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Indo-Pak Ebook by Ishawri Prasad

All those candidates who have opted Indo-Pak as their optional subject follow the below address for the book:

[B]A SHORT HISTORY OF MUSLIM RULE IN IND[/B]IA
BY
[B]ISWARI PRASAD[/B]

[url]http://ia331342.us.archive.org/3/items/shorthistoryofmu035015mbp/shorthistoryofmu035015mbp_djvu.txt[/url]

It contains some excellent stuff and can help u guys to score some good marks in the said subject.........

enjoy it and remember me in your prayers........

Stanley Lane Poole book....

hi guys here is another link which contains the following very important book :

[B]MEDIÆVAL INDIA UNDER MOHAMMEDAN RULE (A.D. 712-1764)
By
STANLEY LANE-POOLE[/B]

You can copy some comments from it and can adjust in your CSS paper......
here goes the link:

[url]http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=1501231[/url]

i hope you people will like it.........

regards........

The tarikh-i-rashidi

Dear friends...

Here i am sharing another precious indo-pak history book named:

THE TARIKH-I-RASHIDI
Edited by N. Elias & Translated by E. Denison Ross

here is the link:
[url]http://ia341328.us.archive.org/3/items/TheTarikh-i-rashidi/TheTarikh-i-rashidiVer1.0_djvu.txt[/url]

enjoy it.........

hello friends,,,,

for all indo-pak history loving members, today i am sharing another book:

[B][I]TRANSLATION
of
FERISHTA's[/I]

History Of Dekkan[/B]

Here is the link:::
[url]http://ia311243.us.archive.org/3/items/ferishtashistory01firi/ferishtashistory01firi_djvu.txt[/url]

enjoy it...........

Babar's will.......

AoA bro/sis,
Today I am gona share something very special and I hope you people will love it......It is Zaheer ud Din Muhammad Babur's will:

"My son take note of the following: Do not harbour religious prejudice in your heart. You should dispense justice while taking note of the people's religious sensitivites, and rites. Avoid slaughtering cows in order that you could gain a place in the heart of natives. This will take you nearer to the people.

Do not demolish or damange places of worship of any faith and dispense full justice to all to ensure peace in the country. Islam can better be preached by the sword of love and affection, rather than the sword of tyranny and persecution. Avoid the differences between the shias and sunnis. Look at the various characteristics of your people just as characteristics of various seasons."

Islamic Voice, June 2006.
[A copy of this will is preserved in State Library of Bhopal.]

regards........

A Concise History of India....

Here is another Book for all indopak history loving membs.......

[CENTER][SIZE="3"]A Concise History of India[/SIZE]

By

BARBARA D. METCALF & THOMAS R. METCALF[/CENTER]

[url]http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/2001035096.pdf[/url]

enjoy it............

plz sir if you know any ebook among sher shah suri rule then plz share thanks

Sher Shah Suri....

Brother follow the below links for your desired data......

[url]http://hubpages.com/hub/Sur-Dynasty[/url]

[url]http://www.indianetzone.com/47/sher_shah_suri.htm[/url]

[url]http://www.history-timeline.deepthi.com/india-timeline-history/sur-dynasty.html[/url]

If you want to study Sher shah sur in detail then try to get a hard copy of [CENTER][B]TARIKHI SHER SHAHI
By
ABBAS KHAN SARWANI[/B][/CENTER]

Regards......

SORRY DEAR THE LINK YOU PROVIDED IS INVALID AND YOUR LINKED PAGE SHOWS MESAGE "We’re sorry, the page you have requested is not available. " PLEASE PROVIVE FRESH LINK OR KINDLY MAIL ME LINK OR BOOK @ [email]*******@gmail.com[/email]

Hello everyone,,,, today i m gona share one of the most important and authentic history book,,,,, the details are:

[CENTER][B]THE CHACHNAMAH
AN ANCIENT HISTORY OF SIND[/B]
[I]Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest.[/I]

TRANSLATED FROM THE PERSIAN
[I]BY MIRZA KALICHBEG FREDUNBEG[/I][/CENTER]

follow this link.... [url]http://www.scribd.com/doc/416177/The-ChachnamaAn-Ancient-History-of-Sind[/url]

I hope it will help u guys............

enjoy it and remember me in ur prayers........

@Asif: bro I'm unable to see the full book(A concise history of India) as it shows only first 23 pages.

