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Timeline of Modern English History
Timeline of Modern English History
________________________________________ 1485 Beginning of Tudor Dynasty, Henry VII assumes the throne Central Royal authority was strengthened and private feudal armies suppressed 1487 Rebellion of Lambert Simnel 1509 End of Henry VII's reign – Begin reign of Henry VIII 1513 Battle of Foldden English victory over Scotland 1514 Beginning wars with France and Scotland 1517 End wars with France and Scotland 1520 (June 7) establishment of a short-lived alliance between Henry VIII and Francis I of France 1522 England invades France - invasion unsuccessful 1523 England abandons attempted French invasion 1527 Divorce crisis of Henry VIII begins 1530 Henry VII begins the process of breaking with the papacy time of internal instability associated with founding the new church 1534 Church of England established, unrest within England largely subsided 1542 Renewed warfare with France and Scotland French landings on the English coast between1545 and 1546 convince Henry VIII to begin a massive naval construction program. Beginning of the modern Royal Navy. Beginning of the construction of system of coastal fortifications. 1547 Death of Henry VIII – Begin reign of Edward IV Since Edward IV was not of age to rule, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, ruled as regent. 1549 Religious/Social Unrest Duke of Somerset puts down a Catholic revolt in Devonshire. Royal forces under John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, put down a peasant revolt in Norfolk. Setbacks in wars with France and Scotland French successful in battle outside Houlogne. Scottish recapture Haddington. September – Somerset forced out as regent due to war setbacks, social unrest, and noble dissatisfaction with his liberal ideas. Warwick, Duke of Northumberland, becomes regent. 1550 Peace with France France returns Boulogne to England for a cash payment. 1553 Death of Edward IV (June 6-19) Insurrection of Northumberland Upon the death of Edward VI, Northumberland attempted to place his daughter in law, Lady Jane Grey, on the throne instead of the rightful successor, Edward's sister, Mary. Northumberland was captured, and Jane was deposed and executed after a reign of nine days. 1553 Beginning of the Reign of Mary I Re-establishment of Catholicism in England. Her marriage to Philip of Spain added to religious unrest, many English Catholics joined the Protestants in distrust of Spain and Spanish Catholicism. 1554 Insurrection in Kent Led by Sir Thomas Wyatt, Sir Thomas Carew, and the Duke of Suffolk, this was an attempt to prevent Mary's marriage to Philip. Wyatt was defeated and overpowered while trying to take London. The rebellion collapsed and the leaders were executed. 1555 Persecution of Protestants begins 1557 War begins with France Mary's marriage led to English involvement in Spain's endemic wars with France 1558 End of Mary I's reign / Start of Reign of Elizabeth I (sister of Edward VI and Mary I) Elizabeth returns England to Protestantism, She followed a general policy of avoiding involvement in major continental wars. 1559 England ends war with France Intervention in Scotland English forces assist Scots against Frenchforces in Scotland. French surrender at Leith in February, 1560. 1562 England sends troops to France to aid the Huguenots. 1568 Beginning of a period of mounting hostilities between Spain and England 1570 Papal Bull declares Elizabeth excommunicated and deposed 1573 Temporary Rapprochement with Spain. Ascendancy of the Guise family in France leads to a temporary reduction of tensions. 1577 Alliance with the Netherlands Republic in their war against Spain, although Elizabeth did not declare war against Spain. 1580 Sir Francis Drake completes his circumnavigation of the World Drake raids Spanish and Portuguese colonies and shipping along the way. 1585 English military assistance to the Netherlands Henry Sidney, Earl of Lester, brings an army of 6,000 men to Holland. Drake's expeditions to the Caribbean An English expedition under Sir Francis Drake sacked Santo Domingo, Cartagena, St. Augustine and carried out numerous other raids in the West Indies. Expedition ends in 1586. 1587 English army in Netherlands returns to England The army performed poorly, and the Earl of Lester died in the field in the previous year. (April-June) Drake's Expedition to Cadiz Aware of Spanish plans for the coming armada, Drake sails into the port of Cadiz with a fleet of 23ships and destroys 33 Spanish vessels of all sizes. 