CSS Forums - Repeated Questions of Geology

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Paper-[SIZE=4]I[/SIZE]

Earth[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/U][/CENTER]
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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss the internal structure of the earth in the light of seismic velocities. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the internal structure of the Earth and its relation to solar system. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What methods are available to determine the age of the Earth? Describe its internal structure. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]How Earth came into being? Briefly discuss theories about its origin. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2003)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]
[/FONT][CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black] [U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4]Earth[SIZE=4]q[/SIZE]uakes[/SIZE][/FONT][/U][/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/CENTER]
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[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]How the Earthquake is located? How the destruction was made by earthquake in 2005 in Pakistan? Discuss briefly.[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]In the context of earthquake, define epicentre and focus. Using P and S waves how the epicentre of an earthquake is located? [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What is the difference between magnitude and intensity of an earthquake? What are earthquake resistant structures? [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2005)[/COLOR][/B] [/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]How do you locate the epicenter of an earthquake? What measures are necessary for those areas of Pakistan which are seismically active[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What are EARTHQUAKES? How are these produced? What measures need to be adopted to mitigate the damage caused by the earthquakes[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]
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[/FONT][CENTER][CENTER][U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][B][COLOR=black]Plate Tectonics

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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Discuss three types of collision of Plate boundaries with reference to Plate system of Pakistan. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Briefly describe the theory of plate tectonic. Also comment on the Indian-Eurasian Collision and formation of Himalayas[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]How many Tectonic Plate Boundaries are found? Describe them briefly with emphasis to Indian Plate. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2009)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What is meant by continental drift and plate tectonics? Discuss various tectonic elements of the Earth. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2003)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]
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[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black][U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4]Fault and Folds[/SIZE][/FONT][/U]

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[LIST][*][B]Short Note[/B] - Types of fold [FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Differentiate Structural Geology and Tectonics. Enlist classification of fault based on Slip and attitude of fault and attitude of strata with brief description and diagrams.[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What are faults, how they are recognized in field? Give the classification of faults based on Slip types. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]How do you classify Folds? Discuss the types of Folds in the mountains of Balochistan.[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2005)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]How do you classify Faults? Discuss the importance of chaman fault in the geology of Pakistan. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]
[/FONT][CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=4][U][FONT=Georgia][B][COLOR=black]Volcanism[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/U][/SIZE][COLOR=black][SIZE=4][U][FONT=Georgia]
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[LIST][*]What are volcanoes, how they are formed? Discus their elationship with orogeny and plate tectonics. Also describe the types of eruptions related with various types of volcanoes . [FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] [/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe volcanic processes in detail with emphasis to volcanic activity in Indus and Baluchistan Basins. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2009)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What is a Volcano ? Where are Volcanoes located on Earth? What are different types of Volcanic Eruptions? Where does Calk-Alkaline magmatism occur? [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2008)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]
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[/FONT][CENTER][CENTER][U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][B][COLOR=black]Weathering and Erosion

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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]How many kinds of Geomorphic Cycles are possible? Discuss process of chemical weathering in detail.[/COLOR][COLOR=maroon] (2007)[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Discuss the process of weathering and erosion. What is the importance of these processes? [/COLOR][COLOR=maroon](2005)[/COLOR][/FONT][/LIST][CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]· [/COLOR][/FONT]

[FONT=Georgia][U][SIZE=4][B][COLOR=black]Sedimentary Structures[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/U][/FONT][/CENTER]
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[/COLOR][/FONT][LIST][*]What are Deltas, how they are formed? Describe deltaic landforms and give the characteristics of deltaic sediments. [FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*]With the help of a diagram give the clasifcation of sandstones proposed by Dot orFolk. Describe the compositon of each class.[FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]With examples, discuss the geological parameters which control the landforms of an area. Describe the landforms resulted by sedimentation through ice and melt water. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What are sedimentary structures? Describe its classification and discuss the deformational sedimentary structures[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]
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[/FONT][CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U]Fossils[/U][/SIZE][/FONT]

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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Discuss the process of fossilization in detail.[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Define fossil, discuss various modes of fossilizations. Describe main morphological features of class Trilobita of Phylum Arthropoda. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What importance has micro fossils in stratigraphy? Give the Classification of Phylum Sarcodina up to Family level. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2009)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What is a Fossil? What are various requirements for the preservation of fauna and flora in rocks?[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2008)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What is the importance of Fossils in Geology? Describe various processes of fossilization. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2007)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What are FOSSILS? How are these preserved? List the most important INDEX Fossils of Pakistan. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2003)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the morphology of Brachiopods. What is their significance in the stratigraphy of Pakistan? [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2005)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Describe the morphology of CEPHALOPODS. What is their significance in the stratigraphy of Pakistan? [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Write an essay on the Foraminifera with special reference to their distribution in Pakistan[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]
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[/FONT][CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][B][COLOR=black]Stratigraphy

