NASDAQ: National Association of Security Dealers Automated Quotation system, a screen-based quotation system supporting market making in registered equities.

Needs: Goods or services essential for living.

Negotiation: A discussion with the aim of resolving a difference of opinion, or dispute, or to settle the terms of an agreement or transaction.

Net assets: The amount by which the value of a company’s assets not exceeds its liabilities.

Net capital: The amount by which assets exceed the value of assets not easily converted to cash.

Net cash balance: The amount of cash that is on hand.

Net cash flow: The difference, each month, between cash inflows and cash outflows.

Net errors and omissions: The net amount of the discrepancies that arise in calculations of balances of payments.

Net fixed assets: The value of fixed assets after depreciation.

Net margin: The percentage of revenues that is profit.

Net operating income: The amount by which income exceeds expenses, before considering taxes and interest.

Net proceeds: The amount realized from a transaction minus the cost of making it.

Net profit: Profits made by a business after all costs have been deducted from sales revenue; it is calculated by subtracting overhead costs from gross profit.

Net worth: The total value of a business in financial terms. Net worth is calculated by subtracting total liabilities from total assets

Niche: A well-defined group of customers for which what you have to offer is particularly suitable.

No-load fund: A mutual fund that does not charge a fee for purchase or sale of shares.

Non-cooperation: A form of industrial action when employees agree to have pay disputes settled by an independent arbitrator instead of taking strike action.

Nondisclosure agreement: A legally enforceable agreement preventing present or past employees from disclosing commercially sensitive information belonging to the employer to any other party.

Nonrecurring: One time, not repeating. “Nonrecurring” expenses are those involved in starting a business, and which only have to be paid once and will not occur again.

No-strike agreement: When trade unions and management agree to have pay disputes settled by an independent arbitrator instead of taking strike action.

Note: A document that is recognized as legal evidence of a debt.

Objective: An end toward which effort is directed and on which resources are focused, usually to achieve an organization’s strategy.

Obsolescence: The decline of products in a market due to the introduction of better competitor products or rapid technology developments.

Off-the job training: Being trained away from the workplace, usually by specialist trainers.

One-way communication: Transmission of a message which does not call for or require a response.

On-the job training: Watching a more experienced worker doing the job and learning skills under their supervision.

Open-end credit: A form of credit that does not have a upper limit on the amount that can be borrowed or a time limit before repayment is due.

Opening cash (or bank) balance: The amount of cash held by the business at the start of the month.

Open market: A market that is widely available.

Operating cash flow: The amount used to represent the money moving through a company as a result of its operations, as distinct form its purely financial transactions.

Operating costs: Expenditures arising out of current business activities. The costs incurred to do business such as salaries, electricity, rental. Also may be called ‘overhead’.

Operational decisions: see business decisions.

Opportunity cost: The next best alternative give up by choosing another item.

Optimize: To allocate such things as resources or capital as efficiently as possible.

Option: A contract for the right to buy or sell an asset, typically a commodity, under certain terms.

Order: A contract made between a customer and a supplier for the supply of a range of goods or services in a determined quantity and quality, at an agreed price, and for delivery at or by a specified time.

Organizational market: A marketplace made up of producers, trade industries, governments and institutions.

Organizational structure: The levels of management and division of responsibilities within an organisazation.

Outsourcing: Term used in business to identify the process of subcontracting work to outside vendors. The transfer of the provision of services previously carried out by in-house personnel to an external organization, usually under a contract with agreed standards, costs, and conditions.

Overdraft: The amount by which the money withdrawn from a bank account exceeds its balance.

Overhead: A general term for costs of materials and services not directly adding to or readily identifiable with the product or service being sold.

Overprice: To set the price of a product or service too high, with the result that it is unacceptable to the market.

Overtime ban: A form of industrial action when employees refuse to work longer than their normal working hours.

__________________
Regards,
P.R.

Packaging: The physical container or wrapping for a product , also used for promotional purposes.

