Public Administration Notes by Shakeel Babar
 

Public Administration is a bit technical subject but not difficult. You can score good if you are well prepared, especially in context of current happenings with the bureaucracy. It means you will have to be abreast with current affairs, rather public administration current affairs, apart from studying good material.

For attempting Public administration paper do not forget to quote its theorists, experts and bureaucrats in support of your argument. This is the key to score high in this paper. Additionally, in each question you attempt show that you understand public administration as servant of public not the master. :)


There are some books available in the market. People suggest Dr. Sultan's books for Public Administration and Personnel Administration. However, I have never been satisfied with his books. Second option is Dr. Najia Younus. I haven't studied her book but heard about it being good. You may check this. Thirdly Virtual University Notes of public administration has been very effective.

The notes I am going to post below are made from Dr. Sutlan, Virtual University and some of my MBA notes. I hope they would help you in preparation.

[FONT="Arial Black"][CENTER][SIZE="5"]PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
[/SIZE][/CENTER][/FONT]
[B][COLOR="Blue"]“It is a detailed and systematic application of law.” Woodrow Wilson

“To carry out the directives of the politicians” Herbert Simson

“It includes all three branches” Prof Pfiffner [/COLOR][/B]


[FONT="Arial Black"]SCOPE[/FONT]

• Deference of Opinion on definition due to vastness

[FONT="Arial Black"]Scope as a discipline[/FONT]

[B]1. Managerial View[/B]

a. Public administration is made up of managerial skills
b. Henri Fayol (5 functions – POCSC - Planning; Organizing; Coordination; Staffing; Communication)
c. Management of 3 Ms
d. Luther Gulick (POSDCORB - Planning; Organizing; Staffing; Directing; Coordination and Communication; Reporting; Budgeting)

[B]2. Subject Matter View[/B]
a. POSDCORB is criticized; it overlooks other things
b. Many other fields – law and order, health, education
c. Public Ad is an instrument having two blades – POSDCORB and Subject matter
d. Administrative Theory (Walker)
i. Study of structure, organization, functions and problems of public authority
e. Applied Administration
i. Political
ii. Judicial
iii. Economic
iv. ……
[B]3. Scope varies as per expectations (public) and declarations (state); all state activities [/B]


[FONT="Arial Black"]SCIENCE or ART[/FONT]

[B][COLOR="blue"]“Science is investigation and observation, followed by tabulation, classification and analysis.” [/COLOR][/B]
• Scientific theory (FW Taylor)
• POSDCORB
• It is a body of systematized knowledge derived from observation and experience
• Scientific method of study is applicable
• More and more accurate predictions
• If it is not science today, will be tomorrow
As an Art
• Running the administration
• Act of doing things

[FONT="Arial Black"]IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION[/FONT]

• As a specialized subject of Study
o Governmental problems
o In social perspectives, impact of gov’t policies
o Used in developing countries
o Teachings in colleges
• As an practice
o Public development
o Visible face of the government (W.W)
• Basis of government
• Instrument of providing services
• Instrument of implementing policies
• A stabilizing force in the society

[B]Democratic Values[/B]
• Liberty
• Individualism
• Equality

Another View
• Constitutional Supremacy
• Rule of Law
• Representative Government

[FONT="Arial Black"][SIZE="5"][CENTER]EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION[/CENTER][/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT="Arial Black"]Public administration as practice[/FONT]

• Egyptian Pyramids – 1500 BC
• Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa

[FONT="Arial Black"]As Subject Matter[/FONT]

• After 1914
• More welfare function of state
• In result of mark imperfections after industrialization
• In the aftermath of 1929 Great Recession
• To achieve efficiency and productivity as private sector
[FONT="Arial Black"][CENTER]
CLASSICAL SCHOOL[/CENTER][/FONT]

[FONT="Arial Black"]1. Woodrow Wilson – [/FONT]“The Study of Administration” 1887 (efficiency and productivity) – dichotomy between politics and public ad due to corruption and private sector

[FONT="Arial Black"]2. LD White – [/FONT]“Introduction to the study of Public Administration” 1927 – dichotomy but values
Scientific Management

[FONT="Arial Black"]3. F W Taylor[/FONT] – “Father of Scientific Management” 1930 - Shoveling experiment – human cooperation; supervision; right person for the right job

[B]a. Assumptions[/B]
i. Human is a rational economic animal
ii. People respond as individual, not as group
iii. Human as machine

[B]b. Based on [/B]
i. Standard mechanism
ii. Economic motivation
iii. Manager to supervise
iv. Worker to do what is told

[B]c. Weaknesses[/B]
i. Money is not for all
ii. Human are not machine

[B]d. Conclusion of experiment[/B]
i. Scientific measures
ii. Harmony between supervisor and employee
iii. Achieving cooperation is imperative for productivity
iv. Worker should work for maximum productivity (Piece rate)
v. Right man for the right job

[FONT="Arial Black"]4. Gant [/FONT]– task/ planning; human cooperation; Gant chart; PERT

[FONT="Arial Black"]5. Frank and Gilbreth[/FONT] – time and motion study

[FONT="Arial Black"]6. Max Weber[/FONT]

a. Hierarchy of authority
i. Traditional
ii. Charismatic
iii. Rational/legal
b. Impersonality
c. Written rules
d. Promotion on performance
e. Specialization

[FONT="Arial Black"]7. Henri Fayol “ Father of Modern Management” [/FONT]

a. Book “Industrial and General Management”
b. Fourteen Principal of General Management
i. Division of Work
ii. Unity of Command
iii. Unity of Direction
iv. Discipline
v. Authority
vi. Remuneration
vii. Team Work
viii. Line of Authority (Scalar Chain)
ix. Job security
x. Centralization
xi. Order
xii. Equity
xiii. Initiative – Keenness to work
xiv. Sub ordination of individual interests to the organizational

[FONT="Arial Black"]Features of Classic School[/FONT]

• Materialism – piece rate
• Efficiency and productivity
• Emphasis on Material and method rather than human being
• Administration is apolitical and technical

.