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[LIST][*]Diferentiate betwen Chronostratigraphic and Lithostratigraphic units. Which of these units are esentialy synchronous and why? Write the stratigraphic sucesion of Bara Nala Section of Sindh.[FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][B]Short Note [/B]- [FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Stratigraphy of Khewra Gorge [/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the stratigraphy of Khewra Gorge[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Define correlation, describe the principle of correlation with examples from the stratigraphy of Pakistan[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Describe the Stratigraphy of Oceanic Crust?.[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2008)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What is Stratigraphic Code of Pakistan? Describe the Paleozoic rocks of the Salt Range. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2005)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What is STRATIGRAPHY? Briefly describe various stratigraphic units? Summarize the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Salt Rage. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2003)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What are the basic time stratigraphic units and their corresponding time units? Why did geologist find it necessary to establish these two kinds of units? [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]
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[/FONT][CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U]Salt Range [/U][/SIZE][/FONT]

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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Discuss the occurrence,stratigraphy and the reserve of coal in salt range(Cis and Trans Indus).[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Describe the morphological and structural characters of Salt Range. Discuss its importance in geology of Pakistan. Give the lithological characteristics of Salt Range Formation. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Describe the succession (Various Formations) of Mesozoic Era from Salt Range. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2009)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Enlist generalized succession of Paleozoic Era found in Salt Range and discuss the regional Unconformities established in Indus Basin of Pakistan.[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2007)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]
[/COLOR][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black][U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4]Minerals[/SIZE][/FONT][/U]

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[LIST][*]How orthopyroxenes can be diferentiated from clinopyroxenes under polarizing microscope? Name the members of ortho-and clinopyroxenes. Write al optical properties of orthopyroxenes. [FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Short Note - [/B]Hardness of the minerals and scale [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]How minerals are classified? Discuss and en list the classification of minerals other than silicate.[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss the physical properties of minerals dependent on light. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]How rock-forming minerals are classified on the basis of silicate structure? Give example of each class. Write down the physical properties of mica group. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]How X-ray diffraction helps to determine the mineralogical composition of rocks? [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What are various common rock-forming minerals of the Earth’s Crust ? Briefly describe their composition and structure[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2008)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Define mineral, crystal and rock. Describe the Feldspar group of minerals[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2005)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][COLOR=black]What is the significance of physical properties of mineral? Describe the PYROXENE group of minerals[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B][*][COLOR=black]What is a MINERAL? Discuss various ROCK-FORMING MINERALS with the help of examples[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2003)[/COLOR][/B][*][COLOR=black]What are Feldspars? Keeping in view the Al/Si distribution over the non-equivalent tetrahedral sites in the structure of feldspar. What is a disordered feldspar? [/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST]

[CENTER][U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][B][COLOR=black]Crystals[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/U]
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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Describe various Crystal System briefly and give examples of two minerals at least for each system. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2007)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What is he base of division of crystals into Systems and Classes? What are the peculiarities of the “Normal class” of a system? Describe the symmetry of the normal class of the Hexagonal System. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black]
[SIZE=4][U][FONT=Georgia]Bedding[/FONT][/U][/SIZE]

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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What is Bed Form ? Describe the variety of Bed Forms produced under varying conditions of Flow Regime? [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2008)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Define bedding and stratification. Discuss various types of bedding. Which features are employed to check whether the beds are right side up or over turned?[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][B]Rocks

[/B][/U][/SIZE][/FONT][LEFT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [B]Short Note[/B] - Stages of deformation [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Short Note[/B] -[/SIZE][/FONT]Kinds of unconformities [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]How do the sediments convert to sedimentary rocks? Describe a few elastic sedimentary rocks. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2005)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What are unconformities? Discuss various stages involved in their development and describe with the help of diagrams various types of unconformities.[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss the rock cycle and explain how it is related to plate tectonics.[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][/LEFT]

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[FONT=Verdana] [B]Igneous Rocks[/B]
[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Discuss the origin of MAGMA in relation to plate tectonics. How different types of igneous rocks are formed from a single magma? [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What is acidic igneous rocks ? Describe the petrology of granite in detail.[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]What are Rocks? Discuss igneous rocks and compare and contrast the intrusive and extrusive rocks. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana] [B][COLOR=black]Metamorphic Rocks[/COLOR][/B]