[QUOTE=usman_bukhari88;269938]@Asif: bro I'm unable to see the full book(A concise history of India) as it shows only first 23 pages.[/QUOTE]

bro download it from this link: [url=http://depositfiles.com/en/files/66v9i3kax]Deposit Files[/url]

it contains a complete book of 374 pages...

Hi guys……sharing another authentic book of Indo-Pak…. It contains enough info about Mughal Empire…. One thing which i found special about this book is that it contains special maps which can help us to score high marks in papers...........

[B]The New Cambridge History of India By Jhon F. Richards[/B]

click here [url=http://depositfiles.com/en/files/zny60ytn2]Deposit Files[/url] for getting the ecopy of the said book............

I hope it will be helpful for all the candidates……

Indo Pak Wars : 1947-71

[CENTER]
[B][SIZE="3"]Indo Pak Wars From 1947-to-71[/SIZE]
[SIZE="4"]A STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS[/SIZE]
[I]BY[/I]
AGHA H. AMIN[/B][/CENTER]

click here: [url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/21693873/Indo-Pak-Wars-1947-71-A-STRATEGIC-AND-OPERATIONAL-ANALYSIS-BY-A-H-AMIN]Indo Pak Wars-1947-71-A STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS BY A.H AMIN[/url]

[CENTER][B][SIZE="3"]INDO PAK HISTORY[/SIZE][/B][/CENTER]

[B]Arab Invasion of Sindh:[/B]
Key Facts:
1. Hajjaj Bin Yousaf the Viceroy of Eastern provinces (an imperialist to the core)
2. Waleed Bin Abdul Malik the Caliph at Damescus.

[B]Causes of Arab Invasion:[/B]
Key Facts:
1. The Muslims conquests of the Persia including the provinces of Kirman and Makran brought about the Arabs face to face with then rulers of Sindh who had made common cause with the ruler of Makran against the Muslims.
2. Seaborne trade of the Arabs in the Indian ocean was jeopardized by the pirates.
3. A Carvan of 8 Vessels containing the families of the passed away merchants and traders settled at Cyleon was pirated near the post of Sindh. Hajjaj Bin Yousaf asked for the compensation and punishment of the pirates from Raja Dahir who gave evasive reply, and thus enraged Hajjaj Bin Yousaf.

[B]Expedition under Muhammad Bin Qasim[/B]
Key Facts:
1. Muhammad Bin Qasim sent with an expedition containing:
[CENTER]a. 6000 picked Syrian and Iraqi soldiers.
b. 6000 camel crop.
c. A baggage train of 3000 camels
d. A Manjniq called Arus worked out by 500 men.[/CENTER]

[B]Conquest of Daibul (712)[/B]
Key Facts:
1. Muhammad Bin Qasim appeared (proceeding through Makran) before Daibul in 712.
2. There was a large Temple on the top of which flew a red flag.
3. Manjniq aimed at the flag it was brought down, the defenders lost hope and Daibul was conquered.

[B]Conquest of Nirun:[/B]
Key Facts:
1. Muhammad Bin Qasim then turned to Nirun the Budhist Monk surrendered.

[B]Conquest of Raor:[/B]
Key Facts:
1. A fierce battle ensued in the course of which Raja Dahir was over powered and killed.
Conquest of Brahmanabad and Alor:

[B]Conquest of Multan:[/B]
Key Facts:
1. Multan offered stiff resistance for two months after which Hindus were over powered and defeated.
2. The people of Multan, Merchants, traders and artisans together with Jats and Meds who had suffered at the hand of native rulers waited upon Muhammad Bin Qasim to pay him homage.

[B]Muhammad Bin Qasim Treatment of Locals:[/B]
Key Facts:
1. He guaranteed to the conquered people the security of life, property and freedom of worship. (the temples shall be inviolate like the churches of Christians, the synods of the jews and the altars of the magians).
2. The people of Sindh were given the status of Zimmis.
3. Brahmans and Budhists were given important administrative posts specially in the revenue department (be honest in determining the shares of people and government and if share of the state is to be taken out do it with equity and fix the revenue according to people’s ability to pay).

