war. Warren Hastings installed as Governor General, establishment of Supreme Court in Calcutta
1775 - Trial and execution of Nanda Kumar, commencement of the First Maratha War which continued till 782
1776 - Treaty of Purandhar
1779 - Convention of Wadgaon
1 780 - Gwalior captured by General Popham, Second Mysore War (178044)
1781 - Deposition of Chait Singh, Amendment of the Regulating Act
1782 - Affair of the Begums of Oudh, the treaty of Salbai, death of Haider Ali
1783 - Fox’s India Bill
1784 - Treaty of Mangalore closed the Second Mysore War, Pitfs India Act
1785 - Warren Hastings resigned Governor Generalship
1786 - Lord Cornwallis appointed Governor.General
1790 - Commencement of the Third Mysore War (1790-92)
1792 - Treaty of Seringapatnam ended the Third P4ysore War, Ranjit Siugh became the ader of a SikhMisl
1793 - Permanent Settlement of land revenue in Bengal, renewal of the Company’s Charter, retirement of Lord Comwaflis, sir john Shore Governor General
1794 - Death of Mahadaji Sindhia
1795 - The Battle of Kharda or Khárdla, death of Ahalya Bai
1796 - Death of Peshwa Madhava Rao Narayan, Baji Rao II Peshwa
1797 - Zarnan Shah in the Punjab, death of Nawab Asafiiddaulah of Oudh
1798 - Lord Wellesley Governor General, acceptance of subsidiary alliance by the Nizam
1799 - Fourth Mysore War, death of Tipu, fall of Seringapatnam, partition of Mysore, installation of the Hindu Raj family in Mysore, Ranjit Singh appointed Governor of Lahore by Zaman Shah, Malcolm led English tnision to Persia, opening of the Baptist Mission at Serampore by william Carey
1800 - Death of Nana Phadnavis
1801 - Carnatic annexed to the British empire. The battle of Poona, Treaty of Bassein
1803 - The SecondMarathaWar (1803-05), capture of Aligarh, Battles offleihi, Assaye, Laswari and Argaon, treaty of Deogaon and cession of Cuttack, treaty of Surji-Arjungaon
1804 - War with the Holkar, defeat of Monson, battle of Deeg
1805 - Failure of the English seige of Bharatpur, recall of Lord Wellesley, second term of Lord Cornwallins Governor General, death of Lord Cornwallis, Sir George Barlow Governor General, treaty with the Holkar
1806 - Vellore Mutiny
1807 - Lord Monto I appointed Governor General (1807-13)
1808 - English missions under Malcolm to Persia and under Elphinstone to Kabul
1809 - Treaty of Amritsar between the English and Ranjit Siugh
1813 - Company’s Cahrterf renewed, retirement of Lord Minto I, appointed of Lord Hastings as Governor General (1813-23)
1814 - Out break of War with Nepal (1814- 16)
1816 - Treaty of Sagauli closed war with Nepal
1817-18 - The Pindari war and the Third Marutha War, battles of Kirkee and Sitabaldi, deposition of Appa Shaheb Bhonsle, battle of Mahidpur, treaty with the Holkar
1818 - Battle of Ashti, defence of Koregaon, surrender of Peshwk Raji Rao II
1819 - Capitulation of Asirgarh, abolition of the Peshwaship and retirement of Baji Rao II Bithur as a British pensioner, protective alliances with the states of Rajputana, earthquakes
1820 - Appointment of Sir Thomas Munro as governor of Madras (1820-27)
1823 - Departure of Lord Hastings, Mr. Adams acting Governor General, Lord Amherst Governor General
1824 - The first Burmese War (182426), Barrackpore Mutiny
1826 - Fall of Bharatpur, treaty of Yandabo, annexation of Assim Arakan and Tennasserim
1827 - The Enterprise, a man-of-war propelled by steam, lay off Madras.