[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Describe principal types of metamorphic rocks in details. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2009)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Briefly Describe the classification of Metamorphic Rocks. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2008)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana] [B][COLOR=black]
Plutonic and volcanic rocks[/COLOR][/B]

[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Differentiate between Plutonic and volcanic rocks in detail and give examples of rocks from Pakistan and at least five for each kind[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2007)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Briefly describe the major plutonic and volcanic rocks with their composition. Give some examples from Pakistan[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]

[/FONT][CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4]Miscellaneous[/SIZE][/FONT]

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[LIST][*]What do you understand with palaeocurent analysis? What are the tols used for this analysis? How palaeocurent direction is determined using a Rose diagram or a Vector Diagram?[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Describe the tertiary succession of lower Indus Basin. [/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]What do you understand by Sedimentary Environment? Discuss in details the Marine environment.[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What is meant by Metamorphism? What are various agents /factors of Metamorphism? [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2008)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Define Formation. Describe the Tertiary sequence of strata in Sindh.[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2008)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=maroon][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe various kinds of primary sedimentary structures and their role in identification of top and bottom of a Bed surface[/COLOR][COLOR=maroon].[/COLOR][/FONT][/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2007)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/COLOR][/B] [/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the Cretaceous sequence of Hazara Area and the Suleman Range.[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2007)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Discuss the difference in the Petrography; chemistry and occurrence of the Alkali basalt and tholeiitc basalt.[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black] What is incongruent melting? Draw Phase diagram of the binary system-Leucite-Silica. Describe the characteristic features of this system. [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][B][U][COLOR=black]
Short Notes[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER]
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[/FONT][LIST][*]Interference figure [FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*]Metamophic facies [FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*]Suture in Cephalopods [FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3] [/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Present is key to the past [/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Mechanism of metamorphism [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Magmatic Differentiation [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Diagenesis [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Dolomitization [/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Metasomatism[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Metamorphic zones and facies.[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2001)[/COLOR][/B][COLOR=black],[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Earth Magnetic Field[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Convergent Plate Boundary[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Chemical weathering[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]Different weathering.[/COLOR][B][COLOR=maroon] (2001)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Primary structures of igneous rock[B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Geomorphic cycle[B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]

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[B][U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][COLOR=black]PAPER - II
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[B][U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][COLOR=black]Minerals[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/U][/B][/CENTER]
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[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Discuss the processes of mineralization of Pegmatites. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss the mineralization associated with pegmatites.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Name various geochemical prospecting methods for minerals. Describe any one of them in detail with examples. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe various kinds of gemstones and give their occurrences from Pakistan.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss prospects for mineral –based industries in Pakistan [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon].(2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][COLOR=black][FONT=&quot]
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[CENTER][CENTER][U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][B][COLOR=black]Metallic and Non-Metallic Mineral

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[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Discuss in detail the geology of non-metallic minerals in Northern Areas of Pakistan. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss with reference to geographical distribution, economic value and occurrences of Non-Metallic Minerals of Pakistan. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2009)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the variety of metallic minerals available in Pakistan. Also point out the types of industries which can be set up based on these metallic minerals.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2008)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss with reference to geographical distribution, economic value and kind of occurrences, various metallic ores and minerals from Pakistan. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2007)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss metallic mineral resources of Pakistan? Suggest economically viable, mineral-based industries for various deposits? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2003)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST]
[CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][B][COLOR=black]Mineral Deposits

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[LIST][*]Describe formation and ocurences of salt deposits of Salt Range area and its utilzation in various industries.[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][*]Describe genesis and metalogeny of Muslim Bagh chromite deposits.[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Discuss the occurrence and industrial utilization of bentonite deposits of Pakistan. [/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss the genesis of primary Kaolin deposits of Pakistan. Also describe different end uses of this commodity.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Write about the tectonic setting and metallogenic province of RecoDiK Copper – Gold Belt of Baluchistan. Discuss the genesis and petrography of the deposit. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the occurrence and industrial utilization of bentonite deposits of Azad Kashmir. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B]
[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the process of Magmatic concentration during formation of mineral Deposits. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2007)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What is PORPHYRY Copper deposit? Describe the geology of SAINDAK area.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss mineral deposits of Hydrothermal Origin. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black] What are salt domes? Discuss their evolution and economic significance. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Define metallogeny with reference to plate tectonics, giving examples from Pakistan.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2000)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][CENTER][CENTER][COLOR=black][FONT=&quot]
[/FONT][/COLOR]
[FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][B][COLOR=black]Radioactive Minerals