[B]Effect of conquest of Sindh:[/B]
Key Facts:
1. Islam gained its first foothold.
2. The Arabs soldiers settled down in this country and some of them married into local families.
3. Military cantonments were founded which later grow into flourishing cities and became centers of learning and culture.
4. The conquest opened the way for new cultural contacts between the Hindus and Muslims.
[CENTER]i. Decimal Numerals.
ii. Chess
iii. Books on astronomy such as Siddhanta were translated in Arabic
iv. The book of fables called Kalilah-wa-dimnah had an Indian origin.[/CENTER]
5. Intensification of trade relationship between Arab and Sindh.
6. (The Arab invasion was a failure. It attacked from the wrong quarter, entered on the least productive province and was too feebly supported to spread further.) Stanley Lane-Poole
[CENTER]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------[/CENTER]

Muhammad Bin Qasim. . .

[CENTER][U][B]MUHAMMAD BIN QASIM[/B][/U]

[B]Contents[/B][/CENTER]

1 Life and Career [LIST][*]Umayyad Interest in Sindh [*]Political setting[/LIST]2 The Campaign
3 Military and Political Strategy[LIST][*]Reasons for Success[/LIST]4 Administration by Qasim [LIST][*]Incorporation of ruling elite into administration[/LIST]5 Treatment of Jats
6 Religion
7 Death
8 Controversy
9 Legacy
10 See also
11 External links
12 Footnotes
13 References

In order to access the complete book, Click here :[url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/2250007/Muhammad-Bin-Qasim]Muhammad Bin Qasim[/url]

[CENTER]--------------------------------------------------------------------[/CENTER]

Dear Asif.........i have left a msg for you on yahoo...kindly do check it and i hope u wil get in touch with me..

Meanwhile does anyone has ebook of "The foundation of Muslim Rule in India" by A.B. Habibullah.....if someone has kindly share it

Indo Pak Wars From 1947-to-71
A STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS
BY
AGHA H. AMIN

From where i can download this file ?

@m.furqan & waqar mohammad

[QUOTE=m.furqan08;306170]Indo Pak Wars From 1947-to-71
A STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS
BY
AGHA H. AMIN
From where i can download this file ?[/QUOTE]

Sorry brother I dont have any other address for the same book.....You can only read it online, unfortunately the download option has been unchecked by the uploader of the above book.

[QUOTE]Dear Asif.........i have left a msg for you on yahoo...kindly do check it and i hope u wil get in touch with me..[/QUOTE]

Yes brother I got your message, you can contact me anytime.....Feel free to ask anything,,, I would love to help you....

Regards....

The Legacy of....

[CENTER][B][SIZE="3"]THE LEGACY OF
MUSLIM RULE IN INDIA[/SIZE]

[I]By[/I]

K.S. LAL
[/CENTER]
Contents[/B]

Preface

Abbreviations used in references

Chapter 1 - The Medieval Age

Chapter 2 - Historiography of Medieval India

Chapter 3 - Muslims Invade India

Chapter 4 - Muslim Rule in India

Chapter 5 - Upper Classes and Luxurious Life

Chapter 6 - Middle Classes and Protest Movements

Chapter 7 - Lower Classes and Unmitigated Exploitation

Chapter 8 - The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India

Bibliography

click on the below address for accessing the Book....
[url=http://voi.org/books/tlmr/bib.htm]Bibliography[/url]

Muslim Slave System in Medieval India

[B][B][CENTER][SIZE="3"]Muslim Slave System
in Medieval India[/SIZE]

By
[U]K.S. Lal[/U][/CENTER][/B]

Contents[/B]

Preface

Abbreviations

1. Introduction

2. The Origins of Muslim Slave System

3. Enslavement of Hindus by Arab and Turkish Invaders

4. Slave Sultans of Hindustan

5. Slave-taking during Muslim Rule

6. Enslavement and Proselytization

7. Struggle for Power among Slave Nobles

8. Employment of Slaves

9. Ghilmans and Eunuchs

10. Slave Trade

11. Rules regarding Manumission and Sale of Slaves

12. Sex Slavery

Postscript

Bibliography

Click the following link for complete book:
[url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/32890015/Muslim-Slave-System-in-India]Muslim Slave System in India[/url]
enjoy it :)
[CENTER]
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The cambridge economic history of india...

Today I am sharing an amazing Indo-Pak economic history book which contains a list of some special Maps including Maps of....