Partnership: A legal business relationship of two or more people who share responsibilities, resources, profits and liabilities.

Partnership agreement: The written and legal agreement between business partners.

Passive investment management: The managing of a mutual fund or other investment portfolio by relying on automatic adjustments such as indexation instead of making personal judgments.

Patent: A type of copyright granted as a fixed-term monopoly to an inventor by the state to prevent others copying an invention, or improvement of a product or process.

Payable: Ready to be paid. One of the standard accounts kept by a bookkeeper is "accounts payable." This is a list of those bills that are current and due to be paid.

Payment gateway: A company or organization that provides an interface between merchant's point-of-sale system, acquirer payment systems, and issuer payment systems.

Payment-in-kind: An alternative form of pay given to employees in place of monetary reward but considered to be of equivalent value. A payment in kind take the form of a car, purchase of goods at cost price, or other nonfinancial exchange that benefits an employee.

Pay Pal: A Web based service that enables Internet users to send and receive payments electronically. To open a Pay Pal account, users register and provide their credit card details. When they decide to make a transaction via Pay Pal, their card is charged for the transfer.

Penetration pricing: A pricing strategy where price is set lower than the competitor’s prices in order to be able to enter a new market.

Perception: The process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information received through the senses.

Performance appraisal: A face-to-face discussion in which one employee's work is discussed, reviewed, and appraised by another, using an agreed and understood framework.

Performance-related pay: Pay related to the effectiveness of the employee.

Persuasive advertising: Advertising or promotion which is trying to persuade the consumer that they really need the product and should try it.

Petty cash: A small store of cash used for minor business expenses.

Phantom income: Income that is subject to tax even though the recipient never actually gets control of it, for example, income from a limited partnership.

Picketing: A form of industrial action; employees who are taking action stand outside their workplace to prevent or protest at the delivery of goods, arrival and departure of other employees, etc.

Pictogram: A means of showing data, in which pictorial symbols are used to represent fixed numbers of items.

Pie chart: A circular graph used to show what proportion of the collected data comes into each of the chosen categories.

Pink slip: Get your pink slip to be dismissed from employment.

Piracy: illegal copying of a product such as software or music.

Placement fee: A fee that a stockbroker receives for a sale of shares.

Planning: The process of setting objectives, or goals, and formulating policies, strategies, and procedures to meet them.

Planning permission: When a government body allows a business to build a factory or office in a particular location.

Poaching: The practice of recruiting people from other companies by offering inducements.

Point of purchase: The place at which a product is purchased by the customer. The point of sale can be a retail outlet, a display case, or even a legal business relationship of two or more people who share responsibilities, resources, profits and liabilities.

Point of sales: The place where the product is being sold, usually a shop.

Postdate: To put a later date on a document or check than the date when it is signed, with the effect that it is not valid until the later date.

Prebilling: The practice of submitting a bill for a product or service before it has actually been delivered.

Prepaid expenses: Expenditures that are paid in advance for items not yet received.

Prepaid interest: Interest paid in advance of its due date.

Prepayment penalty: A charge that may be levied against somebody who makes a payment before its due date. The penalty compensates the lender or seller for potential lost interest.

Pressure groups: Groups formed by people who share a common interest and who will take action to achieve the changes they are seeking.

Price: The exchange value of a product or service from the perspective of both the buyer and the seller.

Price ceiling: The highest amount a customer will pay for a product or a service based upon perceived value.

Price control: Government regulations that set maximum prices for commodities or control price levels by credit controls.

Price discrimination: The practice of selling of the same product to different buyers at different prices.

Price floor: The lowest amount a business owner can charge for a product or service and still meet all expenses.

Price planning: The systematic process for establishing pricing objectives and policies.

Price skimming: A pricing strategy where a high price is set for a new product on the market.

Price war: A situation in which two or more companies each try to increase their own share of the market by lowering prices.