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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What are the important radioactive minerals? Discuss their host rocks and occurrences in Pakistan. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2003)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Briefly describe occurrence of radioactive minerals in Pakistan[COLOR=maroon][B].[/B][/COLOR][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2000)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST]
[CENTER][CENTER][U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][B][COLOR=black]Expulsion[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/U][/CENTER]
[/CENTER]
[FONT=Verdana]
[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black] Discuss the efficiency of expulsion and also discuss how this expulsion (primary migration) does occurs form source rocks? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2007)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black] Describe the environmental conditions of the transformation of organic matter into kerogen. How the expulsion occurs from the source work? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST]
[CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][B][COLOR=black]Hydrocarbon

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[LIST][*]Discus diferent geophysical techniques used to prospect hydrocarbon deposit in an area.[FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Short Note -[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] Sequence stratigraphic approach in exploration of hydrocarbons [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the theories regarding the origin of hydrocarbons. Also discuss the primary migration of Hydrocarbons. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the theories regarding the origin of Petroleum and Primary Migration of Hydrocarbons.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Briefly describe origin, migration and occurrences of hydrocarbons. Discuss hydrocarbon provinces of Pakistan. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2003)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]How gravity and magnetic techniques are useful in hydrocarbon exploration?[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST] [CENTER][CENTER]
[B][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][COLOR=black]Traps[/COLOR][/U][/SIZE][/FONT][/B][/CENTER]
[/CENTER]
[FONT=Verdana]
[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the Trap mechanism and classify the kinds of traps according to Allen Allen. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2009)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the factors controlling organic productivity of organic mass. Discuss the mechanism of oil trapping. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2007)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST]
[CENTER][CENTER][COLOR=black][FONT=&quot][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][B]Coal[/B][/U][/SIZE][/FONT]

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[LIST][*]Evaluate Thar coal deposits for power generation. Describe major constrain in this regard.[FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss the occurrence, stratigraphy and the reserve of coal in salt range(Cis and Trans Indus). [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Give the occurrence of coal deposits in the Kirthar Province of Lower Indus Basin. Describe their stratigraphic association, coal varieties and reserves. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss the future prospect of coal mining in Pakistan with reference to Sindh region especially. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2009)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the ranks of Coal. What are the problems of Utilization of THAR Coal? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B]
[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What are the major coalfields of Pakistan? Discuss their Rank and Quality, and propose their suitable industrial applications. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2003)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss formation of coal deposit, their classification and occurrence in Pakistan.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST]
[CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][B][COLOR=black]Oil And Gas

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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the structure and stratigraphy of SUI gas field. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an international gas pipeline to Pakistan? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Briefly describe the case histories of the following oil and gas fields:[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR] (a) Marl Gas Field
(b) Khaskhaili Oil Field
(c) Dhulian Oil Field
(d) Dhodhak Condensate Field[/COLOR][/FONT][/LIST]
[CENTER][CENTER][COLOR=black][FONT=&quot][B] [FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][B]Engineering Geology[/B][/U][/SIZE][/FONT][/B][/FONT][/COLOR]

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[LIST][*]Discus those geotechnical properties which are considered essential for the selection of durable building material.[FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What is the role of an Engineering Geologist in the site investigation of a mega project. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Give an account of the geological materials used as building stones.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B]
Dams [/B][/SIZE][/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss salient feature of Tarbela Dam.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss the characteristics features of Building Material and enlist all those factors consider for construction of a Dam. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2009)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the geological factors required for selection of Dam site.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2008)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What geological factors must be considered in the selection of sites for DAMS? Discuss the silting problem in Mangla and Terbela. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B] [/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Briefly discuss the geological factors, which should be taken into consideration while selecting a suitable site for the construction of dams.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]How sites for dams’ construction are investigated? Which site you will suggest for dam construction on Indus River? Discuss.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe various types of dams and factors influencing their construction [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2000)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][COLOR=black]Bridges

[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What geological factors are considered for the sites of Bridges especially in Hilly areas and what consideration should be taken into account for its long life?[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2007)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][COLOR=black]
Tunnels[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] [COLOR=black]
[/COLOR]
[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What geological considerations are essential before selecting a site for and during construction of a tunnel? Discuss in detail. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][COLOR=black][FONT=&quot]

[/FONT][/COLOR] [CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][B][COLOR=black]Salinity and water logging

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[LIST][*]What are the posible causes of water loging and salinity in Pakistan? Discus some remedial measures for the reclamation of such soil.[FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Why we have more water logging in Sindh region and also discuss various kinds of Aquifer found in this region. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2007)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Write any essay on the water resources of Pakistan. Suggest measures to control water-logging and salinity. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2003)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Write in detail note on salinity and water logging problems in Sindh Region.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST] [CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][B][COLOR=black]Aquifer