1 Punjab: rivers, (a) 1400, (b) 1970
2 Middle Ganga Basin: forests, (a) 1600, (b) 1950
3 Average annual rainfall
4 Rural population density, 1961
5 Archaeological remains in Uttar Pradesh, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
6 Uttar Pradesh: towns by population, 1881
7 Administrative centres, thirteenth century
8 Minerals, manufactures and other commercial products, seventeenth century
9 Major routes and ports, seventeenth century
10 Asia and the Indian Ocean: major trade routes and ports, seventeenth century

[CENTER][SIZE="3"][B]THE CAMBRIDGE
ECONOMIC HISTORY
OF INDIA[/B][/SIZE]

edited by
[SIZE="3"]TAPAN RAYCHAUDHURI[/SIZE]
[SIZE="1"]Reader in Modern South Asian History, University of Oxford, and
Fellow of St Antony's College[/SIZE]

and

[SIZE="3"]IRFAN HABIB[/SIZE]
[SIZE="1"]Professor of History, Aligarh Muslim University[/SIZE][/CENTER]

[B]CONTENTS[/B]

[CENTER][U[B]]INTRODUCTION[/B][/U][/CENTER]
[B]I The Geographical Background[/B]

[B]II South India: Some General Considerations of the Region and its Early History[/B]

[B][CENTER][U]PARTI : c. 1200-1500[/U][/CENTER][/B]
[B]III Northern India under the Sultanate [/B]
1 Economic Conditions before 1200
2. Agrarian Economy
3 Non-Agricultural Production and Urban Economy
4 The Currency System

[B]IV Vijayanagara c. 1350—1564 [/B]

[B]V The Maritime Trade of India [/B]

[B][CENTER][U]PAR T II : c. 1500-1750[/U][/CENTER][/B]
[B]VI Population[/B]

[B]VII The State and the Economy[/B]
1 The Mughal Empire
2 Maharashtra and the Deccan: a Note
3 The South

[B]VIII The Systems of Agricultural Production [/B]
1 Mughal India
2 South India

[B]IX Agrarian Relations and Land Revenue[/B]
1 North India
2 The Medieval Deccan and Maharashtra

[B]X Non-Agricultural Production[/B]
1 Mughal India
2 Maharashtra and the Deccan
3 South India

[B]XI Inland Trade [/B]

[B]XII Monetary System and Prices [/B]

[B]XIII Foreign Trade [/B]
1 European Trade with India
[B]
XIV Towns and Cities [/B]
1 Mughal India
2 The Far South

[B]XV Standard of Living [/B]
1 Mughal India
2 Maharashtra and the Deccan

Bibliography

for detailed book, click here:[url=http://uploading.com/files/get/2f8368e2/]Download 0521226929 india1.rar for free on uploading.com[/url]
or
[url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/28935682/Cambridge-Economic-History-of-India-1-1200-1750]Cambridge Economic History of India 1, 1200-1750[/url]
[CENTER]
____________________________________________________[/CENTER]

sir the link is not working at my end
any other link please

Dear both the links are working fine on my side......anyways you try this one:
[url=http://ebookee.org/The-Cambridge-Economic-History-of-India-Volume-1-c-1200-c-1750_480039.html]The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, c. 1200-c. 1750 | Free eBooks Download - EBOOKEE![/url]
or
[url]http://81.70.242.211/eab/manual/Publisher/Cambridge%20University%20Press%20www.cambridge.org/Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India%201,%201200-1750%20c20080611%20%5B552%5D.pdf[/url] (this link will take time to open because the file is almost 29MB)

[CENTER][SIZE="3"][B]ADMINISTRATION OF THE SULTANATE[/B][/SIZE][/CENTER]

[B][U]Contents[/U][/B]

16.0 Objectives

16.1 Introduction

16.2 The Caliphate and the Delhi Sultanate

16.3 The Nature of the Delhi Sultanate
[LIST][*]Central Administration[*]The Sultan[*]The Wizarar[*]Diwan-i arz[*]Oths Departments[*]Slaves and Karkhanns[/LIST]
16.5 Revenue Adfninistration

16.6 Iqta System and Provincial Administration[LIST][*]lqra System[*]Provincial and Local Administration[/LIST]
16.7 Let Us Sum Up

16.8 Key Words

16.9 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises

click here:[url]http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/26535/1/Unit-16.pdf[/url]
[CENTER]
______________________________________________________[/CENTER]

Muslim Civilization in India ...

