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What were the measures adopted by Balban to consolidate his empire and strengthen the authority the Sultan?

Introduction: Balban became the ruler of India in 1266. Indeed, He played a vital role in strengthening and consolidating the empire. After the death of illtumish, there were feuds among his heirs on the succession to throne of Delhi. The nobles, especially the corps of forty or turkan-e- chahalgaan, played a vital role in the affairs of the sultanate and they were mainly behind all the internal revolts. Balban was also part of the corps of forty and he became the deputy prime minister in the era of sultan nasir mehmood, who was also his son in law. After the death of sultan, Balban became the ruler of Delhi Sultanate. He was aware of all the internal and external threats to the sultanate and the credit goes to Balban who remained steadfast and handled the affairs of the sultanate wisely. No doubt, the steps taken by Balban at that time proved fruitful for the empire and he consolidated his empire and strengthened the authority of sultan.

MEASURES ADOPTED BY BALBAN: When he took over the throne of Delhi, the empire was in a mess. The position of the nobles was much strong than the sultan. As he,himself, was from the corps of forty and was privy to all the internal politics played by the nobles. The position of the sultan was weakened and all the important decisions of the sultanate were taken with the assent of the nobles. The law and order situation was worse in many parts of the empire. Moreover, there was also a serious threat of mongol invasion which needed an immediate attention. In order to tackle these problems, Balban rather than expanding his empire adopted the policy to consolidate his authority in the empire. For this he took several steps.

Raise the status of Sultan and Restrict the Power of the Nobles:
His first step was to raise the status of Sultan and decrease the power of the corps of forty. He introduced Persian court etiquettes, which is commonly known as Balban’s theory of kingship. He raised the royal status far above the nobles. It was incarnated in the minds of the people and aristocracy that next to prophet hood, the highest office was that of the kingship. Balban introduced prostration and kissing of feet of the emperor as it was used to be in Iranian kingship courts. His main aim was to raise the status of the Sultan as to maintain the discipline of the royal court and to restrict the power of the corps of forty. He also gave severe punishments if any noble was involved in any serious breach of conduct and eliminated the group, which was introduced by illtumish and Balban had also remained part of that group.

To Improve Law and Order Situation:
Secondly, the law and order situation was worse when he took over the throne. His major conquest was against the people of Mewat, who were involved in looting and plundering people. Balban severely punished them. Moreover, the jats and khokhars were also troublesome and they were also severely punished. Balban build many forts in the areas where there were crimes and deployed troops in order to bring peace in the area.
Mongol Threat: Thirdly, the Mongols had always been a problem for the Delhi sultans. It is also one of the greatest achievements of the Delhi Sultans and shows their competency in the realms of war craft that the Mongols never succeeded in usurping the throne of Delhi and massacring the people like they did in other parts of the globe. Balban also thwarted the threat of Mongol invasion and they did not succeed in their attempt to usurp the throne of Delhi.

Spy System and Military Department: In order to make efficient his administration, Balban introduced the spy system in order to stop rebellions. It was a remarkable step in consolidating his empire as the spy system was so efficient that people were afraid to involve in any kind of conspiracy because any one found guilty in conspiracy against the Sultan was given exemplary punishment. Moreover, he separated the military department from the wazir in order to make it efficient and also to restrict the power of wazir.

Conclusion: It can be concluded from the aforementioned discourse that Balban was indeed a hard taskmaster and strict disciplinarian. It is a known fact that ill disciplined institute, organization or an empire cannot last for a long. For this, Balban adopted these severe measures and He was successful in consolidating his empire and strengthened the authority of the Sultan.

Illtutmish was the real founder of Sultanates of Delhi.' Build your own argument on the statement with relevant facts. (2011)

Answer:
Introduction: The foundation of Delhi Sultanate was laid down by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the slave of Muhammad Ghuri, in 1206; yet, illtumish is considered as the real founder of the Delhi Sultatate because of few underlying reasons. Illtumish was the son in law of Aibak and took over the throne in 1210, just after four years of rule by Aibak.

Real Founder of Delhi Sultanate:
Illtumish is considered as the real founder of Delhi Sultanate on many grounds. The first and foremost reason is that illtumish regained the lost territory and consolidated his rule. He fought with Yalduz, Qubacha and Ali Mardan, whom did not accept his rule. He defeated yaldiz, who occupied Lahore after his expulsion from ghazni, in the Tarain. Furthermore, he also defeated Nasir ud din qubacha, who was the ruler of Sindh and Western Punjab at that time. This proves that Illtumish consolidated his authority over the Sultanate.

Secondly, an administrative system is essential for smooth running of an empire. It was Illtumish who outlined the administrative setup of the Sultanate such as iqtas, currency, and army. He shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi. Moreover, He introduced iqta system in which lands were granted to Turkish noble officers in lieu of salary. The land holders were called as iqtadars. The iqtadars used to collect revenue from the territories under them. The revenue generated was used by the iqtadars for maintenance of the army, enforcing law and order, and their personal expenses. Furthermore, Illtumish also introduced the currency of Delhi Sultatne i.e. silver tanka and copper jittal.

Thirldy, illtumish received a robe of honor and a patent of investiture from the caliph of Baghdad who recognized him as the sultan of India. This honor gave more legitimacy to Illtumish rule.

Conclusion: Although, there are many other achievements of Illtumish during his rule like thwarting the mongol invasion of India and some other notable achievements in the field of architecture, but the aforementioned points are the underlying reasons that Illtumish can be considered as the real founder of Delhi Sultanate.

write about balban's policy of Mangols

[QUOTE=mohibkw;840252]Illtutmish was the real founder of Sultanates of Delhi.' Build your own argument on the statement with relevant facts. (2011)

Answer:
Introduction: The foundation of Delhi Sultanate was laid down by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the slave of Muhammad Ghuri, in 1206; yet, illtumish is considered as the real founder of the Delhi Sultatate because of few underlying reasons. Illtumish was the son in law of Aibak and took over the throne in 1210, just after four years of rule by Aibak.

Real Founder of Delhi Sultanate:
Illtumish is considered as the real founder of Delhi Sultanate on many grounds. The first and foremost reason is that illtumish regained the lost territory and consolidated his rule. He fought with Yalduz, Qubacha and Ali Mardan, whom did not accept his rule. He defeated yaldiz, who occupied Lahore after his expulsion from ghazni, in the Tarain. Furthermore, he also defeated Nasir ud din qubacha, who was the ruler of Sindh and Western Punjab at that time. This proves that Illtumish consolidated his authority over the Sultanate.

Secondly, an administrative system is essential for smooth running of an empire. It was Illtumish who outlined the administrative setup of the Sultanate such as iqtas, currency, and army. He shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi. Moreover, He introduced iqta system in which lands were granted to Turkish noble officers in lieu of salary. The land holders were called as iqtadars. The iqtadars used to collect revenue from the territories under them. The revenue generated was used by the iqtadars for maintenance of the army, enforcing law and order, and their personal expenses. Furthermore, Illtumish also introduced the currency of Delhi Sultatne i.e. silver tanka and copper jittal.

Thirldy, illtumish received a robe of honor and a patent of investiture from the caliph of Baghdad who recognized him as the sultan of India. This honor gave more legitimacy to Illtumish rule.

Conclusion: Although, there are many other achievements of Illtumish during his rule like thwarting the mongol invasion of India and some other notable achievements in the field of architecture, but the aforementioned points are the underlying reasons that Illtumish can be considered as the real founder of Delhi Sultanate.[/QUOTE]
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