1588 Santa Cruz dies Admiral Marquis de Santa Cruz, who was in charge of preparing the Armada, dies on January 30, and was replaced by Alone Perez de Guzman, Duke of Medina Sidonia, who had no naval experience. May 20 - The armada leaves Lisbon (comprised of 20 great galleons,44 armed merchant ships, 23 transports, 35 smaller vessels, 4 galleasses,and 4 galleys.) July 19 - Armada sited off the coast of Lizard Head by Englishscout vessels. July 20 - Lord Howard of Effingham, commander of the Englishforces, sets sail with from Plymouth (34 ships under his command, joinedby 34 under Drake's command, a London squadron of 30 ships, and an additional30 ships under Lord Henry Seymour.) July 21 - Spanish lose one ship in engagements off Plymouth. July 23 - No losses on either side as a result of this all daybattle July 25 - Battle of Dorset. The English are able to replenishtheir ammunition while the Spanish are not. Spanish head for Calis to replenishstocks and pick up troops. July 26-27 - Armada anchored off Calis, but unable to obtainsupplies due to the blockade of Bruges by the Dutch fleet under the commandof Justinian of Nassau. July 28 - English send fire ships into the Spanish fleet, whichresponds by cutting anchor and traveling up the coast while suffering heavylosses from English long range fire. July 29-30 - Unfavorable winds keep Spanish fleet from landinganywhere in the Low Countries. Sedina Sidonia decides to return to Spainby sailing up through the North Sea. August 2 - English fleet breaks off its pursuit of the Armadaand returns to its home ports. August-September - The armada suffers heavy losses as it makesits way back to Spain, due to storms, starvation, and thirst. 63 of theoriginal 130 ships returned to Spain. 1589 4,000 English troops land in Normandy to aid Henry of Navarre 1591 Small English force lands at St. Malo and Rouen. 1594 Tyrone Rebellion in Ireland Endemic rebellion in Irelanderupted into full scale war under the leadership of Hugh O'Neil, Earl ofTyrone. 1596 English troops landed during a raid on Cadiz. 1598 English defeated by Irish at the Battle of Yellow Ford onthe Blackwater river. 1601 Spanish Intervention Spain sends 4,000 troops to Irelandand capture Kinsale. 1603 Death of Elizabeth I,End of Tudor dynasty, beginningof Stuart dynasty with reign of James I. English victory Irish-Spanish troops defeated at the Battle of Kinsale.O'Neil surrenders and is pardoned by James I. 1604 October 24 - Unification of Britain The union of the crownsof England and Scotland eliminated internal frontiers and reduced the needfor a standing army, which increased parliamentary authority at the expenseof royal authority. 1605 The Gunpowder Plot the last major Catholic conspiracy 1624 Involvement in 30 Years War James sends a small force of1,200 men to the continent to assist Frederick of Prussia and ChristianIV of Denmark. This army collapses in 1625 due to a lack of training andsupplies. 1625 End of reign of JamesI, beginning of Charles I's reign 1626 Beginning of the Anglo-French war. 1627 The Duke of Buckingham's expedition to the Isle of Re, nearLa Rochelle, to support Huguenot forces ended in defeat. 1628 Buckingham assassinated while preparing another expeditionagainst the French. May - The Petition of Right listing of parliamentarygrievances against the king. 1630 November 5 - Peace with France and Spain 1639 First Bishops' War Scotland revolts over the impositionof Anglican liturgy into Scottish Presbyterian services. June 18 Pacification of Dunse temporary compromisesettlement 1640 Second Bishops' War hostilities renewed in Scotland April-May the "Short Parliament" the Commonsrefuses to grant Charles financial support for the war. August 28 Scots defeat Charles' forces atNewburn, Northumberland, and Durham November - Treaty of Ripon temporary end tohostilities. November 3 - the "Long Parliament" TriennialAct agreed to by Charles I. 1641 October - Outbreak of the Irish War Irish rebellion breaksout due to the distastefor the policies of the Earl of Stratford, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. December 1 - Grand Remonstrance Act passedby Parliament listing the grievances against Charles I. Abolition of the councilor courts, abolitionof prerogative taxation, Triennial Bill. 1642 January 3 Charles attempts to arrest 5 leaders in the Commons,attempt fails. March - Charles rejects Parliament's attemptto gain control of army. June - Parliament raises a 24,000 man army