Primary research: The collection and collation of original data via direct contact with potential or existing customers. Also known as field research.

Principal: The amount of money borrowed in a debt agreement and the amount upon which interest is calculated.

Private benefits: The financial gains made by a business as s result of a business decision.

Private costs: The costs of a business decision actually paid for by the business.

Probability: The quantitative measure of the likelihood that a given event will occur.

Probation: A trial period in the first months of employment when the employer checks the suitability and capability of a person in a certain role, and takes any corrective action.

Producers: The components of the organizational market that acquire products, services that enter into the production of products and services that are sold or supplied to others.

Product: Anything capable of satisfying needs, including tangible items, services and ideas.

Production: is the provision of a product or a service to satisfy consumer wants and needs.

Productivity: The output measured against the inputs used to create it.

Productivity agreement: Workers and management agree an increase in benefits, in return for an increase in productivity.

Product life cycle (PLC): The stages of development and decline through which a successful product typically moves.

Product line: A group of products related to each other by marketing, technical or end-use considerations.

Product mix: All of the products in a seller's total product line.

Product oriented: A description applied to a business whose main focus of activity is on the product itself.

Profit and Loss Statement: A list of the total amount of sales (revenues) and total costs (expenses). The difference between revenues and expenses is your profit or loss.

Profit: Financial gain, returns over expenditures.

Profit margin: The difference between your selling price and all of your costs.

Profit-sharing: A proportion of the profits is paid out to employees.

Pro-forma: A projection or estimate of what may result in the future from actions in the present. A pro forma financial statement is one that shows how the actual operations of the business will turn out if certain assumptions are achieved.; a document issued before all relevant details are known, usually followed by a final version.

Pro-forma invoice: An invoice that does not include all the details of a transaction, often sent before goods are supplied and followed by a final detailed invoice.

Promotion: The communication of information by a seller to influence the attitudes and behavior of potential buyers.

Promotional pricing: Temporarily pricing a product or service below list price or below cost in order to attract customers.

Prospectus: A detailed document issued by the directors of a company when they are converting it to public limited company status. It is an invitation to the general public to buy shares in the newly formed plc.

Psychographics: The system of explaining market behaviour in terms of attitudes and life styles.

Psychological pricing: A pricing strategy where particular attention is paid to the effect that the price of a product will have upon consumer’s perceptions of the product.

Publicity: Any non-paid, news-oriented presentation of a product, service or business entity in a mass media format.

Public relation: Policies, strategies or measures taken to promote a good image for a company and/or its products.

__________________
Regards,
P.R.

Qualification payment: An additional payment sometimes made to employees of New Zealand companies, who have gained an academic qualification relevant to their jobs.

Qualified lead: A sales prospect whose potential value has been carefully evaluated through research

Qualitative marketing research: Marketing research techniques that use small samples of respondents to gain an impression of their benefits, motivations, perceptions, and opinions.

Quality: All the features and characteristics of a product or service that affect its ability to meet stated or implied needs.

Quality assurance: The design and implementation of systematic activities aimed at preventing quality problems.

Quality circle: A technique that brings together members of a workforce to solve problems and to put forward ideas for improving a process or product.

Quality control: The activities and techniques used to achieve and maintain a high standard of quality in a transformation process.

Quantitative forecasting techniques: Techniques used to forecast future trends, e.g. the demand for a poduct, based on manipulation of historical data.

Quantitative marketing research: Marketing research techniques that use large samples of respondents to quantify behaviour and reactions to marketing activities.

Questionnaire: A data-gathering form used to collect information by a personal interview, with a telephone survey or through the mail.

Quota: A limit on the import or export of a particular product imposed by a government.

Quota sampling: People selected on the basis of certain characteristics (e.g. age, gender, income) as a source of information for market research.

Quoted price: The last price at which a security or commodity was traded.





Random sampling: An unbiased sampling technique in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Based on probability theory, random sampling is the process of selecting and canvassing a representative group of individuals from a particular population in order to identify the attributes or attitudes of the population as a whole.

