TOPIC NO-1
EVOLUTION AND GROWTH OF MUSLIM SOCIETY IN SUB- CONTINENT

The Arabs to the Indian sub continent as traders long before they came as invaders. Arab traders used to visit the south west Malabar region of the subcontinent. It was a belief of Indians that if they crossed the sea, they would lose their caste. Thus the visits of Arab merchants to Indian sub-continent were a one sided affair.
• Earliest contacts of Islamized Arab with Indian sub continent
Since the first appearance on the world stage, Islam has had close relation with sub continent
1. In the region of Hazrat Umar Farooq(R, A) (634-644), Sarafqi who governed Oman sent an expedition to Thana and Barouch without seeking permission of caliph.

2. Hazrat Usman(R, A) sent an expedition through Baluchistan into Sindh to gather information about the people of India.

3. Hazrat Ali (R, A) appointed Muahlib to pursue sub continent
• Muhammad bin Qasim and the conquest of Sindh
During the region of caliph Walid bin abdul Malikthe king of Ceylon ( Sri lanka) dispatched a ship to the governor of Iraq; Hijjaj Bin Yousaf. The ship was attacked by pirates as it passed the mouth of Indus. The goods were seized by the pirates and the Arab merchants were detained. Hijjaj Bin Yousaf asked Raja Dahir, the Hindu Brahmin ruler, to set the captive free and take action against the pirates. Raja Dahir bluntly replied he had no control over the pirates. Hijaj bin yousif then decided to retaliate.

The first two punitive expedition sent by Hajjaj against Raja Dahir failed. He then commissioned his son in law Imdad ud Din Muhammad Qasim to lead a campaign against Raja Dahir. Muhammad bin Qasim who at that time was at Fars (Iran), was reinforced 6000 men from Syria and other places.



Muhammad bi Qasim was conquest Sindh in 712 A.D

Muhammad bin Qasim commanded his army like seasoned general and conquered the fort of Deebal, Nerun, Shewan, Rawar, Barhanabad, and Multan. Thus the whole province of sindh was under Arab rule. The conquest of sindh was a major milestone of Muslim history because Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Muslim ruler in the sub-continent and sindh was known as Babul Islam.
• Muhammad bin Qasim recalled and post Qasim developments.
After the death of caliph the new caliph recalled Muhammad bin Qasim to his country where he was executed in 715. The untimely recalling of Muhammad bin Qasim stopped further advance of Arab army towards north end east. All the governors appointed by him and Arab army remained in sindh.


Muslim incursions from north – west

By the 10th century, many new principalities were conquered and ruled by Turks who had been initially brought into the Arab armies as a slave soldiers. The Turks were central Asian people who after their conversion to Islam in the 8th and 9th century led the next wave of conquests.

• Ghaznavid Density
The ghaznavid receives it name from the city of Ghazni in modern Afghanistan. Alptagin, one of the most enterprising of Turkish officers, was the founder of the kingdom of Ghazni. After the death Aalaptagin in 977 A.D his son in law Subuktugin ascended the throne of Ghazni.

• Subuktugin

After the accession of Subuktugin, the Hindu Shahi rulers of Punjab and northern India felt threatened by the presence of Muslim Kingdom so close to their territory. They formed an alliance, under the headship of Raja Jayapala, which attempted to expel Subuktugin and his worriers from Ghazni (Afghanistan). The combined Hindu armies were however, heavily defeated by Subuktugin. He deserves a footnote in history for being the first Muslim to move across the Khyber Pass into the sub-continent.

• Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi, the idol broker

He became the king of Ghazni in997 A.D after the death of his father Subuktugin. Between the years of 1002 and 1925, Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi conducted seventeen campaigns in India. The first of seventeen expedition was launched in 1001 A.D. the most famous of many radis on Hindu temples was on the temple of Somnath in 1025 A.D. the house of Ghazni fell into terminal decline with the death of Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi in 1030 A.D. however, thanks to the sheer awe in which his name was held, the Ghaznavid dynasty managed to survive an other 150 years. Hindu writers described him as barbarian who indulged in wanton crimes against humanity and civilization. According to Muslim writers he was champion of Islam
• Ghurid Dynasty
The Ghurid dynasty in the sub-continent did not endure. By 1040 A.D, all that remained of the Ghaznavid Empire was the home province ghazni, the area around Peshawar and Punjab. The last three rulers made Lahore their capital
Muizz ud din Sam commonly known as Shahabudin Muhammad Ghuri captured the throne of Ghazni in 1174 A.D. he then led his first raid into the sub-continent in 1175 A.D capturing Peshawar, Multan, and Sindh. In 1186 he captured Lahore by defeating the last Ghaznivid king Kusru Malik bringing to Ghazniavid dynasty to an end.


• Expansion of Muslim power from the Indus valley to India

He became the first Muslim conqueror to move across the rivers of the Punjab to fight the Hindu rulers of Delhi.

• First battle of Tarain
The battle between Muhammad Ghuri and the combined army of Rajputs led by Pirthvi Raj chuahn took place at Tarain in 1190-91 Ghuri was defeated and had retreat to his bastion of Ghazni.


• Second battle of Tarain

In 1192 another battle took place at same place and between same opponents, Ghuri eventually turned successful and Punjab was captured. After that he conquered the whole of north part of sub-continent. He also moved southward and captured Banaras Gawalior as well as Ajmer in Rajistan.
Muhammad Ghuri appointed his brilliant slave Qutub ud din Aibak as governor of Lahore and Delhi while himself returned to Ghazni
• Delhi Sultanate
The period from the death of Muhammad Ghuri in 1206 till the advent of Mughals in sub-continent in 1526 known as the period of Delhi Sultanate during this period the following five dynasties ruled the sub-continent

Slave or Mamulak Dynasty (1206-1290)

The slave or Mamulak dynasty enjoys the distinction of the being the first dynasty which ushered I a permanent rule in sub-continent, founded by Qutub ud din Aibak who is credited with the establishment of first Muslim Sultanate in the sub-continent. The rulers of this dynasty were Turks. Aibak was succeeded by his son in law Shams ud din Iltutimsh in 12 10. In early days he faced threats from Nasir Qabacha of Multan and the Khilji of Bengal and Behar, Ali Mardan Khan. He was able to subdue both but the Khilji threat did not go away and many years later they were eventually successful in taking over Delhi. He was succeeded by his daughter Razia Sultana in 1236. She has the distinction of being the first Muslim female ruler of the sub-continent. Although very competent and able ruler her only disqualification was that she was a woman. She was murdered in 1240 and replaced by his half brother Bahram shah.

The last ruler of this dynasty was Ghiasud Din Balban after the death of Balban the decline of slave dynasty begun and ultimately the slave dynasty ended when the Khilijis appeared to take charge of the throne of Delhi.


Khiliji dynasty (1290-1320) was founded by Jalaludin khiliji; he ascended the throne at the age of 70. He was succeeded by his nephew Alaudin khiliji wet on to became the first Muslim ruler to conquer and central southern India, he fought a number of battles against the advancing Mangol armies and kept them at bay. He died in 1316 A.D and was succeeded by Mumbarak Shah who proved to be last ruler of Khiliji dynasty.



Taghlaq Dynasty (1320-1412), was founded by Ghiasud din Tughlaq in the year 1320. Ruled for five years and was killed in 1325 by his own son Juna Khan or Muhammad Tughlaq who became the ruler of Delhi. In 1398 when Timor invaded the sub-continent and decimated whatever came in his way the invasion of Timor shook the Tughlaq dynasty to its core and ultimately in 1412, the Tughlaq dynasty went into oblivion for good.

Sayed Density (1414-1451) was founded by khizr khan who was appointed as a nominee by Timor to rule Delhi. This dynasty lasted till 1451 and some four sultans ruled Delhi during this time. Shah Alam was last ruler was happy to retire in peace with Bahlol khan Lodhi.


Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526) Bahlol Lodhi was the founder of this dynasty, was succeeded by Sikandar Lodhi. The last ruler was Abraham Lodhi who was defeated by Babr in the first battle of Paipat.

• Delhi Sultanate and Islam

Majority of saints and Sufi came to the Indian sub continent during the reign of Delhi sultanate. These Sufis played an important role in the spreading the teaching of Islam.

• Mughal Dynasty (1526-1857)

The dynasty was founded by Chugtai Turkie prince named Babar who had descended from the Turkie conqueror Timor (Tamerlane) on his father’s side and from Mongol ruler Genghis Khan on his mother’s side. After the battle of Pnipat in the next year he overwhelmed the Rajputs confederacy under Rana Sangha of Mewar, and in 1529 he defeated the Afghans of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. At his death in 1530 he controlled all the northern India from the Indus River on west to Bihar on east and from the Himalayas south to Gwalior. After that Babar’s son Humayun lost control of the empire to Afghan army led by sher shah Suri in 1530 but was able to recapture the throne in 1555. Humayun’s son Akbar (reigned 1556-1605) defeated Hindu usurper Hemu at the second battle of Panipat in 1556. And thereby reestablished his dynasty in Hindustan. Through the incessant warfare, he was able to annex all the northern part of central India. At Akbar’s death in 1605 the empire extended from Afghanistan to Bay of Bengal and southward to Gujarat and the northern Deccan. Akbar’s son Jahangir also proved to be fairly successful ruler. His son Shah Jahn had an insatiable passion for building and left Taj Mahal and the great mosque of Delhi, among other monuments. After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, his successor proved to be inept and grossly incompetent and the Mughal Empire started to decline. The last Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah 2was exiled to Rnggoon (Yangon) by the British after the involvement in the failed war, war of independence where he died in 1862. With the demise of the Mughal dynasty, the Muslim rule in sib-continent came to an end.

Factors contributing towards the spread of Islam in sub continent

• Arrival of mystics and missionaries, Inter marriages, Irresistible appeal of Islamic teaching ,Monotheism, equality, tolerance, justice, Financial aid to religious seminars ,Liberation from caste system and Escaping from Jazya( poll tax) were major factors.



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Thats exactly what I wanted to know too.

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Q:6. Briefly describe the evolution of Muslim society in the sub-continent?

In the sub-continent before the advent of Islam there were trade relation through the coastal areas among the prime regions. However, the Arab merchants usually used to go Ceylon now what is called Srilanka and to the other coastal areas in order to do their trade and business activities. However, in the beginning of the eighth century, at the coastal areas of the cyclone, some Arab merchants had been died. Therefore, their widows and orphans were sent to their native place at Arabia with the help of the governor of Ceylon. As a matter of fact, there were good relations between the governors of Ceylon and Arabia. So, The governor of Ceylon ordered to sent the orphans and the widows with the valuable gifts to the governor of Arabia. Eventually, a journey was made from Ceylon to Arabia which was carrying some precious gifts for governor of Arabia by the Governor of Ceylon, widows and orphans. However, when this journey was reached at the coastal area of Daibul where a Hindu Brahmin named Raja Dahir, who was a black rigorous and aggressive sort of person for his region. However, the journey was looted by the pirates of the Dahir and all the valuable gifts and the widows including their orphans were jailed.

As a result, when this news was reached in the ear of the Arabian governor, named Hajjaj bin Yousuf. He immediately sent a latter to the Raja Dahir in order to release his people and get his valuable stuff back. As a result, Raja Dahir refused the letter of Hajjaj and said that he could not do anything for this matter. Therefore, Hajjaj bin yousif got permission from the head of the state in order to teach Dahir a lesson for his unkind activities. After that two war were waged against the Dahir but both were defeated respectively. After having frustrated, Hajjaj Bin Yousuf sent his own son in law, named Muhammad bin Qasim in order to crush the Dahir's power forever. Therefore, the brave and lion heated hero, Muhammabd Bin Qasim made a strategy and defeated the dahir's forts and curshed his power from Sindh to Multan. When Muhammad bin Qasim entered into Sindh's coastal area after conquered Saibla he constructed a mosque. This is the historical move of the Muhammad bin Qasim. In this way, since then the Sindh was called with the tile of Babul Islam or the gateway of Islam.