1828 - Lord William Bentinck appointed Governor General (1828-36)
1829-37 - Suppression of Thuggee
1830 - Annexation of Cachar, Raja Rammohan Roy visited England
1831 - Deposition of the Rajas of-Mysore and assumption of its administration by the English, journey of flumes up the Indus, meeting at Rupar between Ranjit Singh and Lord William Bentick
1832 - Annexation of Jaintia
1833 - Renewal of the Company's Charter, various reforms
1834 - Annexation of Coorg, institution of L4w Member in Supreme Council with Lord Macaulay as the first incumbent,
1835 - Foundation of Calcutta Medical College, Education Resolution, retirement of Lord William Bentinek, Sir Charles Metcalfe officiating Governor General, abolition of Press restrictions
1836 - Appointment of Lord Auckland as Governor Genral (1836-42)
1837-38 - Famine in North India
1838 - Tripartite treaty of the English with Saha Shuja and Ranjit Singh
1839 - New treaty forced on the Amirs of Sind; death of Ranjit Singh, First Afghan War (1839-42), Capture of Ghazni and occupation of Kabul
1840 - Risings of Afghan tribes, deposition of Dost Muhammad
1841 - Murders of thirties andMacnaghten by the Afghans
1842 - British disaster in Afghanistan, retirement to Jalalabad of Dr. Brydon alone, Lord Ellenborough became Governor General (1842- 44), relief of Jalalabad, reoccupation of Kabul, restoration of Dost Muhammad British evacuation of Afghanistan.
1843 - War with the Amirs of Sind, battles of Miani and Dabo, annexation of Sind baffle of Mahar-pur. suppression of slavery
1844 - Recall of Lord Ellenborough, Lord Hardinge became Governor General (1844-48)
1845 - The First Sikh War (1845-46), battles of Mudki and Ferozpur
1846 - Battles of Aliwal and Sobraon, treaty of Lahore
1848 - Lord Dalhousie became Governor General (1848-56), revolt of Mulraj, the Second Sikh War (1848-49), enunciation of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of Satan by the application of doctrine
1849 - Battles of Chillianwalla and Gujarat, annexation of the Punjab, Bethune School for girls started in Calcutta, annexation of Jaitpur and Sambalpur
1850 - Penal annexation of a part of Sikkim
1852 - Second Burnese War, annexation of Pegu, death of ex-Peshwa Baji Rao II and stoppage of his pension
1853 - Opening of first railway in India from Calcutta to Thana, laying of telegraph line from Calcutta to Agra, annexation of Nagpur & Jhansi, annexation of Berar by the Nizam, renewal of the Company’s Charter; entrance into 1.C.S. thrown open to competition - -
1854 - Education Despatch of Sir Charles Wood
1855 - The Santhal insurrection
1856 - Annexation of Oudh, the Indian Universities Act, Religious Disabilities Act, Hindu Widows Remarriage Act departure of Lord Dalbousie and appointment of Lord Canning as Governor General. end of Crimean War, General Service Order, Pension War, war in China (1856-60),introduction of the Enfield rifle and greased cartridges
1857 - Beginning of the Revolt or Sepoy Mutiny, foundation of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras Universities
1858 - Trial of Emperor Bahadur Shah (Jan-March), proclamation of peace by Lord Canning (July), Act for the better government of India (August), Queen’s Proclamation (Nov), Lord Canning appointed Viceroy
1859 - Withdrawal of Doctrine of Lapse, gradual restoration of order, indigo disputes in Bengal (1859-60)
1860 - Enactment of Indian Penal Code-.
