between
1.Criminal conspiracy.
2.Abetment.
3.Common intention.
4.common object.

1.Criminal conspiracy
In criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between two or more persons to break the law at some time in the future.
2.Abetment
Abetment is an instigation to a person to do an act in a certain way or aid some other person in doing an act which in an offence.
Abetment can be committed only when there is positive evidence of either instigation or conspiracy or intentional aid
Abetment
3.Common intention
Common Intention implies a prearranged plan and acting in concert pursuant to the plan.
To constitute common intention, it is necessary that the intention of each one of them be known to the rest of them and shared by them
4.Common object
"Common object" is different from a "common intention" as it does not require a prior concert and a common meeting of minds before the attack. It is enough if each has the same object in view and their number is five or more and that they act as an assembly to achieve that object.
Law-in-Perspective: Common object versus Common Intent: The distinction revisited

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Section 107.
Abetment of a thing:
A person abets the doing of a thing, who:
First: Instigates any person to do that thing; or
Secondly: Engages with one or more other person or, persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing, if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that conspiracy, And in order to the doing of that thing; or
Thirdly: Intentionally aids, by any act or illegal omission, the doing of that thing.
Explanation 1: A person who, by wilful misrepresentation, or by wilful concealment of a material fact which he is bound to disclose, voluntarily causes or procures, or attempts to cause or procures a thing to be done, is said to instigate the doing of that thing.

Illustration

A, a public officer, is authorized by a warrant from a Court of Justice to apprehend Z. B, knowing that fact and also that C is not Z, wilfully presents to A that C is Z, and thereby intentionally causes A to apprehend C. Here B abets by instigation the apprehension of C.
Explanation 2: Whoever, either prior to or at the time of commission of an act, does anything in order to facilitate the commission of that act, and thereby facilitates the commission thereof, is said to aid the doing of that act.

Section 120-A
Definition of criminal conspiracy:
When two or more persons agree to do, or cause to be done,
(1) an illegal act, or
(2) an act which is not illegal by illegal means such an agreement is designated a criminal conspiracy:
Provided that no agreement except an agreement to commit an offence shall amount to a criminal conspiracy unless some act besides the agreement is done by one or more parties to such agreement in pursuance thereof.
Explanation: It is immaterial whether the illegal act is the ultimate object of such agreement, or is merely incidental to that object.

section120-B
Punishment of criminal conspiracy:
(1) Whoever is a party to a criminal conspiracy to commit an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or rigorous imprisonment for a term of two years or upwards, shall, where no express provision is made in this Code for the punishment of such a conspiracy, be punished in the same manner as if he had abetted such offence.

(2) Whoever is a party to a criminal conspiracy other than a criminal conspiracy to commit an offence punishable as aforesaid shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term not exceeding six months, or with fine or with both.

Common Intention

34. Acts done by several persons In furtherance of common intention.
When a criminal act is done by several persons, in furtherance of the common intention of all, each such person is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone.

Common Object


149. Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object:
If an offence is committed by any member of an unlawful assembly in prosecution of the common object of that assembly, or such as the members of that assembly knew to be likely to be committed in prosecution of that object, every person who, at the time of the committing of that offence, is a member of the same assembly, is guilty of that offence.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SECTIONS 34 AND 149 PPC:


149 is wider in its sweep and longer in its reach than section 34. The actual participation in action is the essential

element of section 34 but membership of the unlawful assembly is the leading feature of section 149 PPC. Section 34

merely declares a rule of criminal liability but section 149 creates a specific offence. Common object is different than

common intention as it does not require prior concert and a common meeting of minds but an unlawful object is

developed when people assembled together. At least two persons are required to share the common intention under

section 34 but for applicability of section 149 unlawful assembly must consist of atleast 5 persons.

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