August - Charles begins to raise his armyat Nottingham 1643 Kings armies have the advantage Scots invade on the side of Parliament 1644 Parliaments armies take the advantage June - Battle of Marston Moor Parliament wins,decisive battle in war. 1645 "Clubmen" rising of armed neutrals threaten both sides Royalist armies disintegrate Parliament forces reorganize into the NewModel Army 1646 King surrenders to Scots Bishops and Book of Common Prayer abolished Presbyterian Church established 1647 Army revolt Radical movements criticize parliamentary tyranny 1648 Second Civil War Scots now side with the king and are defeated 1649 Trial and executionof Charles I England becomes a republic Government by single chamber Rump Parliament Oliver Cromwell begins the conquest of Irelandcomplete in 1650 1650 Cromwell begins the conquest of Scotland complete in 1652 1651 Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan 1652 First Dutch war begins 1653 Cromwell dissolves Rump Parliament Cromwell becomes LordProtector of Britain, written constitution. 1654 End of the first Dutch war 1655 Beginning of War with Spain Royalist insurrection Penruddock's rising,a complete failure 1658 Cromwell dies and is succeeded by his son Richard 1659 Richard overthrown by army Rump is restored, but displeasesthe army 1660 Restoration of the Stuarts - Charles II takes the throne 1662 Church of England restored 1663 Failure of first Royal attempt to grant religious toleration 1665 Second Anglo-Dutch War begins Great Plague final major outbreak 1666 The Great Fire of London 1667 Second Anglo-Dutch War ends Milton's Paradise Lost published allegoryfor the failed revolution 1672 Third Anglo-Dutch War begins Failure of second royal attempt to grant religioustoleration 1674 Third Anglo-Dutch War Ends 1679 The Exclusion Crisis beginning of the Whig and Tory parties 1685 February 6 - James II takes the throne 1687 Newton's Principia Mathematica published 1688 William of Orange invadesJames II flees the country 1689 February 13 - William of Orange andMary Stuart named joint sovereigns of England by Parliament. Irish War begins 1690 Battle of the Boyne William III defeats Irish and Frencharmies 1691 Irish War ends English victory 1694 Bank of England founded Death of Queen Mary 1697 Civil List Act Parliament votes funds for the maintenanceof the royal household. 1699 February Disbanding Act Parliament reduces the size of theBritish standing army to 7,000 to limit William III's involvement in continentalwarfare. 1700 Importation of Indian muslin and printed calicoes is forbidden 1701 June 12 Act of Settlement Parliament states thatthe English crown will go to the Electors of Hanover, throughSophia, granddaughter of James I, after Anne,daughter of James II had reigned. September 16 James II dies in France Beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession 1702 Death of William III,Anne Stuart takes the throne 1704 British capture Gibraltar from Spain 1705 Newcomen's fire-engine 1707 May 1 Union of England and Scotland Establishes theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain. 1708 James Edward, the Pretender, lands in Scotland his welcomeis lukewarm and he returnsto France in the same year. Abraham Darby takes lease of Coalbrookdale 1710 Fall of the Whig Ministry Tories cometo power - Harley ministry 1713 End of the War of the Spanish Succession Treaty of Utrecht 1714 August 1 - Death of Anne Stuart, beginning of the HanoverDynasty with George I, Elector of Hanover. 1715 September - Beginning of the Jacobite Rebellion in Scotlandinitial successes, James Edward arrives from France in December. 1716 Septennial Act no parliament can sit for longer than sevenyears without an election February - Jacobite rising defeated JamesEdward returns to France. 1719 Spanish Expedition to Scotland Spanish fleet sailing toScotland to put Stuarts back on the throne is scattered by a storm anddoes not meet its objective. 1720 South Sea Bubble Many investors are ruined after speculationin the stock of the South Sea Company Wearing of pure cotton cloth prohibited 1721 Walpole ministry 1727 George I dies, George II becomes king beginning of war with Spain 1729 End of war with Spain 1730 Lord Townshend retires from the ministry to devote himselfto agricultural improvement 1733 Excise crisis Walpole must abandon plans to reform customsand excise duties. Kay's fly shuttle invented Jethro Tull's Horse-hoeing Husbandrypublished 1737 Death of Queen Caroline 1738 Lewis Paul's roller-spinning machine invented 1739 Beginning of "War of Jenkin's Ear" Anglo-Spanish naval war 1740 Beginning of the War of the Austrian Succession 1742 Fall of Wallpole 1744 Pelham ministry 1745 Beginning of "The Forty-five" James Edward once again comesto England to reclaim his throne. 