1861 - Indian Councils Act, establishment of High courts, Civil Service Act, Famine in N.W. India, enactment of the code of Criminal Procedure
1862 - Retirement of Lord Canning, Lord Elgin I appointed Viceroy (1862-63), amalgamation of Supreme and Sadar Courts into High Courts
1864 - Sir John Lawrence appointed Viceroy (1864-68), Bhutan War
1865 - Orissa famine (1865-67), operating of telegraphic communication with Europe
1368 - Opening of railway from Ambala to Delhi
1869 - Lord Mayo became Viceroy (1869- 72), visit of the Duke of Edinborough
1872 - Murder of Lord Mayo, Lord Northbrook appointed Viceroy (1872- 76)
1873 - Famine in Bihar (1873-74)
1875 - Deposition of Maihar Rao Gaekwar, visit to Edward, Prince of Wales
1876 - Retirement of Lord Northbrook, Lord Lytton I became Viceroy (1876-80), the Royal Titles Act, occupation of Quetta, outbreak of famine in the Deccan
1877 - Delhi Durbar (1 January), Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India
1878 - Vernacular Press Act, Second Afghan War (1878-80)
1880 - Resignation of Lord Lytton I, Lord Ripen Viceroy (1880-84)
1881 - Rendition of Mysore, first Factory Act first General Census
1882 - Repeal of Vernacular Press Ac Hunter Commission
1883 - Beginning of legislation establishing local self-government in India, the Ilbert Bill
1884 - Resignation of Lord Ripen, Lord Duffer in Viceroy
1885 - Foundation of the Indian National Congress.
1889 - Foundation of British Committee of the Indian National Congress at London.
1890 - Publication of India from the Platform of British Committee of National Congress
1891 - Second Factory Act was passed.
b. Manipur rebellion
c. Passing of the Age of Consent Bill
1892 - Indian Council Act was passed.
1893 - Inauguration of the Ganipati festival by Tilak.
1895 a. Inauguration of the Shivaji festival by Tilak.
b. Establishment of the “Deccan Sabha" by Gokhale.
1897 - Imprisonment of Tilak for 18 months on ground of Treason
1905 a. (July) Announcement of revised scheme of partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon.
b. (Oct.) Partition of Bengal came into force.
c. (Nov.) Establishment of the National Council of Education
1906 a. (Dec.) Foundation of Indian Muslim League at Dhaka,
b. Starting of a National College with Aurobindo Ghosh as principal in Calcutta.
1907 a. Congress split in Surat
b. First Annual Session of the Muslim League at Karanchi.
1908 - Imprisonment of Tilak for 6 years — sent to Mandley Jail
1909 - Indian Council Act or Morley Minto Reforms was passed.
1911 a. Coronation of Delhi Darbar.
b. Partition of Bengal was revoked
c. Announcement of transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi
1912 a. (Dee.) Bomb thrown on Lord Hardinge on his state entry into Delhi.
b. Transfer of capital to Delhi.
c. Constitution of separate provinces of Bihar & Orissa,
1915 a. Gandhiji returned to India from South Africa.
b. Foundation of Sabarmati Ashram by Gandhi at Abmedabad.
1916 a. (April) Foundation of Home Rule League by Tilak.
b. (Sept) Foundation of Home Rule League by Annie Besant
c. Foundation of Banaras Hindu University by Pt Madan Mohan Malviya.
d. Unity between moderates and extremists.
e. Lucknow Pact in which an agreement was made between Congress & Muslim league.
f. Foundation of women's university at Poona.
1917 a. (April) Champaran Satyagrah by Gandhiji.
b. (20 Aug) The Congress and the Muslim league dropped the programme of passive resistance.
c. Formation of Rowlatt Committee.
d. Annie Besant dropped the Home Rule Movement.
1918 a. (March) Organisation of first All- India Depressed Classes Conference,
b. Ahmedabad Satyagrah by Gandhi.
c. Khaira Satyagrah by Gandhi.
1919 a. (Feb.) Foundation of Satyagrah Sabba by Gandhiji against the of Rowlatt Bill
b. (6thApril) Beginning of Rolatt Satyagrah
c. (13 April) Jalianwala Baghmassacre
d. (15 April) Martial law in Punjab.
e. (Oct.) Appointment of the Hunter Committee for the investigation of Punjab wrongs.
f. (Nov) Foundation of All India Khilafat Committee.
g. (Dec.) Montague — Chelmsford Reforms or the Govt. of India Act 1919 was passed
h. Gandhi elected as the President of All — India Khilafat Committee at Delhi
i. Formation of National Liberation Federation.