[CENTER][SIZE="3"][B]Muslim Civilization in India [/B]
by
S.M. Ikram [/SIZE][/CENTER]

[B][U]CONTENTS[/U][/B]

[B]Part One: The Early Invasions and the Delhi Sultanate, 712-1526[/B]
*Chronology, Part One*
*1 -- The Impact of the Arabs*
*2 -- The Heritage of Ghazni and Bukhara*
*3 -- The Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate*
*4 -- Consolidation of Muslim Rule in the North*
*5 -- Expansion in the South: The Khaljis and the Tughluqs*
*6 -- The Disintegration of the Sultanate*
*7 -- The Administrative System of the Sultanate*
*8 -- Society and Culture under the Sultanate*
*9 -- The Interaction of Islam and Hinduism*

[B]Part Two: The Mughal Period, 1526-1858 [/B]
*Chronology, Part Two*
*10 -- The Establishment of the Mughal Empire*
*11 -- The Age of Akbar*
*12 -- Religion at Akbar's Court*
*13 -- The Orthodox Reaction*
*14 -- The Age of Splendor*
*15 -- Aurangzeb*
*16 -- Mughal Administration*
*17 -- Economic and Social Developments under the Mughals*
*18 -- The Mughals and the Arts*
*19 -- A Century of Political Decline: 1707-1803*
*20 -- The Beginning of a New Era: 1803-1857*
*21 -- Conclusion*

[B] List of Maps: [/B]
*India at the End of the Ninth Century*
*India in 1236*
*The Empire of Muhammad bin Tughluq in 1335*
*Regional Kingdoms at the End of the Fifteenth Century*
*The Mughal Empire at the Death of Akbar in 1605*
*The Mughal Empire in 1700*
*India in 1780*

Click Here:[url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/29275580/Muslim-Civilization-in-India]Muslim Civilization in India[/url]
[CENTER]
________________________________[/CENTER]

Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi....

Dear membs today I am sharing a very informative book about Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi (in Urdu) and his conquests....I am sure you people will love it....

download the attached files and enjoy it...

Moral developmentin mystical islamic education

[B][CENTER][SIZE="3"]MORAL DEVELOPMENT IN MYSTICAL ISLAMIC EDUCATION
IN INDO-PAK SUBCONTINENT: SUFISM [/SIZE]

By

Dr. Azhar Mahmood, M. Nasir Khan[/CENTER]

ABSTRACT[/B]

This is the age of science and technology. Human identities and characteristics are converted into machines of consumption, feeding the desires of our bodies, but always to the detriment of the true desires of our souls. This has led us to a ‘moral and spiritual void’, resulting in a state of human disequilibrium. Islamic Sufism is a complete system of education where the process of teaching and learning is always in moral perspectives. Objectives of the study were to analyze the place of moral development in the objectives and contents of Education in the Sufic System of Education in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent. The study was helpful to different stake holders like Religious Scholars, Educationists to understand the place and importance of moral development in the objectives and contents of education in the Sufic system of education in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent. The study was also helpful for educational administrators to revise he objectives of their institutions to promote moral development in students. The study was of great importance for curriculum developers to re-construct their curriculum objectives and contents. The study was aimed to provide a guideline to research scholars to work on new line in educational research and study about moral enhancement in the sufic schools of thoughts. The study was delimited to analyze the moral development in view of one sufi saint, Sultan Bahoo who was a renowned sufi of Qadri order in Pakistan. The research was historical and descriptive in nature. The data was collected from primary and secondary resources. The instrument used by researcher was personal visits, horough study and reading of source material.

for detailed document, visit [url=http://pdffinder.net/MORAL-DEVELOPMENT-IN-MYSTICAL-ISLAMIC-EDUCATION-IN-INDO-PAK-....html#]MORAL DEVELOPMENT IN MYSTICAL ISLAMIC EDUCATION IN INDO PAK[/url]
[CENTER]
_____________________________________[/CENTER]

Ahmed Shah Abdali

[CENTER][B]Title[/B] [SIZE="3"][U]Ahmed Shah Abdali[/U][/SIZE]

[B]Author[/B] Qaisar Ali Agha

[B]Description [/B]Ahmed Shah Abdali is a book on his biography.

