Causes of Muslim invasion in India.
 

[B][SIZE=3][COLOR=black]Muslim rule in IndiaCauses of Arab invasion in India:[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]
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[SIZE=3][COLOR=black] [/COLOR][/SIZE][COLOR=Black] Contact between India and Arabian Peninsula, date from the ancient time. The geographical position of these areas such as the cost of Sindh and southern Arabian are so near. Both have very close commercial and cultural relations between the two inevitable. So Arabs and Muslim were not strangers to India and since time immemorial. spices and other article of” the India” have been in great demand in Egypt, and the countries of Southern Europe. The transit trade b/w these areas were mostly in the hands of the Arabs. This trade relations continued after the Arabs embraced Islam.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] In the pages of history, we observed that the first ever conflict b/w India and Arabs happened in 712 but the reality was that in the period of pious caliph, the Arabs wanted to invade in India but a vast sea separated it from the Arabs mainland. And caliph umer and his successors firmly discourage such ventures. So the Arabs lost interest in the sub_continent. Except the occasional frontier raids between makran which was then under the Muslims rule. [/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=5]Causes:- [/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] There were several causes behind this great victory we can discuss few of them here.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] Trade relations:-[/COLOR]
[COLOR=Black] Arabs traders have trade relations with Indian people since many centuries. In this contact the two main tribes we seen in trade
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[/COLOR][COLOR=Black][COLOR=Magenta] [COLOR=Black]*banu addul qees [/COLOR][/COLOR]
[/COLOR][COLOR=Black] Both tribes used to trade and lived in the India for the first time. They lived in makran and in the shore of Red Sea. So Arabs were familiar with India and knew the way and also observed their mentality. So it was not very difficult for the Muslims to conquered India. It was pintable that in the beginning Muslims never thought about the attack but later they saw the circumstances favorable then they attacked.
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[/COLOR][COLOR=Black] [SIZE=5][COLOR=Black]Pirots of Sindh:-[/COLOR][/SIZE]
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[/COLOR][COLOR=Black] Some traders who were operated Ceylon (srilanka) as well local ruler send their windows and orphans to the Arabia, with gifts and letter of goodwill for Hujjaj [COLOR=Black](661_714), [/COLOR]the most powerful viceroy of the eastern provinces of the Umayyad Empire. Unfavorably winds drove the vessels carrying the gifts and the survivors close to the shore of debul, here pirates attacked them, plundered the gifts and took the Muslims women and children as captives, when hujjaj prosted to dehir, the ruler of Sindh [COLOR=Black](669_712)[/COLOR] he refused to helped him. This enraged hujjaj and he persuaded the unwilling caliph to authorizes punitive measure against Dahir [/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=5][COLOR=Black]Dehir govt as the shelter of Arabian enemies:-[/COLOR][/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] Raja dehir also gave refuge to some Arab traitors which were enemies of Hujjaj. Raja gave them shelter and one of them was Muhammad bin halafi who got high post in dehir’s court. When hujjaj wanted to get back his enemies from the Sindh govt.raja again refused to accept his request and get some information about the Arabs from halafii so hujjaj feel threat in the side of dehir and convinced the Umayyad caliph walid bin Abdul malik for the attack at India.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=5]2nd phase of Arab expansion:- [/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] Conflict b/w the Arabs and the ruler of Sindh started on the account of an accident in which the pirots of debul looted the vassals of Muslims and raja dehir, the ruler of Sindh refused to helped Hujjaj bin yusuf, the governor of Iraq, to get back Muslims windows to the pirates. But it is doubtful if drastic action would have been taken but the fact was that under the redoubtable Hujjaj, the Arabs were staring on the second phase of their expansion in the eastern direction. In the period of their early brilliant victories in Iraq, Syria and Egypt and now Hujjaj wanted to conquer this golden sparrow.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=5]Revengeful nature of Hujjaj:-[/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] According to some historians hujjaj has a very revengeful nature and when raja refused to gave back his enemies and captured women and children he wanted to take revenge so for the satisfaction of his revengeful nature he attacked at India.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=5]Problem of integrity of Arabs;-[/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] In the period of hazrat umer and osman Muslims tried to invade India but Muslims always failed in ordered to capture India. Now the circumstances were not good for Muslims security and according to hajjuj’s opinion it is very important to attack at India if Muslims wanted to consolidate his empire. So for the integrity and consolidation of Muslim empire, Muslims attacked at India. Because integrity of Muslims could not be recovered until and unless they attacked in India .so hujjaj sent his 2 forces towards India. The 1st expedition was sent under the military general [COLOR=Black]Abaid ullah bin nibhan [/COLOR]And second headed by [COLOR=Black]Budil bin tahfa. [/COLOR]Both were failed. So hujjaj prepared a huge expedition under the command of[COLOR=Black] Muhammad bin qasim[/COLOR] who was nephew of hujjaj. He attacked in India with new weapons and modern techniques. [/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black][SIZE=5][COLOR=Black] Impacts of Arabs invasion in India[/COLOR][/SIZE][SIZE=4]Political causes:-[/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black][SIZE=5] 1:[/SIZE] Now Sindh become the one part of the vast empire of Arabs and Sindh considered the one province of Arab for many centuries. But after that local dynasties developed inside Sindh. Sindh was temporary success. it was success with out any far reaching results. Sindh was not used by Arabs. It is also not used for furthers Arab invasion in other parts of the world. Muhammad bin qasim did not snatch the administrative authority to local people. He did not dismiss the local people he just only took upper authority in his hands. After 100 years the upper authority also in the hands of local people.