After occupying Sindh and Multan, Muhammad Bin Qasim treated well with the people who had been not unkind by the previous king. As a matter of fact, the people who belonged to low cast such as the Shodar, Khashtri and Buddhist had been suffered from the Hinduism. Therefore, they liked the teaching of new ruler and fully welcome the new Deen e Islam. Because in Deen e Islam they had been influenced after the comparison with other religions. Consequent, the Islam cam to know as a good Deen. However, after the conquered of the Multan, a conspiracy was made against the Muhammad bin Qasim and he was killed unjustly. However, It was the Muhammad bin Qasim who introduced Deen e Islam to the people of sub-continent and most of the people embraced Islam and began to preach Islam exclusively. Consequently, It would not be false to say that the Muhammad bin Qasim laid down the foundation stone in the sub-continent for Deen e Islam in order to get the non-Muslim into the fold of Islamic teachings. So in this regard, it would also not be false to say that He was the first Pakistani.

Therefore, before the event of Islam, there were three main religions i.e. Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism. The Hinduism was dominant on the former religions but when Islam came into the sub-continent, people got it embraced owing to its teaching and principles. Because, after comparative analysis they accept it with flying colors. Therefore, Islam get the people influenced in diverse spheres exclusively.

After Muhammad Bin Qasim, from 1000 to 1027 AD, Mahmud made 17 expedition but there are diverse assumption for the motive of his expeditions. Nevertheless, he also was a religious person who spread the message of Islam to the people of India but did not consolidate his rule. Afterwards, In 1206, a brave man named Qutubudin Aibek who was a lieutenant of Ghauri laid down the foundation stone of the Muslims' rule for the 1st time in the sub-continent. It was the inception of the Islam for going to its apex. However, From 1206 to 1526, an other five dynasties ruled on the sub-continent and worked for the evolution of Muslim society. These dynasties were of Slave, Khilji, Tughluq, Lodhi and Syed. However, after the era of 1526 onwards Mughal ruled India exclusively till war of independence in 1857 and in this era, in between the rule of the Mughal era a lot of contributions were done by the Muslim rulers but the main contributions were in the diverse sphere i.e Islamic and philosophical ideologies had also been introduced by the Mughals. Moreover, in the filed of construction and the art of calligraphy Mughal had done outstanding works as well, among them the photos of Mughals in miniature paintings is the influential of Muslims' rule to the other regions, besides the Taj Mahal as an outstanding importance in the world. In this connection it can be said that this was the flourishing time of the Muslim society. Nonetheless, the Mughal rule was demoralized after the departure of the Auranzeb in 1707 by his insufficient successes. Nevertheless, In the time of Mughal empire a lot of mystic, saints and other prominent personalities came into sub-continent and they spread the teaching of Islam according to their ideologies, among them the most eminent personalities were Shaikh Ismail, Baba Fareed, Nazam ud din Olia , Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindin, Shah Waliullah and Muin ud Din Chishty. However, They not only simply spread the teaching of Islam and got the people in the fold of Deen e Islam but also provided the Islamic knowledge according to the Quran and Hadith exclusively.

To the sum up, the message of the Last Prophet (PBUH) till Khulfa e Rashdeen and their influence to the other regions had been understood by the rest of the people especially the people of Arabia. however, with the activities of the Arab trade relations and invasions to the Sindh, the Islam had been spread and with the contributions of the mystic personalities. In this connection other Muslim rulers and Islamic heroes spread the message of Islam and then Islam came to known to be a perfect deen exclusively before the people of the sub-continent. It gave the considerable result not in the sub-continent but far reaching areas of the world. Therefore, after day by day Islamic teachings had been understood by people and they started the Pakistan Movement on the basis of Islamic ideology. Thus, Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan, Allama Iqbal, Qaide e Azam envisioned that the basis of the nation of the Muslim society would be based on the Islamic Ideology. Therefore, owing to the evolution of Muslim society Pakistan came into 14th August 1949.

