CAUSES OF THE FALL OF MUGHAL EMPIRE

1. Weak Successors of Aurangzeb
a. All merry making and unable, except Bahadar Shah
b. Left work to their Wazirs
2. Vastness of the Empire
a. Aurangzeb empire – practically impossible
b. Afghanistan to Asaam, Kashmir to Maysor
c. Lack of effective means of communication
3. Absence of a Definite Law of Succession
a. Akbar was only unopposed among 20 rulers
b. "The sword was the grand arbiter of right and every son was prepared to try his fortune against his brothers." Erskine
4. Deterioration of Morality of Mughal Emperors
a. Fond of wine and women
5. Degeneration of Nobility
a. Degeneration into sects and costs – Iranian, Toranian and Indian
6. Deterioration of Army
a. Abundance of wealth and comfort
b. Loss of confidence
c. Demoralization
7. Corrupt Administration
a. Ministers, nobels and officers accepted bribes
8. Stoppage of Adventures from Persia, Afghanistan and Turkistan
a. This provided a change for Army to be lazy
9. Invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali
a. Nadir Shah 1739 (looted for 57 days)
b. Ahmad Shah Abdali 1754 – 67 (5 times)
10. Aurangzeb's Policy in Deccan
a. Golkonda and Bijapur served as a check to Maraths before conquest
11. Absence of Naval Power
a. British and Portuguese had strong naval power
12. Intellectual Bankruptcy
a. 17th & 18th century European saw industrial revolution
b. Mughals did not pay attention
13. Plight of the Common People and Peasants
a. Bad economic conditions led to discontentment
14. Rise of Marathas
a. Emergence of Maraths in 17th century
b. 18th century they extended their influence to Delhi
15. Rise of Sikhs
a. During the reign of Jahandar Shah (1712 – 13) and Farrukhsiyar (1713 – 19)
16. Rise of Hindus of Rajputana
a. Rajput of Mewar and Marwar distressed by Aurangzeb
17. Outdated war equipment and tactics
a. Failed to keep pace with modern developments
b. Lack of modern weapons led the failure of battle of Plassy and Buxer
18. Advent of English East India Company
a. Got trade access in Aurangzeb’s reign
i. Portuguese - suppressed by Aurangzeb
ii. British

__________________
Ahmed Shakeel Babar
.
"If you really want to achieve something the whole universe conspires for you to get your dream realized."

WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

By 1845, the British Empire had expanded from Bengal to Sindh, and all that remained free was Punjab. The Sikhs were ruling over Punjab and after the Second Sikh War in 1848, the British gained control over the Indus. The Koh-i-Noor diamond that Ranjit Singh had worn in his headdress now became a part of the crown jewels at Westminster.

The War of Independence broke out in January and March 1857. The British army had recruited local Indians in their forces. These soldiers were issued cartridges greased with fat from tabooed animals. The soldiers refused to use these cartridges. In 1857, starting with an uprising in Meerut, soldiers in the British Army in Bengal launched a full-scale mutiny against the British. This mutiny spread swiftly across the Sub-continent. Initially, the Indian soldiers were able to push back the British forces. The British army was driven out of Delhi and the Indian soldiers took control of the city. Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal King, was compelled to lead the freedom fighters. In Bahadur Shah Zafar, the rebels found a symbol of freedom, but a mere symbol was all he was. Wanting to spend his days writing poetry, the man was in no way even a remnant of the glory of his forefathers. He proclaimed himself the Emperor of the whole of India. The civilians, citizens and other dignitaries took oath of allegiance to the Emperor. The Emperor issued his own coin and appointed his sons to key posts.

The initial success of the freedom fighters gave a boost to the War of Independence. The Indian army captured the important towns of Haryana, Bihar and Mahdya Pardesh. However, the British forces at Meerut and Ambala put up a resolute resistance to the royal army and held them back for several months. The British proved to be a formidable foe with their superior weapons and better strategy. The freedom fighters badly lacked in adequate resources and their planning proved to be extremely brittle. The royal forces were finally defeated. The British army entered Delhi and the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar went into hiding.
The British quickly regained control of Delhi. They ransacked and destroyed the city. They took revenge in the most gruesome manner by killing innocent people indiscriminately. A wide scale massacre of the inhabitants of Delhi was carried out to avenge the killings of the British soldiers. The Mughal emperor was captured from his sanctuary, the tomb of Emperor Humayun. The emperor's sons were slaughtered in cold blood. Their bodies were beheaded and their heads were presented to the aging emperor in prison. Bahadur Shah was imprisoned in Rangoon, Myanmar, where he breathed his last.