1746 End of "The Forty-five" Scottish uprising suppressed, JamesEdward returns to France. Scotsmen now forbidden to wear their nationaldress. 1748 End of "War of Jenkin's Ear" with Spain End of the War of the Austrian SuccessionPeace of Aix-la-Chapelle 1749 Iron manufactures suppressed in the American colonies 1751 War between British and French in India 1752 Adoption of Gregorian Calendar 1754 War between English and French colonists in America begins Newcastle ministry 1756 Beginning of the Seven Years War Britain allied with Frederickthe Great of Prussia against France, Austria, and Russia. 1758 Threshing machine invented Bridgewater Canal constructed 1760 Death of George II, accession of GeorgeIII Carron Iron Works opened 1761 Wilkinson sets up furnaces in Bersham 1762 Bute ministry 1763 End of the Seven Years War Peace of Paris 1764 Hargreaves' spinning jenny invented 1765 American Stamp Act meant to pay for the defense of the Americancolonies Rockingham ministry 1766 Chatham ministry begins 1768 Grafton ministry begins Cook's first voyage in the Pacific begun 1769 James Watt's steam engine patented Arkwright's "water frame" patented 1770 Lord North's ministry begins 1773 Boston Tea Party a protest against the East India Company'smonopoly on tea exports to American colonies 1774 Coercive Acts Passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party Arkwright's carding machine patented Wearing pure cotton cloth permitted by law Priestley discovers oxygen 1775 Thomas Spence's The Real Rights of Man published War of American Independence begun 1776 Declaration of American Independence Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of theRoman Empire published Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations published 1777 First Bath and West of England Agricultural Show held 1779 Crompton's mule invented 1781 British surrender at Yorktown end of American RevolutionaryWar 1782 Second Rockingham ministry 1784 Henry Cort's puddling process patented Bell's cylindrical process of calico printing Andrew Meikle's threshing machine Watt's double-acting steam-engine 1783 Shelburne ministry Pitt ministry 1784 East India Act 1785 Steam-engines first applied to spinning machinery Arkwright's patents declared invalid New Lanark Mills founded by David Dale Cartwright's first patent for a power loom 1786 Eden's commercial treaty with France 1789 French Revolution 1791 Thomas Paine's The Rights of Man published Spinning jenny applied to wool 1792 Coal and gas used for lighting 1793 Outbreak of war with France Eli Whitney's cotton gin Commercial depression begins 1794 Habeas Corups suspended 1795 "Speenhamland" system of relief made wages equal to thecosts of subsistence Beginning of the United Irishmen Revolt 1796 Vaccination against smallpox introduced 1797 United Irishmen Revolt ends brutally repressed by Britishforces Cash payments by the Bank of England suspended The British Naval Mutinies 1798 Malthus's Essay on Population first published Income tax (10% on incomes over £200) 1799 Napoleon appointed First Consul in France Beginning of commercial boom Trade Unions suppressed under the CombinationLaw Serfdom of Scottish coal miners abolished Limited free trade established between Britainand Ireland 1801 Union with Ireland End of commercial boom First British Census estimated population8,892,536 Surrey Iron Railway 1802 Peace with France Peel introduces first factory legislation West India Dock completed 1803 War with France begins again Horrock's improved power loom patented General Enclosure Act simplifies the processof enclosure of common land 1805 Battle of Trafalgar Nelson defeats the French and Spanishfleets 1806 Death of Pitt, Lord Grenville becomesPM 1807 Abolition of the slave trade 1808 Peninsular War begins East India Docks opened 1809 Economic boom begins 1811 Depression sets in Luddite riots in Nottinghamshire 1812 Beginning of war with United States of America Napoleon's Russian campaign 1813 Monopoly of East India Company abolished Henry Bell's steamboat Comet plies on theClyde 1814 Stephenson's railway engine used to haul coal Repeal of Statute of Apprentices 1815 Battle of Waterloo Congress of Vienna Corn Law passed Beginning of a commercial boom 1817 Recession sets in 1819 Peterloo Massacre