1920 a. (June) Passing of Non-cooperation proposal by Khilafat committee in Allahabad
b. (1 August) Launching of Noncooperation Movement by the Congress
c. (Deo.) Approval and ratification of the policy of non-violent noncooperation by the congress in the Nagpur Session.
d. First meeting of All India Trade Union Congress
e. Foundation of the Aligarh Muslim University:
1921 a. (3 Jan) The inauguration of the new constitution according to the Government of India Act 919
b. (1 Feb) Gandhi decided to embark on Mass Civil Disobedience at Bardoli.
c. (July) Passing a resolution by All India Khilafat Committee prohibited Muslim to serve British Indian Army
d. (Aug.) Moplas rebellion in Malabar coast
e. Foundation of Chamber of Princess
1922 a. (Feb.) Announcement of starting of mass civil disobedience by Gandhi
b. (Feb) Chauri-Choura incident and suspension of the Non-cooperation Movement
c. Opposition of Congress Programmes in Gaya Session -
d. (May) Vishva Bharti University started by Rabindranath Tagore -
e. (Dee) Foundation of Swaraj Partyf. Liberty given to the people of native states to become a member of Congress.
1923 - Compromise between Swarajijsts and the No—Changers in the congress in the special session of the Congress in Delhi
1925 a. Foundation of the Communist Party byM.N. Roy
b. Foundation of Hindustan Association by Chandra Shekhar Azad
c. Vitthalbhai Patel elected as the President in Centre Legislature-
1926 a. First All India Non-Brahmin Conference held at Belgaum under the President ship of Ramaswamy
b. Announcement of four-point programme k co-operation with the congress by Md. Au Jinnah lathe Nagpur session of Muslim league
1927 a. (Nov.) Appointment of the Simon Commission (the statutory commission)
b. (Dec.) Passing of "Delhi Proposals” by Muslim leaders
c. Boycott of Simon Commission in Madras session of Congress
d. Foundation of All India Praja Conference, First session under the Presidentship of Diwan Bahadur M. Ramachandra
1928 a. (Feb.) Arrival of Simon Commission in Bombay
b. (Feb.) All Party Conference in Delhi and demand of Dominion Status
c. Formation of 8 members committee for framing of Constitution under Motilal Nehru
d. (Aug.) Presentation of Nehru Report
e. Assault on Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab during the Boycott of the Simon Commission
f. (Nov.) Foundation of Independence League by Subhash and Nehru
g. Appointment of Butler Committee
h. Baradoli Satyagraha under the leadership of Vallabhai Patel on the issue of increase of revenue attempted by Government.
i. (Dec.) Demand given by Jinnab in All India Party Conference in Calcutta for the development of Muslim majority areas and reservation for Muslims.
j. (Dec.) Warning given to the Government in Calcutta session of Congress that if Government did not accept,-Nehru Report till 31st Dec, 1.929, Congress would begin Civil Disobedience Movement
1929 a. (Jan.) Announcement of 14 points demands by Jinnab in the Muslim League meeting at Delhi.
b. (April) Dropping of the bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly by Bhagat Singh Batukeshwar Dun.
c. (18 Aug.) Observation of “Political Sufierers Day” by the All India Congress Committee
d. (31 Oct.) Announcement the goal of British policy in India that is granting of the Dominion status by Lord Irwin.
e. (Dec.) Passing the resolution for of Puma Swarajaya (complete independence) by the Indian National Congress in Lahore Session under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru.
f. (3 1 Dec.) Dropping on Nehru Report
g. Report of Butler Committee
h. Hoisting of tricolour flag for the first time on 31 Dec.
1930 a. (26 Jan.) The Congress observed Indian Independence Day (14 Feb.) Passing of the Civil Disobedience resolution by the working committee of the congress.
b. (2 March) Eleven Points demands of Gandhi given to Irwin
c. (12 March) Launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement with the famous Dandi March for Salt Satyagraha (6 April) Violation of Salt Law
d. (May) Publication b (Simon Commission Report
e. (Nov.) The first Round Table Conference in London without the participation of the Congress.