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=5] 2: [/SIZE]the climate of Sindh was very rough and tough. Land was not much fertile .so the Arabs were not show any interest to conquered further invasions. Hujjaj bin yusuf was died so next caliph was also not much egger towards India as hujjaj.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=5]Intellectual and cultural impacts:-[/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] This was the most positive impact by Hindus. Hindus were very expert in mathematics, astronomy and also in medicine. Arabs got opportunity to learn these sciences and literature. The knowledge utilized by but only Umayyad but also Abbasids caliph especially caliph Mansur shifted his headquarter from Damascus to Baghdad. He appointed many Hindus as doctors, physicians and literary personalities in Baghdad. He also requested them to translate books of medicine from Hindi to Arabic.[/COLOR]
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Mamoon Rashid established [COLOR=Black]dar_ul_tarjuma[/COLOR]. He is highly interested in Sindh. He sends many students to aqure knowledge from Hindu doctors’ physicians and poets. The tradition of appointing chief doctors started by mansoor and it was continuing till mamoon. [/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [COLOR=Black][SIZE=5]2:[/SIZE][/COLOR] [SIZE=4]mathematics:-[/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] Arabs were not very expert in mathematics. Hindus were very expert in this field. They introduced Indian numerical to Arabs. They were Arabs who popularized it in all over the world. Muslims later develop it. They introduced algebra, geometry and many other types of math. [/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=4] 3: Hindu literature[/SIZE]:-[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] Hindu had very rich literature. So mamoon asked the Hindu scholars to translate Hindi literature into Persian and Arabic like Arabian nights.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=4] 4: Sufism:-[/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black][SIZE=4] [/SIZE]some tradition had been found that the Sufi of Arab had thought knowledge from Sindh teachers like hazrat bayazid bastami who was belong to Arab but his teacher was Sindh named as [COLOR=Black]Abu ali.[/COLOR] He gains many type of knowledge like [COLOR=Black]science of annihilation (elm e fanna)[/COLOR] and tuheed.
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=4]5: games:- [/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] There were many games which Muslims were taught by Hindus. Like cheuser and chess. [/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=4] 6: music: -[/SIZE] [/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] Muslims learn Sindhi music a lot. Still there are many terms in music of sindhi.it was inspired by the Arabs.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=4]7: sindhi language:- [/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] sindhi language was highly inspired by Arabic language. The script of Sindhi adopted to Arabic. The sandhi language converted from Hindi to Arabic. A lot of Arabic words were also adopted in Sindhi. [/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [COLOR=Magenta]Why Hindus did not adopt Arabic culture?[/COLOR] Because Hindus were very narrow minded and they never like or take any keen interest to seek Arabic literature or tradition. So tradition impacts of Arabs were not much in India.sindh impacted on Arabs.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=5][COLOR=Black] Social impacts:-[/COLOR][/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] Social impacts were not far reaching. Some families of Arab traders were settled in Sindh and got a lot of respect. Some Sindhi families changed their family table into Arabs origin because Arabs were very much popular in their hospatitly.the climate of Sindh is just like Arabia. So these families who were settled down they did not feel any differences in it. Many Hindus who were accepted Islam they adopted Arab tradition and claimed that they were originally Arabs not Sindhi.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=5]Economic impact:-[/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] Muslims traders established their trade colonies in Sindh coastal side. Arabs traders were behind the business of Sindh.they control on Indian Ocean and economy of Sindh. Cambay, choule, hanowar were the famous colonies of Arabs in Sindh.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] Why Muslims took a strong hold on Indian sea trade?[/COLOR]
[COLOR=Black] Hindus were not interested in sea travel because it was prohibited in their religion to travel in water. so Muslims got opportunity to occupied the sea shore[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=5]Popularity of Islam in other countries:-.[/SIZE] [/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] Muslims also took control on Bey of Bengal and Indian Ocean and Because of this strong hold on costal areas they went on maliysia, indonisia and other countries and due to the good attitude of Muslim Islam spread in those countries.[/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] [SIZE=5]Conclusion: -[/SIZE][/COLOR]
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[COLOR=Black] Muslims attack in indo pak was proved very good for Muslims but not for long term but in short term. Islam was entered in India and with the help of this invasion many Muslim families and missionaries came and spread Islam and due to the good behavior of Muslim soldiers. Many deprived class of Hindus were embraced Islam. Although this invasion was not proved fruitful form Arabs Muslims but the followers of [COLOR=Blue]MUHAMAMD [/COLOR]show that they were able to spread the message of Islam in all over the world. [/COLOR]