After the War of Independence in 1857, the British government assumed sovereignty over the lands of the British East India Company. The British control over the Sub-continent grew in the next 50 years and culminated in the British Raj. Queen Victoria's Indian realm continued to expand, until Hunza, the remote kingdom bordering China, fell into British hands in 1891, bringing the expansion to its zenith.
The British delineated the frontier separating British India from Afghanistan in 1893. The resulting Durand Line cut straight through the tribal area of the Pathans. The British left the tribal areas to govern themselves under the supervision of British political agents.

The British thus became masters of India, where for nearly 800 years Muslims had ruled. However, their attitude towards the Muslims was that of antipathy. According to Hunter, a prominent historian, "The Muslims of India are, and have been for many years, a source of chronic danger to the British power in India". The British attributed the war of 1857 to the Muslims alone. As a result, property belonging to Muslims was confiscated and they were denied employment opportunities everywhere in the army, revenue department, and judiciary.

The British administrators deliberately followed a discriminatory policy against the Muslims, even in filling minor jobs. Advertisements inviting applications for government jobs specifically mentioned that Muslims would not be appointed. Hunter admits that the exclusion of the Muslims was so complete that in the government offices of Calcutta they could not accept a post higher than that of a porter, messenger, filler of inkpots and mender of pens.

By a series of revenue and financial measures, the British smashed the political and social position of the Muslims. In the province of Bombay, the government appointed "Inam Commission" to inquire into the land grants of the Muslim times. The Commission took away 20,000 estates from the Muslims and thus ruined many families and institutions of the community.

The Company's commercial policy eliminated the Muslims from internal and foreign trade. When the Europeans came to the Sub-continent, the Muslim merchants lost much of their commerce with foreign countries. But they maintained their hold on internal trade and their commercial activities extended to the Persian Gulf and the coastal territories of the Arabian Sea. During the Company's rule, the Muslim traders were pushed out of this area as well by the competition of the Company's traders who enjoyed many special concessions.

The newly introduced English system of education had many drawbacks for the Muslims, mainly because it made no provisions for religious education. As a result, they stayed away from it. Thus, within a few years of loss of political power, the Muslims lost all avenues of employment, were dispossessed of their estates and deprived of the benefits of education. A highly cultured community turned into a backward and poor people. In their place British-educated Hindus began to occupy positions in governments offices formerly held by the Muslims.

With special thanks to www.storyofpakistan.com for this.

__________________
Ahmed Shakeel Babar
.
"If you really want to achieve something the whole universe conspires for you to get your dream realized."

Goal of ML
• “To protect religious and cultural identity of the Muslims of India”
• The founding session chaired by  Nawab Waqar ul Malik
• Seconded by  Maulana Zaffar Ali Khan and Hakeem Ajmal Khan

Change in Strategy 1913

Causes
1. Annulment of Bengal partition
2. Balkan war (Italy-Turkey)
3. Libya Italy war
4. Demolition of a Mosque at Khanpur
5. Realization by both parties to achieve their same goal
6. Role of Quaid

Updated Strategy
1. Self-government under the crown
2. Good relations and cooperation with any organization working for same

With thanks to CSS e Guide

__________________
Ahmed Shakeel Babar
.
"If you really want to achieve something the whole universe conspires for you to get your dream realized."

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

Background:

The Lucknow pact showed that it was possible for middle-class, English-educated Muslims and Hindus to arrive at an amicable settlement on Hindu-Muslim constitutional and political problems. This unity reached its climax during the Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movements.