1931 a. (5 March) Gandhi & Irwin pact
b. Suspension of Civil Disobedience Movement by Gandhi
c. Gandhi took part in the Second Round Table Conference as the sole representative of the Congress
d. Execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdeo and Rajguru
e. (Sept) Second Round Table Conference
1932 a. (Jan.) Beginning of Second phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement
b. (Aug.) Announcement of “Communal Award" by the British Prime Minister Rarnay Mac Donald
c. (Sept.) Gandhi began fast to protest against Award (Sept.) Poona Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar and other scheduled castes representatives
d. (Nov.) Third Round Table Conference without the participation of the Congress ends without any settlement
1933 a. White paper on constitutional development
b. (May) Suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement by the Congress
c. (Aug.) Beginning of Individual Civil Disobedience
1934 a. (May) Withdrawal of civil disobedience Movement
b. Beginning of Harijan work by Gandhiji
c. (17 May) Foundation of Congress Socialist Party by Acharya Narendra Dev and Jai Prakash Narain first meeting in Patna.
d. (21-22 Oct.) First open session of Congress Socialist Party in Bombay under the Presidentship of Sampoorna Nand.
1935 - (Aug.) The Government of India Act was passed
1936 - Formation of the first All .— India Peasant Organisation, the All India Kisan Sabba with Sahjananda as the President.
1937 a. (April) Provincial autonomy according to the Government of India Act 1935 - Came into force.
b. (3 Sept.) WorldWar II broke out and the viceroy declared India a belligerent country.
c. Resignation of the Congress Ministries in the province against the war policy
d. (22 Dec.) Observance of the Day of Deliverance from the tyranny of the Congress rule at the instance of Jinnah by the Muslim League
e. All India Praja Conference under the Presidentship of Jawaharlel Nehru
1940 a. (March) Passing of the Pakistan Resolution in the Lahore session by the Muslim League
b. (10 Aug.) Announcement of ‘August Offer”
c. (Aug. 18-22) Rejection of August Offer by the Congress working committee
d. (17 Oct.) Launching of ‘Individual Satyagraha’ movement by the congress starting with Vinoba Bhave as first President and Jawaharlal Nehru on the second.
1941 a. Death of Rabindranath Tagore
b. (17 Jan.) Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India
c. Suspension of Individual Satyagraha Movement in Bardoli session
1942 a. (March) Arrival of Cripps Mission
b. (April) The Congress President, Maulana Azad rejected the Cripps Commission Draft Declaration
c. (July) The Congress working committee passed the Qult India Resolution
d. (8 August) The passing of the Quit India Resolution at the All India Congress Committee at Bombay
e. (12 August) Cripps left India on the failure of his mission
f. Beginning of Quit India Movement
g. (1 Sept.) Formal Establishment of Indian National Army (And Hind Fauj) by Subhash Chandra Bose.
1943 a. Beginning of Gandhi’s historical 21 day fast (To show flith in non violence and purification of self)
b. (Oct.21) Proclamation of S.C. Rose to form the Provisional Government of Free India
c. (Dec.) Adoption of the slogan Divide and Quit by the Muslim League in Karanchi sesion
1944 - (Sept) Gandhi met Jinnah to discuss the C. Rajagopalachari Formula
1945 a. (Dec.) The (vial of the I.N.A. prisoners
b. General Election in India
c. Viceroy Wavell organised the Simla Conference to discuss Wavell Plan
1946 a. (Feb. 18) Mutiny of the Indian naval ratings n Bombay (Talwar)
b. (15 March) Announcement of Cabinet Mission by the British Prime Minister Attlee
c. (24 March) Arrival of Cabinet Mission to Delhi
d. (16 May) The Cabinet Mission Plan was announced
e. (16 June) The Cabinet Mission outlined the procedure for fanning the interim Government
f. (24 July) Muslim League withdraw its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan and called for direct action to achieve Pakistan.
g. (July) Elections to the Constituent Assembly as provided in the Cabinet Mission Plan
h. (14 Aug.) Jawaharlal Nehru invited to form the interim Government at the centre
i. (16 Aug.) The Direct Action Day observed by the Muslim League
j. (2 Sept.) Formation of the interim Govt.