Rate of interest: A percentage charged on a loan or paid on an investment for the use of the money.

Rate of return: An accounting ratio of the income from investment to the amount of investment, used to measure financial performance.

Ratio: The relationship of one thing to another. A "ratio" is a short-cut way of comparing things, which can be expressed as numbers or degrees.

Real income: When an employee loses his job.

Real income: The value of income in the context of current price levels.

Rebating: A sales promotion technique in which the customer is offered a rebate for reaching volume targets.

Receivable: Ready for payment. When you sell on credit, you keep an "accounts receivable" ledger as a record of what is owed to you and who owes it. In accounting, a receivable is an asset.

Receiver: In communication, the person who receives a message.

Recession: A stage of the business cycle in which economic activity is in slow decline. Recession usually follows a boom, and precedes a depression. It is characterized by rising unemployment and falling levels of output and investment.

Recurring payments: An electronic payment facility that permits a merchant to process multiple authorizations by the same customer either as multiple payments for a fixed amount or recurring billings for varying amounts.

Redemption: The purchase by a company of its own shares from shareholders.

Redundancy: Dismissal from work because a job ceases to exist. Redundancy occurs most frequently when an employer goes out of business necessitating a cutback in the workforce, or relocates part, or all, of the company.

Refinance: To replace one loan with another, especially at a lower rate of interest.

Refund: The reimbursement of the purchase price of a good or service, for reasons such as faults in manufacturing or dissatisfaction with the service provided.

Reinsurance: A method of reducing risk by transferring all or part of an insurance policy to another insurer.

Representative (union): Person with responsibilities to communicate trade union information between members and regional offices and to represent the union members to management.

Resources: Anything that is available to an organization to help it achieve its purpose.

Response marketing: In e-marketing, the process of managing responses or leads from the time they are received through to conversion to sale.

Response rate: The proportion of subjects in a statistical study who respond to a researcher's questionnaire.

Retail: Selling directly to the consumer.

Retailing: Businesses and individuals engaged in the activity of selling products to final consumers.

Retrenchment: see redundancy.

Revenue: The income during a period of time from the sale of goods and services.

Revenue expenditure: Money spent on day to day expenses which do not involve the purchase of a long-term asset, e.g. wages and rent.

Revolving fund: A fund the resources of which are replenished from the revenue of the projects that it finances.

__________________
Regards,
P.R.

Salary: A form of pay given to employees at regular intervals in exchange of the work they have done.

Sales: The activity of selling a company's products or services, the income generated by this, or the department that deals with selling.

Sales channel: A means of distributing products to the marketplace, either directly to the end costumer, or indirectly through intermediaries such as retailers or dealers.

Sales force: A group of sales people or sales representatives responsible for the sales of either a single product or the entire range of an organization's products.

Sales forecast: A prediction of future sales, based on past sales performance. Sales forecasting takes into account the economic climate, current sales trends, company capacity for production, company policy, and market research.

Sales network: The distribution network by which goods and services are sold.

Sales outlet: Acompany's office that deals with customers in a particular region or country

Sales promotion: Activities, usually short-term, designed to attract attention to a particular product and to increase its sales using advertising and publicity.

Sales quota: A target set for the sales force stating the number and range of products or services that should be sold.

Sales representative: A salesperson selling the products or services of a particular organization or manufacturer. Sales representatives are sometimes employed directly by a company as part of the sales force or they may work independently and be employed by contract. Sales reps often represent more than one product line from more than one company and usually work on commission.

Sales revenue: The income to a business during a period of time from the sale of goods or services.

Sample: A limited portion of the whole of a group.

Scarcity: The lack of sufficient products to fulfil the total wants of the population.

Security: Collateral that is promised to a lender as protection in case the borrower defaults on a loan.

Seasonal business: Trade that is affected by seasonal factors, for example, trade in goods such as suntan products or Christmas tress.