[FONT="Arial Black"][SIZE="5"][CENTER]HUMAN RELATIONS SCHOOL[/CENTER][/SIZE][/FONT]

• Good results due to classical school however 1929 Depression came
• Scholars to find causes of depression
• Human Relations Movement in 1930s

[FONT="Arial Black"]1. Hawthorne Studies by Elton Mayo[/FONT]

[B]a. Two groups [/B]– control and test; both were given same physical conditions; physical conditions of test groups were changed; to the amusement of the experimenters, the results were same; so they concluded that some extraneous factors also are important.

[B]b. Extraneous factors [/B]– employees were treated as special; group competition and attention of management

[B]c. The result: [/B]
i. Treat as special – encouragement
ii. Group cohesiveness
iii. Interpersonal relations of the supervisor

[FONT="Arial Black"]2. Chester I Bernard “The Functions of Executive” [/FONT]

a. Human behavior is important
b. The ultimate source of authority is subordinate
c. There are three zone of employee cooperation
i. Zone of Acceptance
ii. Zone of indifference
iii. Zone of Rejection
d. A manger should always work to increase zone of acceptation, though cooperation, interdepartmental instructions and cross trainings

[FONT="Arial Black"]3. Herbert A Simon [/FONT]

a. Emphasize on Human behavior with special reference to Decision Making – he was a Nobel laureate
b. He said, the decisions are not always made on rational (step by step) grounds, rather manger use cognitive (judgment) skills. So all decisions (Actions) are backed by conscious or unconscious experience.
c. So the org are not mechanical, rather employee conscious effects
d. Informal, interpersonal relations and group dynamics are important

[CENTER][FONT="Arial Black"][SIZE="5"]BEHAVIOURAL SCHOOL[/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER]

[FONT="Arial Black"]• Commonality with Human Relations School[/FONT]
o Motivation of employee
o Individual and group behavior
o Communication
• However HRS emphasized on group whereas BS emphasized on individual behavior
• Managers need to understand the behavior.

[FONT="Arial Black"]1. Ibrahim Maslow’s hierarchy of needs[/FONT]

a. Basic Needs
b. Safety Needs
c. Sense of Belongingness – tribes, association
d. Ego-Status Needs
e. Self Actualization

[FONT="Arial Black"]2. Doglous McGreggor [/FONT]

a. Two assumptions
b. Theory X – negative – dislike work; avoid responsibility; need supervision
c. Theory Y – positive

[CENTER][FONT="Arial Black"][SIZE="5"]SYSTEM SCHOOL[/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER]

• Organization is a unified system of interrelated parts to achieve certain goals and objective
• This concept is borrowed from biological sciences by social sciences
• Subsystems; Synergy; open or close org; feedback’

[FONT="Arial Black"][CENTER][SIZE="4"]POWER AND POLITICS SCHOOL[/SIZE][/CENTER][/FONT]

Power: Ability to influence
Politics: it is about controlling and distributing the resources
.

Indeed, it is an outstanding contribution by you for those who have opted this subject. Please do tell me the best books for this subject. I will be grate to you..

Regards

[B]@ rose_pak[/B]

dude good work but bro number of schools is less or post of schools is in process ?

[QUOTE=shakeel ghori;465311]Indeed, it is an outstanding contribution by you for those who have opted this subject. Please do tell me the best books for this subject. I will be grate to you..

Regards[/QUOTE]

everyone has his own choice regarding book according to perceiving skills and writing style but i prefer sultan khan with carvan publishers book of p.ad which is small in size and covers the remaining parts

[QUOTE=shakeel ghori;465311]Indeed, it is an outstanding contribution by you for those who have opted this subject. Please do tell me the best books for this subject. I will be grate to you..

Regards[/QUOTE]

As I noted above,

1. Public Administration by Dr Sultan
2. Personnel Administration by Dr. Sultan
3. Virtual University Notes of Public Administration


Some one told me that Dr. Najia's book is better than Dr. Sultan's. You may check both.

[QUOTE=shah;465353][B]@ rose_pak[/B]

dude good work but bro number of schools is less or post of schools is in process ?


[/QUOTE]

There are five major approaches/schools in public administration.
1) Classical/Mehanical
2) Scientific
3) Human Relation
4) Behavioral
5) System
6) Power and Politics

I have notes a little bit about everyone of them.

[QUOTE=rose_pak;465826]There are five major approaches/schools in public administration.
1) Classical/Mehanical
2) Scientific
3) Human Relation
4) Behavioral
5) System
6) Power and Politics

I have notes a little bit about everyone of them.[/QUOTE]

bro what about mathematical school or business school or empirical school of public administration, these are also major schools and are considered as schools .

re continue ur notes
 

you must re-continue ur efforts in sharing ur notes as it will immensly help the aspirants

Continue
 

Your endeavours are priceless; please keep up.