k. (26 Oct.) Muslim League joined the interim Govt.
l. (9.Dec.) First Session of the Constituent Assembly m. Muslim League Boycotted Constituent Assembly
l947 a. (20 Feb.) Declaration of granting freedom tà India before June 1948 by Attlee.
b. (24 March) Appointment of Mountbatten as a viceroy
c. (3 June) Mountabatten Plan for the partition of India
d. (June) The Congress and the Muslim League accepted the Mountabatten Plan
e. (4 July) Introduction of Indian Independence Bill
f. (15 July) Passing of Indian Independence Bill
g. (15 Aug.) freedom to India

[umarbajwa]

1. Congress had clear majority in five provinces i.e. United Provinces (U.P.), Bihar, Madras, Central Provinces (C.P.), Orissa.
2. In Bengal, NWFP, Assam and Bombay, Congress emerged as the single largest party.
3. 482 seats were reserved as Muslim seats. The Congress contested 58 and could win only 26 seats.
4. Muslim League could not win a single seat in NWFP. In Punjab it got only 2 of the 84 reserved seats.
5. Congress formed its own government in 7 provinces i.e. Bombay, UP, Madras, Orrisa, Central Provinces, Bihar, NWFP.
6. Sikandar Hayat Khan of Unionist party won in Punjab while Bengal was won of Fazlulhaq of Krishak Praja Party.
7. Haripura Session (February 1938) declared Purna Swaraj ideal to cover Princely States.
8. Tripuri Congress (March 1939) favoured active participation in the Princely States because of the federal structure of the 1935 Act and due to assumption of office by the Congress after the 1937 elections.
9. The Tripuri Session witnessed Bose vs. Sitaramyya (Gandhi’s nominee) conflict. Bose resigned to form the Forward Bloc in 1939.

[umarbajwa]

1. The meeting of Congress Working committee held on 27th April, 1942 at Allahabad. In this meeting the Congress criticize the policy of the British Government on war front.
2. On July, 1942 the meeting of Congress working committee held at Wardha. The Congress asked the British to Quit India.
3. On 7th August, 1942 the session of congress started in Mumbai. Gandhi presented the historical proposals of “Quit India” on 8th August.
4. Gandhi gave the slogan “Do or Die”.
5. Gandhi and the members of Congress working committee were imprisioned on 9th August, 1942.
6. Mahatma Gandhi was kept in Agha Khan Fort at Poona and others were kept in the Fort of Ahmednagar.
7. Congress was declared illegal.
8. This movement was directionless and leaderless.
9. It is also known as August-Revolution because it started in the month of August.
10. Communist Party of India supported the British Government.
11. Dr. Ambedkar opposed the movement.
12. Princes kept themselves aloof.
13. Merchants kept themselves aloof from this movement.
14. Hindu Mahasabha also opposed this movement.
15. Landlords kept themselves aloof this movement.
16. The Quit India Movement.
17. Witnessed emergence of under ground movement. Some prominent leaders who participated were—Achyut Patwardhan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohia, Sucheta Kriplani, Biju Patnaik and Jai Prakash Narayan.
18. Usha Mehta established Congress Radio in Mumbai.
19. Parallel Governments were established during this movement at Balia, Satara and Tamluk.
20. A slogan “Divide and Quit” was given by Muslim League in 1943 Karachi Session.
21. Muslim League supported the government.
22. Gandhi observed fast for 21 days during his imprisonment to confirm his strung belief in non-violence and for self purification.
23. During imprisonment of Gandhi was personal secretary Mahadeo Desai and wife Kasturba died.

Elections and the Cabinet Mission, 1946

1. The League, following the Simla conference and dangling of the carrot of Pakistan by the British was in favourable situation to deal with its separate Muslim electorate.
2. The Congress won 57 out of 102 seats in the Central Legislative Assembly and obtained majorities in all provinces except Sind, Punjab and Bengal.