Secondary research: The use of information that has already been collected and is available for use by others. Also called desk research.

Secondary sector: Industry which manufactures goods using raw materials provided by the primary sector.

Seed money: A usually modest amount of money used to convert an idea into a viable business. Seed money is a form of venture capital.

Segment: A specific group of customers or potential customers or potential customers.

Self-employment: Being in business on one's own account, either on a freelance basis, or by reason of owning a business. and not being engaged as an employee under a contract of employment.

Self-liquidating: Providing enough income to pay off the amount borrowed for financing.

Sender: see transmitter.

Service business: A retail business that deals in activities for the benefit of others.

Service charge: A gratuity usually paid in restaurants and hotels; a fee for any service provided, or additional fee for any enhancements to an existing service.

Settlement: The payment of a debt or charge.

Setup costs: The costs associated with making a workstation or equipment available for use.

Share: One of the equal parts into which the ownership of a corporation is divided. A "share" represents part ownership in a corporation.

Shareholders: The owners of a limited company; they have bought shares which represent part ownership of a company.

Short-term notes: Loans that come due in one year or less.

Single-union agreement: A firm will deal only with one particular trade union and no others.

Social benefits: The costs paid by the rest of society, rather than the business, as a result of a business decision. Also known as external costs because they are costs paid by the rest of society ‘outside’ the business.

Sole proprietorship: Business legal structure in which one individual owns the business.

Span of control: The number of subordinates working directly under a manager.

Specialisation: see division of labour.

Staff member: Specialist advisers who provide support to line managers and to the board of directors.

Stakeholders: Groups in society who have a direct interest in the performance and activities of business.

Start-up capital: The finance needed by a new business to pay for essential fixed and current assets before it can begin trading.

Stock: An ownership share in a corporation; another name for a share. Another definition would be accumulated merchandise.

Strategic decisions: see business decisions

Strike: A form of industrial action where employees refuse to work.

Suppliers: Individuals or businesses that provide resources needed by a company in order to produce goods and services.

Survey: A research method in which people are asked questions.

__________________
Regards,
P.R.

Tactical decisions: see business decisions.

Take-home pay: The amount of pay an employee receives after all the deductions, such as income tax, social security, or pension, contributions.

Takeover: The acquisition of one company by another.

Talent: People with exceptional abilities, especially a company's most valued employees.

Target audience: People who are potential buyers of a product or service.

Target market: The specific individuals, distinguished by socio-economic, demographic and interest characteristics, who are the most likely potential customers for the goods and services of a business.

Target marketing: Selecting and developing a number of offerings to meet the needs of a number of specific market segments.

Tariff: A government duty imposed on imports or exports to stimulate or dampen economic activity.

Tax: A governmental charge that is not a price for a good or service

Taxable: Subject to tax.

Tax bracket: A range of income levels subject to marginal tax at the same rate.

Tax incentive: A tax reduction afforded to people for particular purposes, for example, sending their children to college

Tax refund: An amount that a government gives back to a taxpayer who has paid more taxes than were due.

Tax return: An official form on which a company or individual enters details of income and expenses, used to assess tax liability.

Tax shelter: A financial arrangement designed to reduce tax liability.

Tax subsidy: A tax reduction that a government gives a business for a particular purpose, usually to create jobs.

T-Bill: A debt instrument of the U.S. government. (Treasury Bill)

Team player: Somebody who works well within a team.

Teamwork: Collaboration by a group of people to achieve a common purpose.

Telebanking: Electronic banking carried out by using a telephone line to communicate with a bank.

Telecommute: To work without leaving your home by using telephone lines to carry data between your home and your employer's place of business.

Telemarketing: Marketing goods or services directly to the consumer via the telephone.

Telephone survey: A research technique in which members of the public are asked a series of questions on the telephone.

Tender: To make or submit a bid to undertake work or supply goods at a stated price. A tender is usually submitted in response to an invitation to bid for a work contract in competition with other suppliers.