The Savannah crossed the Atlantic partly understeam power 1820 Death of George III,accession of George IV 1821 Famine in Ireland begins Cash payments resumed by the Bank of England 1822 Greek war of independence begins 1823 End of Irish famine 1824 Trade boom begins Repeal of laws against the export of machineryand artisans 1825 Trade Unions legalized Stockton and Darlington railway opens Commercial depression begins 1827 Liverpool retires, Canning becomesPM 1829 Catholic Emancipation Greece wins independence Metropolitan Police established 1830 Death of George IV, accessionof William IV Liverpool and Manchester railway opens 1831 Swing riots rural workers protesting against mechanizationof agriculture 1832 Great Reform Bill introduces the "10pound" voter franchise 1833 Factory Act limiting child labor 1834 Slavery abolished it the British Empire Grand National Consolidated Trade Union Founded 1835 Commercial boom - Major increase in railway building begins 1837 Death of William IV, accessionof Victoria I 1838 People's Charter drafted The Great Western Railway opened London toBath and Bristol 1839 Chartist riots Capture of Hong Kong Beginning of Afgan war 1840 Railway regulation act 1841 Tories assume power, Peel becomesPM 1842 Income tax revived End of Afgan war 1843 End of Opium War with China 1844 Boom in railway building begins Result of the Cheep TrainsAct Irish potato famine begins First telegraph in England 1846 Corn Laws abolished Peel resigns, Lord JohnRussell becomes PM 1848 European revolutions Last great Chartist demonstration 1949 Repeal of Navigation Laws 1851 Great Exhibition Crystal Palace showcases the industrialmight of Britain Submarine cable laid across the English Channel 1852 Russell Resigns, Earl of Derbybecomes PM 1854 Crimean War begins 1855 Newspapers duties repealed Aberdeen resigns, Palmerston becomes PM 1856 Crimean War ends 1857 Start of second Opium War opens China to European trade Production of aniline dyes started 1858 End of Second Opium War Indian Mutiny and India Act Palmerston resigns, Lord Derby becomes PM 1859 Publication of Darwin's Origin of the Species Great London builders strike 1860 Anglo-French "Cobden" treaty 1861 Death of Albert, Prince Consort US Civil war causes cotton famine in Lancashire 1862 Limited Liability Act provides stimulus to business interests 1863 War with Japan to open Japanese ports to trade 1865 October - Death of Palmerston, Russell becomes PM 1866 Derby forms a minority Conservative government Submarine cable laid across the Atlantic 1867 Dominion of Canada Act Second Reform Act household franchise in boroughs 1868 February - Disraeli becomes PM (Conservative) Gladstone forms Liberal Government 1869 Suez Canal opened Irish Church disestablished Debt imprisonment ended 1870 Irish Land Act Elementary Education Act 1871 Purchase of commissions in the army abolished 1874 Disraeli forms Conservative government 1875 British government buys controlling shares in Suez Canal Agricultural depression deepens due to new grain supplies from Russia and the United States entering the European market for the first time. 1876 Victoria proclaimed Empress of India Compulsory Education enacted 1877 Confederation of British and Boer states in South Africa 1878 Congress of Berlin Edison's bipolar dynamo invented 1879 Economic depression deepens Zulu war Incandescent lamp invented 1880 First Anglo-Boer war Synthetic indigo manufactured Employers Liability Act passed 1882 Britain occupies Egypt Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria,and Italy 1885 Burma annexed Third Reform Act household franchise in counties Salisbury's first Conservative government 1886 Gladstone becomes PM (Liberal Party) First Home Rule Bill for Ireland splits theLiberal Party Gold found in Transvaal Royal Niger Company chartered 1886 Conservatives return to powerunder Salisbury 1887 British East Africa Company chartered 1889 London dock strike Board of Agriculture instituted British South Africa Company chartered 1892 Liberals return to power under Gladstone 1893 Second Home Rule Bill rejected by the House of Lords Independent Labor Party founded 1894 Gladstone resigns, Lord Rosebery becomes PM 1896 Sudan conquest begins 1897 Workmen's Compensation Act 1898 Sudan under British control Fashoda incident German naval expansion begins 1899 May-June First Hague Peace Conference Second Anglo-Boer war begins 1900 "Khaki" election won by Salisbury Commonwealth of Australia Act 1901 Death of Victoria I- Edward VII becomes king 1902 Anglo-Japanese