3. The League polled 86 percent of the Muslim votes and won all the 30 Muslim seats in the Central Legislative Assembly.
4. League lost NWEP and Assam to Congress and failed to dislodge Unionists from Punjab.
5. Cabinet Mission constituted of three British Cabinet Members.
6. Pethrick Lawrence-Secretary of State for India
7. Staford Cripps-President of the Board of Trade
8. A.V. Alexander-First Lord of Admiral
9. The Mission rejected the demand for a full-fledged Pakistan (Comprising the whole of all the Muslim majority areas).
10. The Mission reasoned that the right of communal self-determination, if conceded to Muslims, had also to be granted to the non-Muslims who formed majorities in West Bengal and Eastern Punjab, as well as in Assam proper.
11. The ‘truncated’ or smaller Pakistan was unacceptable to the League.
12. The Mission offered the plan of a very loose union of all the Indian territories under a centre that would control merely the defence, the Foreign Affairs and the Communications, leaving all other subjects to the existing provincial legislatures.
13. The provincial legislatures would then elect a Constituent Assembly.
14. The members so elected will didide up into three sections.
15. Section A- Non Muslim Majority provinces (Bombay, United Provinces, Bihar, Central Provinces, Orissa, Madras)
16. Section B- Muslim Majority provinces in the north-west (Sind, North Western Frontier Province and Punjab).
17. Section C- Muslim Majority provinces in North east (Bengal, Assam).
18. All these sections would have the authority to draw up provincial constitutions and even group constitutions.
19. The Mission proposed a short term measure-the formation, immediately, of an interim government at the centre constituted by major political parties, andwith the Indians holding all the portfolios.
20. At the outset, both the Congress and League were inclined to acceptm but problem soon emerged in July 1946.
21. The League interpreted the groupings to be compulsory. NWFP (in B) and Assam (in C) would be reduced to minorities within their section. Hence, in future a wholesome Pakistan could became a reality if Section B and Section C provinces so desired.
22. The Congress wanted the grouping to be optional. It opposed absence of any elected members from the princely states in the Constituent Assembly.
23. The Congress dropped its demand for electing the members of Constituent Assembly on the basis of Universal Adult Feanchise.
24. The Communal Carnge And Interim Government
25. Muslim League announced the Direct Action Da yon 16 August 1946. Widespread Hindu-Muslim riots occurred throughout the country.
26. An interim Government in accordance with Cabinet Mission’s proposal at the centre came into existence in Septermber, 1946, when the Congress leaders formed a Cabinet under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. Muslim League refused to join in intially.
27. Wavell persuaded the League leaders to joint on 26 October 1946.
28. The Interim government, obstructed by its League members and bureaucracy was reduced to a figure head and was unable to control the communal carnage.
29. The League refused to participate in the Constituent Assembly which met on 9 December, 1946.

[umarbajwa]

1. On September 3, 1939 the Second World War broke out and the same day the Viceroy Linlithgow, without consulting the Indian people, declared India to be a belligerent and at war with Germany.
2. The Congress Working committee, whichmet on September 8-15, 1939, Stressed that the issue of war and peace for India must be decided by the Indian people.
3. When the British Government did not respond favourably, the Congress Ministers in the Provinces to resign; they compiled with the directive in October and November 1939.
4. After the resignation of the Congress Ministers the annual session of the Congress was held at Ramgarh (Bihar) in March 1940, where the Congress offered to cooperate with the British Government if a provisional National Government was set up at the centre.
5. In response, the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow offered a set of proposals to the Congres for securing its cooperation during the War, which are popularly known as the “August offer”.
6. The Congress rejected the “August offer” Jawaharlal Nehru said that the whole idea of Dominion status, on which the offer was based, was “as dead as a dorrnail.”
   August Offer
7. Dissillusioned with the August offer the Congress decided to launch Individual Satyagraha.
8. It was launched on October, 17, 1940.
9. The first Satyagrahis was Vinoba Bhave.
10. Mahatma Gandhi suspended it on December 17, 1940.
11. On January 5, 1941, the campaign was started again.
    
    Cripps Mission
12. The British Government decided to send Sir Stafford Crips, a member of the British Cabinet, to India, to find out a solution in consultation with the Indian leaders.