Terms of sale: The conditions concerning payment for a purchase.

Terms of trade: A ratio to determine whether the conditions under which a country conducts its trade are favorable or unfavourable

Tertiary sector: Industry which provides services to consumers and the other sectors of industry.

Test marketing: The use of a small-scale version of a marketing plan, usually in a restricted area or with a small group, to test marketing strategy for a new product.

Think tank: An organization or group of experts researching and advising on issues of society, science, technology, industry, or business.

Total costs: The combined total of fixed costs and variable costs.

Total quality management (TQM): The continuous improvement of products and processes by focusing on quality at each stage of production.

Trade association: see employer’s association.

Trade barrier: A condition imposed by a government to limit free exchange of goods internationally.

Trade credit: Permission to buy from suppliers on open account.

Trade-fair: A commercial exhibition designed to bring together buyers and sellers from a particular market sector.

Trademark: An identifiable mark on a product that may be a symbol, words, or both, that connects the product to the trader or producer of that product.

Trade union: A group of workers join together to ensure their interests are protected.

Trading account: Shows how the gross profit of a business is calculated.

Transmitter: The sender of a message, the person starting off the process by sending the message.

Transnational businesses: see multinational businesses.

Trend: The underlying movement or direction of data overtime.

Turnkey contract: Immediately. an agreement in which a contractor designs, constructs, and manages a project until it is ready to be handed over to the client and operation can begin he conditions concerning payment for a purchase.

Two-way communication: When a receiver gives a response to a message and there is a discussion about it.

__________________
Regards,
P.R.

Unbalanced growth: The result when not all sectors of an economy can grow at the same rate.

Unbundling: Dividing a company into separate constituent companies, often to sell all or some of them after a takeover.

Uncertainty analysis: A study designed to assess the extent to which the variability in an outcome variable is caused by uncertainty at the time of estimating the input parameters of the study.

Undervalued: Used to describe an asset that is available for purchase at a price lower than it is worth.

Underwrite: To assume risk, especially for a new issue or an insurance policy

Underwriter: A person or organization that buys an issue from a corporation and sells it to investors

Unearned income: Income received from sources other than employment

Unemployement: When people who are willing and able to work cannot find a job.

Unincorporated business: One which does not have a separate legal identity.

Unit: A collection of securities traded together as one item

Unit cost: The cost of producing one item, i.e. total costs or production divided by total output.

Unit of trade: The smallest amount that can be bought or sold of a share of stock, or a contract included in an option

Unlimited liability: Full responsibility for the obligations of a general partnership

Unsecured debt: Money borrowed without supplying collateral

Upsell: To sell customers a higher-priced version of a product they have bought previously

Used credit: The portion of a line of credit that is no longer available




Value added: Originally, the difference between the cost of bought-in materials and the eventual selling price of the finished product

Value-added tax: A tax added at each stage in the manufacture of a product. It acts as a replacement for a sales tax in almost every industrialized country outside North America.

Variable: An element of data whose changes are the object of a statistical study

Variable annuity: An annuity whose payments depend either on the success of investments that underlie it, or on the value of the index

Variable cost: A cost of production that is directly proportional to the number of units produced

Variable interest rate: An interest rate that changes, usually in relation to a standard index, during the period of the loan

Variance: The square of a standard deviation; a measure of the difference between actual performance and forecast, or standard, performance.

Venture capital: Money used to finance new companies or projects, especially those with high earning potential and high risk.

Venture funding: The round of funding for a new company that follows seed funding provided by venture capitalists.

Venture management: The collaboration of various sections within an organization to encourage entrepreneurial spirit, increase innovation, and produce successful new products more quickly

Verbal contract: An agreement that is oral and not written down. It remains legally enforceable by the parties who have agreed to it.

Vertical integration: When one firm merges with or takes over another one in the same industry but at a different stage of production. Vertical integration can be forward (a firm integrates with another firm which is at a later stage of production, i.e. closer to the consumer) or backward (a firm integrates with another firm at an earlier stage of production, i.e. closer to the raw material supplies.)