Most welcome if you want to take part in this endeavor.
Yes, certainly we study the topics extensively before we write upon them. We solve a question on daily basis. If you participate in this discussion, it will be really very beneficial for you.

Q:6. Briefly describe the evolution of Muslim society in the sub-continent?

The traces of first Muslims' settlements in south west India (now Pakistan) can be found in the late 7th century A.D. Muslims were the traders and they came to this part of th world for the trading purposes. Whenever they got opportunity they preached Islam to the local people. Many Hindus were impressed from the fair dealings of Arab merchants which proved helpful in spreading the message of Islam. AT that time many Hindu rulers were ruling these areas who were supporting the pirates of Arabian sea. These pirates used to plunder the Arab traders and Arab settlers were also the victims of their brutality. Among those Raja Dahir was the most famous and powerful ruler who had his own army and many castles. Raja supported the pirates. Hajaj bin yousuf warned raja dahir and asked him not to do such activities which are harmful for the Muslims, especially for traders. But he arrogantly ignored the warning of hajaj and carried on the same practices. Hjaj bin yousaf, the governor of Iraq, decided to punish him and sent two military campaigns. Unfortunately, due the lack of better commandments these expeditions could not succeed. Then he decided to sent his most trusted commander and ablest leader, his nephew, Mohammad Bin Qasim. The first major military campaign by Muslim military in the sub-continent, under the leadership of Mohammad bin Qasim, was carried out in 712 A.D. Under the command of Mohammad bin Qasim, Muslims conquered Sindh. The reason of this campaign was to free Muslim women and children who were captives in the jail of Dahir, and to teach a lesson to pirates of debal who were looting the Arabian trade ships.

Thus Mohammad bin Qasim became the first Muslim conquerer in the sub-continent. In the short period of time, Muhammad bin Qasim took control of a large part of Sindh and Punjab including Multan, thus established first Muslim rule in sub-continent. For these reasons Sindh is called Bab-ul-Isalm (The gateway of Islam). After consolidating his rule in Sindh, he assumed the administrative responsibilities by setting up his government. He presented the marvelous example of Islamic state. He proved himself as an efficient and just ruler. The Hindu society and system of governance based on class system and inequality was prevalent. Muslims introduced social reforms and a just society was created. Hindus were allowed to profess and practice their religion without any hindrance. A progressive tax system was introduced, high for rich and low for poor. All discrimination on the basis of caste, or religion were brought to an end. It was because of these genuine reasons that Hindus were so much impressed from the principles of Islam that they started embracing Islam. It was the beginning of the development of Muslim society in the sub-continent. However, because of some political conspiracies the great Muslim leader was called back to Saudi Arbia where he was imprisoned, and unfortunately he perished over there. The accelerated growth of Islam, for some time, stopped.

After him a number of other rulers came to sub-continent and established Muslim rule. Mehmud Ghaznvi was second such ruler after Muhammad bin Qasim who expanded his territory to the larger extent. Many other rulers such as Shahab-ud-din Ghori, and a chain of Delhi Sultanate including almost 40 rulers were among those who ruled over sub-continent in different periods. The last Muslim rulers of sub-continent were Mughals. During all the periods of Muslim rule in sub-continent, religious scholars, mystics, ulemas and other eminent personalities were encouraged to carry out their practices. The consolidation of Muslim rule had provided a ground for the propagation of Islam. These pious man spread the light of Islam and with the time Islam had become the most popular religion in sub-continent. Many factors contributed for so rapid spread of Islam. Among those factors few were: the simple and understandable principles of Islam, its humanly approach, principles of equality and justice, rigid caste system of other cultures, and the pious and simple way of living of the preachers of Islam. Islam attracted a large number of followers. With these developments the social fabric of sub-continet got entirely changed and the new ideologies of social interactions emerged.