Introduction:

• Religio-political movement
• Extra territorial attachments based on Islam
• First movement which involved common man
• Showed Islam is mobilization force

Goals:
1. Ottuman empire should be kept intact
2. Territorial solidarity
3. Control of holy places

Muslim Media:

1. Zamindar – Zafar Ali Khan
2. Comrade & Hamdard – Maulana M Ali Johar
3. Al-Hilal – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Urging Force

1. Concept of Muslim Ummah
2. Emotional attachments with institution of Khilafat

Why Cooperation

1. To be one force against British
2. Rowlett Act 1919
3. Jawalianwala Garden Tragedy Apr 1919

Triggering factors

1. Rowlett Act April 1919
a. Report by Sydney Rowlatt to counter terrorists
b. Features
i. Accused have to prove himself not guilty
ii. No legal assistance to accused
iii. No right to appeal
iv. Prosecution can produce witness of a dead person
c. Quaid resigned from Central Legislative Assembly

2. Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy
a. Gandhi entrance in Punjab banned
b. Protest on April 13, 1919 in Amritsar
c. Gen. Dyre ordered fire  killed 379, injured 1200 in 10 minutes
d. Britian imposed Martial Law in Amritsar, Lahore, Gujrat
e. Hunter committee recommended forcibly retirement of Gen. Dyr


Events:

1. Khilafat Day  Oct 27, 1919
2. Khilafat Committee formed by Hakim Ajmal Khan & Dr. M A Ansari  July 1919
a. I. Khilafat Conference Delhi – Gandi & Nehru participated  Nov 1919
i. No participation in victory celebrations
ii. Boycott of British goods
iii. Non cooperation (on later stage)
b. II. Khilafat Conference Amritsar  Dec 1919
i. Ali brothers came directly after being released.
ii. M A Ansari delegation to Viceroy  Jan 1920
iii. Maulana M Ali Johar delegation to Lord George
1. Non-Cooperation Movement  May 1920 (Dec 1920 by Congress) by Mahatama Gandi
a. 3 Hindu groups
i. Cooperation on condition of “No Cow Slaughter”
ii. Muslims would seek help from Afghanistan
iii. Unconditional help to Muslims
b. Program of Movement announced – 4 stages
i. Titles awarded given up & Educational institutes boycotted
ii. Resignations of civil government’s servants
iii. Police and military to be quitted (later on )
iv. Refusal to pay taxes & Civil disobedience
2. Treaty of Sevres  Aug 1920
3. III. Khilafat Conference Karachi  July 1920
a. Loyality to Turksih Sultan emphasized
b. Welcomed Attaturk’s efforts for expulsion of foreign forces
4. Nagpur Session of Congress  Dec 1920
a. Working Committee approved Non-Cooperation movement
b. Jinnah opposed and left the congress
5. Hijrat Movement 1920 – 1921
a. Abul Kalam Azad and other Ulema declared India “Darul Herb”
b. 18,000 Muslims migrated
c. Initially Afghan welcomed but later on closed the borders
d. Huge casualties of migrants occurred, some went to Russia
6. End of Movement
a. Moplah revolt  Aug 1921
i. Muslim tribe revolted against Hindu landlords
b. Chora Chori (UP)  Feb 1922
i. 21 constables and 1 sub inspector were set on fire
ii. Gandhi called of the movement on Feb 05, 1922
c. Developments in Turkey
i. Mustafa Kamal appointed as Chief of the state by Grand National Assembly
ii. Kamal Pasha won back Symarna from Greeks
iii. Goarge gov’t collapsed
iv. Treaty of Laussane singed
v. Khilafat Abolished  Mar 1924

__________________
Ahmed Shakeel Babar
.
"If you really want to achieve something the whole universe conspires for you to get your dream realized."

__________________
Ahmed Shakeel Babar
.
"If you really want to achieve something the whole universe conspires for you to get your dream realized."

Excellent work..

__________________
Your feet will bring you,Where your heart is!!

Great Work!
It'll be too kind of
you to provide us with all these pages in pdf or in Doc format in a single file.

I would love to provide you a copy however these notes are in scattered form and I don't get enough time to compile them simultaneously, making a single copy. So am compiling/collecting/typing them on daily basis and uploading here. I would certainly be able to provide you a copy in pdf once I collect them all (and by the same toke, post them here). Till that time, you may make your own file by copying the notes from this thread.

__________________
Ahmed Shakeel Babar
.
"If you really want to achieve something the whole universe conspires for you to get your dream realized."

Thank you so much to being so kind. These notes are realy helping and informative.Will you post notes of post partition topics also?

__________________
If I seem to boast more than is becoming, my excuse is that I brag for humanity rather than for myself.

Surely I will.

__________________
Ahmed Shakeel Babar
.
"If you really want to achieve something the whole universe conspires for you to get your dream realized."