Vertical market: A market that is oriented to one particular specialty, for example, plastics manufacturing or transportation engineering

Viral marketing: The rapid spread of a message about a new product or service in a similar way to the spread of a virus

Virtual organization: A temporary network of companies, suppliers, customers, or employees, linked by information and communications technologies, with the purpose of delivering a service or product.

Virus: A computer program designed to damage or destroy computer systems and the information contained within them

Vision statement: A statement giving a broad, aspirational image of the future that an organization is aiming to achieve.

Voting rights: The rights that shareholders have to vote on matters affecting a corporation

Volume: An amount or quantity of business; the volume of a business is the total it sells over a period of time.

Vulture capitalist: A venture capitalist who structures deals on behalf of an entrepreneur in such a way that the investors benefit rather than the entrepreneur




Wages: A form of pay given to employees in exchange for the work they have done

Wants: Goods and services which people wpould like to have but which are not essential for living.

Waiver of premium: A provision of an insurance policy that suspends payment of premiums, for example, if the insured suffers disabling injury

Walk: To resign from a job

Wallet technology: A software package providing digital wallets or purses on the computers of merchants and customers to facilitate payment by digital cash

Wall Street: The U.S. financial industry, or the area of New York City where much of its business is done

Waste management: A sustainable process for reducing the environmental impact of the disposal of all types of materials used by businesses.

Wealth: Physical assets such as a house or financial assets such as stocks and shares that can yield an income for their holder

Web marketing: The process of creating, developing, and enhancing a Web site in order to increase the number of visits by potential customers

Weighted average: An average of quantities that have been adjusted by the addition of a statistical value to allow for their relative importance in a data set

White-collar union: A trade union which represents non-manual workers (office workers, management and professional staff).

Whistleblowing: Speaking out to the media or the public on malpractice, misconduct, corruption, or mismanagement witnessed in an organization

Wholesale price: A price charged to customers who buy large quantities of an item for resale in smaller quantities to others

Wholesaler: A wholesaler buys in bulk (large quantities) from the manufacuturer and sells on smaller quantities eiter to retailers or occasionally, directly to customers.

Wholesaling: Businesses and individuals engaged in the activity of selling products to retailers, organizational users or other wholesalers. Selling for resale.

Withholding tax: The money that an employer pays directly to the U.S. government as a payment of the income tax on the employee

Word of mouse: Word-of-mouth publicity on the Internet. Owing to the fast-paced and interactive nature of online markets, word of mouse can spread much faster than its offline counterpart

Worker participation: The employees contribute to decision-making in the business.

Working capital: The excess of current assets over current liabilities. The cash needed to keep the business running from day to day.

Working councils: Committees, made up of workers, who are consulted or informed on matters that affect employees.

Work to rule: A form of industrial action when rules are strictly obeyed so that work is slowed down.

__________________
Regards,
P.R.

Year-end: Relating to the end of a financial or fiscal (tax) year.

Yield: A percentage of the amount invested that is the annual income from an investment.

Yield curve: A curve on a graph in which the yield of fixed-interest securities is plotted against the length of time they have to run to maturity.




Zero-balance account: A bank account that does not hold funds continuously, but has money automatically transferred into it from another account when claims arise against it.

Zero defects: A component of total quality management aimed at changing worker's attitudes to quality by stressing the goal of error-free performance.

Zero-fund: To assign no money to a business project without actually cancelling it.

Zero-rated goods and services: Goods and services that are taxable for value added tax purposes but are certainly subject to a tax rate of zero.

Zone pricing: A pricing strategy in which a company delineates two or more zones. All the cusomers within a zone pay the same price for a product.



The business terms are taken from the website link below and some books:
http://www.powerhomebiz.com/Glossary/glossary-A.htm

__________________
Regards,
P.R.