alliance End of Boer War Peace of Vereeniging 1903 Tariff Reform Campaign started Wright brothers make first airplane flight 1904 Anglo-French Entente Committee on Imperial Defense (Esher Committee) major reorganizationof British armed forces in light of the Boer War experiences 1905 Campbell-Bannerman's Liberal Government Morocco Crisis Beginning of the Haldane Military Reforms 1906 Launching of the H.M.S Dreadnought First all big-gun battleship,with 10 12" guns. Labor Party formed 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente 1908 Beginning of Asquith's Liberal Government Old Age Pension plan introduced Eight hour day in coal mines introduced 1910 Death of Edward VII - accession ofGeorge V Churchill's Employment Exchanges introduced 1911 Moroccan Crisis Serious railroad, mining, and coal strikeslasting until 1912 1912 Failure of Anglo-German naval talks First minimum wage laws for miners Beginning of the Balkan war 1913 End of the Balkan war Peace of London 1914 Third Home Rule Act for Ireland passed and suspended March 20 - Curragh "Mutiny" Brigadier GeneralHubert Gough resigns rather thancarry out orders that would have forced them to compell the population of Ulster toaccept Home Rule under the separatists of southern Ireland. June 28 - Assassination of Archduke Ferdinandat Sarajevo August 4 - British Empire enters firstWorld War 1915 Dardanelles expedition ending in British withdrawal fromGallipoli in 1916 Unofficial strike on Clyde South Wales miners strike 1916 Battle of the Somme Battle of Jutland Lloyd George succeeds Asquith as Prime Minister 1917 Battle of Passchendaele Food Ministry reorganized 1918 November 11 - End of first World War 1919 Treaty of Versailles London police strike National railway strike Cotton Operatives strike 1920 Civil war in Ireland Deflation and price slump sets in First meeting of League of Nations 1921 "Triple Alliance" Miners, dockers, and railwaymen strikeon "Black Friday," but strike is broken when dockers and railwaymen backdown. 1922 Fall of LLoyd George, Bonar Law leads Conservative government 1923 Bonar Law resigns, Stanley Baldwin becomes PM 1924 January - First Laborgovernment headed by MacDonald 1925 Britain goes back on the gold standard 1926 May 3-12 - General strike 1931 Financial Crisis Britain goes off the gold standard. Hoover moratorium on inter-governmental debt Gold standard collapses 1932 Ottoawa Conference institutes imperial preference on tradewithin the British Empire 1935 Conservatives win election, Baldwin becomes PM June 18 Anglo-German Naval Agreement Germantonnage would not exceed 35% of English tonnage. (This agreementestranged France from Britain). September - Ethiopian Crisis 1936 Death of George V - Edward VIII abdicates - George VI becomes king 1937 Neville Chamberlain becomes new Conservative PM January 2 - Anglo-Italian Mediterranean Agreement 1938 September 29 - Munich Agreement 1939 March 31 - British Guarantee to Poland September 3 - Britain declares war on Germany 1940 Churchill replaces Chamberlain as PM British withdrawal from Dunkirk Battle for Britain 1941 Luftwaffe blitz on many British cities Soviet Union and the United States enter the war 1942 Loss of Singapore Battle of Stalingrad Beveridge Report on Social Security 1943 Successful North African Campaigns Anglo-American armies invade Italy 1944 D-Day invasion of France Butler's Education Act 1945 May 8 - End of second World War in Europe August 15 - End of war in far East Landslide Labor victory Clement Attlee becomes Prime Minister Beginning of involvement in Greece Beginning of troubles in Arabia Intermittent frontier conflicts in Aden and Arabian Protectorates. 1947 India, Pakistan, and Burma become independent Pound convertibility crisis pound only able to remain freely convertible with the US dollar for one month. Coal and other industries nationalized Treaty of Dunkirk: A 50 year Anglo-French alliance, also including the Benelux countries. 1948 Beginning of the Berlin Blockade RAF units participate. 1949 NATO founded April 18 - Independence of Eire: Ireland breaks off all ties with Great Britain and becomes an independent state. devaluation of the pound 1950 March 29 - Churchill urges the rearmament of Germany Korean War begins [/FONT] Source: William Cameron "short history of Britain" |
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Brother, Could I ask where did you refer to prepare this time line.. Books? Internet?...
Share it with us Please. |
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