The religion was not the only area where changes had occured with the advent of Islam in the India, rather social, economic, cultural, political and literal environment also witnessed a great transition. The Muslim rulers, unlike their predecessors, were more in favor of their subjects and they worked to create harmony in society. They established good economic system which brought about prosperity, in general, for the common people of India. The migrants from the other Muslim states were invited as the men power were greatly needed for administrative purposes. Consequently, people of central Asian origin began to infiltrate in the population of sub-continent which caused a great cultural change. The language, literature, and way of life in common got influenced a lot by these developments.

Before the advent of Islam many anti-human activities based on caste system were prevalent in society. Low caste were deemed as untouchables. All the privileges were provided to high caste Hindus. These social dilemmas made the interaction between humans overwhelmingly difficult. Islam presented a new approach to those who were being denied a respectable place in society. Many inhuman customs were brought to an end. Islam provided dignity to those who came into its fold. These social conditions of sub-continent and natural tendencies of Islamic teachings proved extremely helpful for its preaching. It possessed a magnetic quality which made it to be readily accepted by persecuted class.

Few Hindu scholars were perturbed over the rapid growth of Islam. They directed their community to give up rigid customs and to make Hinduism much more attractive for people. They got inspired from the principles of Islam and adopted some of Islamic views in their teachings to make it more acceptable to people. Among those leaders, the prominent were ramananda, Guru Nanak Das and few others.

The preaching of Islam was not being carried out in a peaceful environment. Many agitative, rather virulent, movements were initiated by the zealous Hindus, who sought to check the influence of Islam. These agitations were aimed at reviving the Hinduism and to create impediments in the growth of Islam. Propagandas were aired. speculations against veracity of Islam had been spread. Every possible step was taken to hamper the prevalence of Islam. Despite all these hostile efforts, the people who were at the forefront to keep the flag of Islam loftiest, did not cease their struggle. They fought valiantly to counter the un-Islamic practices. Shaikh Ahmed sirhindi, Shah Waliullah, Haji sharit ullah were among such noble people who worked hard for the development of Islam in the sub-continent. Through their dedicated teachings they purged the un-Islamic beliefs of Muslims. They made a great contribution in the renaissance of Muslim community in their respective ages. These sincere efforts infused a spirit in the Muslims which enabled them to consider themselves as a nation, distinctive in every respect from other cultures. This ideology, which was later on supported and advocated by many other great Muslim leaders, became the foundation on which the Muslims laid down the edifice of their demand for separate homeland.


Dear members; Sara, Fassi, Hashmat, shahreena, and others please check my attempt and aware me of my mistakes.
Regards

There are some typo mistakes because of the load shedding problem. While I was reading it after attempting in order to correct the type mistakes light went out. I could not read it twice owing to light problem. If you find typo mistake, then please correct it..........

And you may criticize it as much as you can...........It will be highly appreciate.

And Other new members are requested to take part in this exercise.......

Fassi and Shakeel where are you????????????


thanks.........


Sara........

@Shakeel
dear you missed a lot of things, read the question( Briefly describe the evolution of Muslim society in the sub-continent? ) and you gave just over view. for further you go through my post above and find what you missed then you will realise that your attepmt is incomplete and also find out my mistakes

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i think this is wrong and meaningless sentence what you think about it


Hajjaj bin yousuf was the governor of Iraq

here it is quite pertinent to write his full name, Imam ud Din Muhammad Qasim

this is not relevant statement. you must write here After the death of caliph, the new caliph Salman bin Abdul Malik recalled Muhammad bin Qasim to his country where he was executed in 715

please explain this sentence what you want to ask?

for further information regarding this topic you must observe my post. and also point out my weakness and errors.
dear Saraa i think you didn't read this topic properly. but one thing i must say that you improved very well in drafting and your grammar mistakes are negligible i am very happy at this point... stay blessed keep it up

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LOVE all, TRUST a few, do WRONG to none......