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[LIST][*][B]Short Note [/B]- [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Types of Aquifers [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/B][/FONT] [/COLOR][/B][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2012) [/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/COLOR][/B][/FONT](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What is Aquifer? Describe various types of Aquifers? How can we solve the problem of pollution of underground water? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2008)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe various types of aquifers and the law governing movement of groundwater.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST]
[CENTER][CENTER][B][U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][COLOR=black]Slope Failure[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/U][/B][/CENTER]
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[COLOR=black][FONT=&quot]
[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana]
[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Discuss various types and patterns of slope failures in Pakistan and their stability techniques. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss the different types of slope failure and their stability techniques. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2012)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe various modes of slope failures in rocks .[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][COLOR=black][FONT=&quot]
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[CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][B][COLOR=black]Landslides[/COLOR][/B][/U][/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=4][U][B][COLOR=black]
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[/CENTER]
[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What factors are responsible for Landslides? How will you stabilize a frequently sliding mass of shales and mudstone?[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What are LANDSLIDES? Discuss various hazards associate with them. Describe measures to control landslides. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2003)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST]
[CENTER][CENTER][COLOR=black][FONT=&quot] [FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][U][B]Petrography

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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What are Kimberlites? Discuss their distribution in space and time, geological setting and petrography. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B] [/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the characteristics of reservoir rocks and enlist producing reservoir rocks of Indus Basin.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2009)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the Geology (formation,lithology ,age) of the Source Rocks of Petroleum in the Indus Basin of Pakistan .[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=maroon](2008)[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST]

[CENTER][CENTER][U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][B][COLOR=black]Exploration Geology

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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Short Note[/B] - Exploration in Badin Block in Lower Indus Basin with reference to Stratigraphic Traps Exploration Strategy. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]How the geochemical survey is used for the exploration of mineral deposits? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Describe the Seismic method of Exploration and briefly discuss the mechanism of seismograph and geophones. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2009)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What are various Geophysical techniques used for exploration of mineral deposits? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2008)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss two common geophysical techniques employed in the exploration of oil and for groundwater.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR]
[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Discuss geophysical prospecting: techniques employed for the exploration of metals, water and hydrocarbons.[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2003)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What geophysical technique(s) is/are recommended for the prospection of iron-ore deposits? Give details of the techniques and instrument(s) used for this type of survey. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Write note on “geophysical method used for oil exploration.” [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2000)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Make a diagram of a modern drilling rig, label its various parts and discuss the function of the water-based and oil drilling muds in Oil well drilling. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][/LIST]
[CENTER][CENTER][U][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][B][COLOR=black]Photo Geology , Aerial Photograph and Remote Sensing[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/U]
[FONT=Verdana][U][SIZE=4][B][COLOR=black]
[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/U][/FONT][/CENTER]
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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Give the criteria for lithological interpretation on an aerial photograph.Briefly discuss the merits and demerits of Aerial Photography and Satellite Remote Sensing over each other. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What are various steps involved in the process of preparation of geological map of an area? What is the use of aerial photographs in this process? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2008)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]How photo geology and remote sensing does help in mineral exploration? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2007)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Write note on “use of remote sensing in mineral exploration .” [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2000)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/COLOR][/FONT][/LIST]
[CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][B][U][COLOR=black]Misellaneous

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[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Discuss in detail the causative mechanisms of earthquakes in Pakistan. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Describe the economic significance of the Pab Formation in Lower Indus Basin.[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Elaborate Hydrologic Cycle. How the water-flow budget of an hydrologic basin is calculated? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2011)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What is meant by alkali – aggregate reaction ? Elaborate the concepts of Alkali – Silica reaction. [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2010)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]What is Kerogen ? Describe the processes involve in the evolution of Kerogen to Pertroleum ? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2008)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Explain the DARCY Law. Can groundwater exploration be an alternate to Kalabagh Dam? [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2004)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][/LIST][CENTER][CENTER][COLOR=black][FONT=&quot]

[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Georgia][SIZE=4][B][U][COLOR=black]Short Notes[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER]
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[COLOR=black][FONT=&quot]
[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana]
[/FONT][LIST][*]Geothermal energy [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*]Driling mud [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*]Land slides [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2014)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Foundation analysis [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2013)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Hydrological Cycle [COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2012) (2013)
[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Lag time or bottom-up figure [B][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Coal and its varieties [B][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Marble deposits in Pakistan[B][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2002)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Geochemical exploration technique [B][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Radioactive minerals of Pakistan [B][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/B][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Metallogeny of Pakistan [B][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon][COLOR=black][B][COLOR=maroon](2001)[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/COLOR][/B][/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST]