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Old Saturday, October 30, 2010
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Default Notes on European History

KING LOUIS XVI:

He is a strange figure. He wanted to change the political,social and economic set up of France and he claimed that he loved the people. He was touched by the humanitarian sympathies for the poor of France.BUT, he did not have the will to go ahead with the reforms in face of resistance from classes who wished to maintain the status quo(clergy,nobility,etc).

He once said to his resigning minister, "How happy you are! Why cannot i quit my Place?"

Now to have in France of 1789 a king who want to introduce reforms but could not find the required will is in itself a very revolutionary setting. According to my views, THIS WAS THE BIGGEST CAUSE OF FRENCH REVOLUTION.
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Mme De Stael On Napoleon:

" Bonaparte only listened to momentary considerations, and only examined things from the perspective of their immediate use...He was not blood-thirsty,but he was indifferent to the life of men. He only considered the life of a man as a means of attaining his objective, or as an obstacle that had to be pushed off the road...Everything in the man was a means to an end or an objective: there was nothing unintentional about him,he was neither good nor evil.


Madame Stael was the staunchest critic and opponent of Napoleon. Now if we concentrate on the last line of her views on Napoleon, we find an interesting fact about despots and dictators: their personal feelings and inclination may be very different from what they actually Do!

Matlab yeh keh ho sakta hay Hitler dil ka bahot naram ho, but zulm iss liye kiye hon kay apni badshahat bachanay kay liye zaroori samajhta ho. See, iss liye tu Madame Stael sahiba farmati hain that Napoleon was neither good nor evil. Means that whatever the despot do is for the single purpose of perpetuating his rule. And that should be the criteria for judging his acts. So despot kay achay kam ki bunyad par usko acha nahi kaha ja sakta. Similarly, uskay booray kam ki bunyad par usko boora nahi kaha ja sakta. SO NAPOLEON WAS NEITHER GOOD NOR EVIL!
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FRENCH QUEEN MARIE ANTOINETTE:

The Queen,Marie Antoinette, had the charm the King(Louis xvi) lacked,but little common sense.She used her influence over the king to block the moves for reforms and thereby earned the hatred of commons.

French aristocrats of the Old Regime were captivated by the rural life of shepherds and peasants and other country people. Now the rural life was not easy or happy but these French aristocrats idealized and prettified it.

The French aristocrats enjoyed poetry and plays and paintings and music with a pastoral setting.

At Versailles, the Queen Marie Antoinette had architects build a replica of a rustic village, where she and her favorite courtiers, dressed as peasants, pretended to be milkmaids and shepherds. Just notice the irony: the nobility of France play-acting as common people while those same people daily grew more discontented and dissatisfied.
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Rousseau's Prophecy VS Burke's Prophecy:


Rousseau in his book Social Contract(1762) says, " I have some presentiment that this small island (Corsica) will one day astonish Europe."
And we find that Napoleon, a Corsican. did astonished Europe.


Burke in his book 'Reflections on the Revolution in France(1790)' says, "In the weakness of one kind of authority, and in the fluctuation of all, the officers of an army will remain for some time mutinous and full of faction, until some popular general, who understands the art of conciliating the soldiery...shall draw the eyes of all men upon himself.Armies will obey him...."

Now Rousseau's words were just a lucky hit but Burke analysis was proved correct by Napoleon's rise to power. Burke wrote these prophetic words almost a decade before the rise of Napoleon to power. And just look how accurate he was. This also proves another thing for us; when there is no single strong authority and there is chaos, the first need is to establish some order and people will support any person whom they think CAN ESTABLISH ORDER.
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The French Revolutionary Anthem, La Marseillaise:

Come, children of the Fatherland (Homeland),
The day of glory has arrived!
Against us, tyranny
Has raised the bloodied banner,
Do you hear, in the countryside,
The howling of those ferocious soldiers?
They are coming right into your arms
To slit the throats of your sons and consorts!

To arms, citizens,
Form your battalions,
Let's march, let's march!
That impure blood
May water our furrows!

What does this horde of slaves,
Of traitors and conjured kings want?
For whom are these vile chains,
These long-prepared irons?
Frenchmen, for us, ah! What outrage
What fury it must arouse!
It is us they dare plan
To return to the old slavery!

To arms, citizens...

What! Foreign cohorts
Would make the law in our homes!
What! These mercenary phalanxes
Would strike down our warrior sons!
Great God ! By chained hands
Our brows would yield under the yoke
Vile despots would have themselves
The masters of our destinies!

To arms, citizens...

Tremble, tyrants and you traitors
The shame of all parties,
Tremble! Your parricidal schemes
Will finally receive their reward!
Everyone is a soldier to combat you
If they fall, our young heroes,
The earth will produce anew,
Against you, all are ready to fight!

To arms, citizens...

Frenchmen, as magnanimous warriors,
You bear or hold back your blows!
You spare those sorry victims,
Who arm against us with regret.
But not these bloodthirsty despots,
These accomplices of Bouillé,
All these tigers who, mercilessly,
Rip their mother's breast!

To arms, citizens...

Sacred love of the Fatherland,
Lead, support our avenging arms
Liberty, cherished Liberty,
Fight with thy defenders!
Under our flags, shall victory
Hurry to thy manly accents,
Shall thy expiring enemies,
See thy triumph and our glory!

To arms, citizens...


This was the song of the French Revolution( written in 1790). So forceful! So revolutionary! This describes the essential aspect of the aspirations of the French Revolution: It was a call for dividing the whole human history into pre and post 1789. The world was never the same again!
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Napoleon's analysis of his own position in France And Europe:


Napoleon is reported to have said to Metternich: " Sovereigns who are born on the throne can be beaten twenty times and still go back to their capitals.But i can't, because i am a parvenu."