13. Sir Stafford Cripps spent three weeks in India (March-April 1942).
14. The Congress Working Committee, which met at Wardha on July 14, 1942 ratified the Wardha Resolution.
15. Wardha Resolution.
16. The all India Congress Committee, which met in Mumbai on August 7, 1942, ratified the Wardha Resolutio.
17. It sanctioned the non-violent mass struggle under the leadership of Gandhiji.
    
    Wavell Plan
18. On June 14, 1945 Wavell broadcast a plan, popularly known as the Wavell Plan.
19. The essence of the plan was the formation of a new Executive Council at the Centre, in which all but the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief would be Indians.
20. To consider these proposals and to Progress towards the formation of the proposed Executive Council, a Conference of 21 Indian Political leaders was invited to the summer capital of Simla in June 1945.
21. The leaders included Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, then the President of the Congress M.A. Jinnah the leader of the Muslim League etc.
    General Elections.
22. The first step taken by the Attlee Government was to hold general elections in India, which had been held last in 1936.
23. In the election results announced in December 1945, the Congress made its presence felt in the Central Legislative Assembly as also the Provincial Legislatures.
24. In the Central Assembly, the Congress secured 91.3 percent votes in the General Constituencies; the Kuslim League won every Muslim seat.
25. In the Provincial Legislature, the Congress won absolute majority in Mumbai, Chennai, United Provinces, Bihar, Orissa and Central Provinces.
26. In the Punjab a Coalition Government of the Congress, Akalis and the Unionists was formed.
27. The Muslim League could secure majority only in Bengal and Sind.
28. Naval Mutiny
29. On February 18, 1946, a section of Indians serving in the Royal Indian Navy, known as ratings (non-commissioned officers and sailors) mutinied in Mumbai.
30. They went on hunger strike in protest against untold hardships regarding pay and food and the most outrageous racial discrimination, in particular derogatory references to their national character.
31. The Cabinet Mission, composed of British Cabinet Minister-Six Pethick Lawrence, the Secretary of State for India, Sir Staford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade and A.V. Alexander, First Lord of the Admirality-arrived in New Delhi on March 24, 1946.
32. Cabinet Mission announced its own recommendations on May 16, 1946.
33. Muslim League at first accepted the Cabinet Mission paln on June 6, 1946 but on July 29 withdrew its acceptance and called upon Muslims “to resot to Direct Action to achieve Pakistan”.
    
    Interim Government.
34. The Viceroy Lord Wavell invited Jawaharlal Nehru, the leader of the largest party in India, to form an Interim Government, which was sworn in on September 2, 1946.
35. It was composed of 12 members (including 3 Muslims) nominated by the Congress with Jawaharlal Nehru as its Vice-President.
36. Constituent Assembly met for the first time on December 6, 1946 with Dr. Rajender Prasad as its President.
    
    Transfer of Power
37. Prime Minister Attlee announced on February 20, 1947, in the House of Commons, that the British would quit India after transferring power “into responsible hands not later than June 1948”.
38. Attlee also announced the appointment of Lord Mountbatten a Viceroy in place of Lord Wevell. Lord Mountbatten, the 34th and the last BritishGovernor-General and Viceroy, arrived in India on March 22, 1947.
39. The Congress leaders had also to consider the widespread communal violence and bloodshed that was ravaging the country, Jinnha’s uncompromising attitude on the issue of partition and the British decision to transfer power as soon as possible.
40. On June 3, 1947, Prime Minister Attlee announced the Partition Plan or the June 3rd Plan in the House of Commons.
    
    Partition Plan
41. The Congress Working Committee, which met on June 3, 1947 approved of the partition plan; the All India cCongress Committee, which met in New Dlehi on June 14-15, ratified the approval.
42. Pandit Govind Vallabh Pant, who moved the resolution for ratificatio, said that “this was the only way to achieve freedom and liberty for the country.”
43. Soon after partition was decided upon, the Indian Independence Bill was drafted, which wa?s passed by the British Parliament in July 1947.