This statement of Napoleon clearly shows that power was the only foundation of his rule. Minus the power, and he had no claim to people obedience. See, he himself compared his power with the legitimate rights of the kings borne on the throne. Kings claimed the right to rule BECAUSE THEY WERE BORN ON THE THRONE. Napoleon claimed the right to rule BECAUSE HE HAD POWER.

Napoleon knew very well that if he wanted to maintain himself on the throne, he must keep European monarchies under his control and power. THIS WAS THE MOST CONSTANT FEATURE OF HIS FOREIGN POLICY. He was successful for a while, but eventually met his Waterloo in 1815.

This whole story can be summarized in a French proverb: " You can do anything with a bayonet except sit on it."

Mushi uncle is the best example: almost decade Pakistan par rule karnay kay bad London may tabla baja raha hay. Because uska rule aik hi pillar par chal raha tha; Power.
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Effects of the revolution and Napoleon:



The twenty-six years between 1789 and 1815 were a short time as history goes. Yet these years brought sweeping changes to the western world. Trends and influences that began then spread far and wide and still continue to influence the course of history.



One very interesting fact about the significance of the French Revolution in World history is that during a visit to China, our late PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto asked Chairman Mao about the effects of the revolution on the world. Chairman Mao replied, " Its too early to say something."

This clearly describes the epic character of the Revolution that began in 1789.

FRANCE

In France the ideas of the revolution---liberty,equality, and fraternity--- were so well established that they could not be abolished completely, even with the restoration of the monarchy under the Bourbons.

The idea of popular sovereignty---the belief that the real power of government rests with the people---beacame firmly entrenched in France.

In Germany,Italy, and Spain , feudalism and serfdom were abolished.

The fundamental ideas of the Napoleonic Code were established.

The seeds of equality, religious toleration, and the rights of the people to have a voice in their government were scattered over Europe.

Countries, influenced by French ideas, began to express their own Nationalism.

Governments in Austria, Prussia, and elsewhere tried to undertake reforms, to reorganise, and to make their operations more efficient in order to regain control of their own national affairs.

In Germany and Italy, where Napoleon combined many small states, there grew up a desire for real national unity.

Various national groups in the Austrian Empire ---the Czech, hungarians, Slavs, and italians---craved independence and self-government.

The Slavs of the Balkan states wanted to throw off Ottoman rule.

The French invasion of Russia aroused a strong feeling of patriotism there.The invasion also aroused liberal movement among the young army officers in Russia.


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Napoleon's clever use of religion:


" Religion is the compass of the ship of the state."

Napoleon.

The imperial Catechism was put together by Napoleon's Minister of Religion.This was one of the instrument used by Napoleon to assure himself of the support of French Catholics.

Catechism usually follow question-answer form. I am just citing few of the questions from that document to show how Napoleon used religion to stabilise his rule. Remember these points were preached to young people as well as these also formed part of regular Church sermons. The Use of Religion By The Dictator:

Q. What are the duties of Christians towards the princes who govern them....?

A. ...we owe our emperor, napoleon1, love, respect, obedience,loyalty,military service, the taxes ordered ....

Q. What should we think of those who fail in their duty towards our emperor?

A. ...they would be resisting the order established by God himself, and would render themselves worthy of eternal damnation.


In a nutshell, disobedience to Napoleon was ont only crime against the state but it was also made a crime against the God.
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I will try to share my notes with you "European Historians" , but you know its so disheartening to know that there is no one else out there in this section sharing his/her notes and views. EH sounds like la-waaras and yateem and maskeen subject!
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An Evaluation of the French Revolution


Politically, constitutionalism had been accepted, but the constitution of 1799 was a farce; declarations of rights had been made three times, but each time they had been more form than substance, and in 1799 they were omitted entirely; democracy had never been really tried 1799 inaugurated a dictatorship; the liberties of the subject had been flagrantly violated during the Terror; in 1799 it appeared that equality and security were preferable to liberty; and protection of property had been of little help to the clergy or the émigrès.
Economically, "free" land was a reality only for those who possessed the wherewithal to purchase it; agricultural reforms were still in the future; workers lacked the right to organize and to strike; and the fiscal and financial situation left by the Directory was worse than that facing the Estates General -stability was still lacking.
Socially, the bourgeoisie had supplanted the clergy and nobles, but the common man still awaited his due; class consciousness persisted, and privilege was still sought; many of the social reforms proposed never passed outside the legislative halls; and socialism was a dead issue.
Religiously, France was still Catholic, and neither the Revolution nor its attempt at a synthetic faith had altered the situation; anti -Protestantism and anti-Semitism were by no means obliterated; and the revolutionary legislation affecting the Church had produced a schism which remained for Napoleon to heal.
Finally, despite a brief taste of the several freedoms, France was entering upon a period in which censorship was to keep news of Trafalgar from the columns of the Moniteur, and education was to become little more than Bonapartist propaganda; in fact, the educational projects of the Revolution remained, for the most part, decently interred in statute books.
Yet this situation was by no means abnormal. It should neither encourage the counter-revolutionary nor discourage the revolutionary. As fundamental change, the Revolution inevitably worked through a three-fold process: disestablishment (of outmoded old institutions); innovation (through badly needed new institutions); and compromise (by adaptation of existing institutions to the necessities of the moment). The original objectives -which, for convenience, may perhaps best be summed up as liberty, equality, and order-could be achieved in no other way. What appears to be failure is nothing more than proof that in such movements the forces of reaction are strong, and the ambitions of men usually far exceed the ability of those same men to put their plans to practical use.
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