[B]Sponsored By[/B] Urdu Public Library[/CENTER]

Book Link:[url=http://www.iqbalcyberlibrary.net/Urdu-Books/969-416-219-021/index.php]Ahmed Shah Abdali[/url]

This thread is best for Indo pak but given links are not working esp of books .some are working . and 404 error comes when i click to the sight ...

chach nama

stanely and first link and a few on the top side .please refresh all these .

thanx regards

AMSS

Khalji Dynasty(1290-1320)

[CENTER][SIZE="3"][B]The life and works of
Sultan Alla-Ud-Din Khalji[/B]
By
Dr. Ghulam Sarwar Khan Niazi[/SIZE][/CENTER]

[B][U]Contents[/U][/B]
[LIST=1][*]Introduction[*]Khaljis in the light of History[*]Way to Throne[*]Administrative Reforms[*]Attitude towards Religion[*]A Social Reformer[*]AllaudDin and the Hindus[*]Literature & Arts[*]The Massacre of New Muslim Mughals[*]Character and Achivements[/LIST]
Click below link in order to get this online book:

[url]http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=nbZgnqfXjnQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=true[/url]

Enjoy it.

--Asif Yousufzai--

Sir it is indeed a very nice effort from your part, it is extremely helpful. Thank you so much for all these posts. Sir I have emailed you, kindly check it out and then reply me. I will wait for your response.

Dear I checked inbox but did not find any mail from your side. Try to resend it or you can discuss it here with me if its ok for you.

Regards

Sir I have emailed you again in detail. Please reply me as soon as possible.

Indo-pak Books !!!!

thanks alot bro asif,

can ya also tell from where you plan to prepare Indo-pak Objectives ????
i am planning to take CE 2014, so kindly reply us ....
also whats its scoring trend in your view ????? :thinking

@Billa & parwarsha

[QUOTE] Sir I have emailed you again in detail. Please reply me as soon as possible.[/QUOTE]

Dear I have forwarded you the soft copy of all those topics which you asked me for. Yeah one thing else, I didnt arrange the maps in order so You will have to give a little bit time to that (sorry for that).

[QUOTE=parwarsha;497607]thanks alot bro asif,

can ya also tell from where you plan to prepare Indo-pak Objectives ????
i am planning to take CE 2014, so kindly reply us ....
also whats its scoring trend in your view ????? :thinking[/QUOTE]

You are welcome dear.

For objective section I followed Internet + History of Indo-Pak objective book by Sarfaraz Ahmad. It helped me in covering almost +90% of the subject.

As far as the scoring trend is concerned so dear many members of this forum have discussed this issue in detail. And for me the long & short of those discussions is that, scoring low or high depends on one's interest in that specific subject as well as his/her writing & presentation skills. So try to present your knowledge/views in a unique way and differentiate your work in a best possible way. Goodluck

Regards

[QUOTE=parwarsha;497607]thanks alot bro asif,

can ya also tell from where you plan to prepare Indo-pak Objectives ????
i am planning to take CE 2014, so kindly reply us ....
also whats its scoring trend in your view ????? :thinking[/QUOTE]
you can also get solved objectives of last papers from forum

[URL="http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-e-history-subjects/indo-pak-history/14424-solved-objectives-indo-pak-past-papers-since-1985-a.html"]http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-e-history-subjects/indo-pak-history/14424-solved-objectives-indo-pak-past-papers-since-1985-a.html[/URL]

Causes of the decline of Mughal Empire

[SIZE="3"][B][CENTER]Causes of the decline of Mughal Empire[/CENTER][/B][/SIZE]

here were many reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire, beginning with succession disputes and ending with the arrival of the British, who took advantage of the lack of central control, the discontent and factionalism. Some of the specific reasons were:

[B]1. Struggle for succession
[/B]After the death of Aurangazeb, a war of succession broke out among his three sons, Muazzam (Governor of Kabul), Muhammad Azam (Governor of Gujrat) and Muhammad Kam Baksh (Governor of Bijapur). In his will, Aurangazeb had directed his sons to divide the Empire peacefully among them. But at his death, there rose a bitter struggle for the throne of Delhi.

The competition for power led to the death of Azam and Muhammad. Muazzem took up the title of Bahadur Shah (also Shah Alam I) but when he died in February 1712, a fresh war of succession broke out among Muazzam’s four sons. Three out of his four sons were killed in this conflict. The remaining son, Jahandar Shah, became the emperor. But soon, Farrukhsiyar, a son of one of the defeated princes, deposed Jahandar Shah to avenge his father’s death. A series of such conflicts arising out of battles for succession, resulting in the absence of a long-lasting central authority, weakened the Mughal Empire.

[B]2. Religious policy
[/B]Aurangzeb was brave and untiring in carrying out his duties. He was also a great soldier and general but he failed to be a good ruler because of his religious conservatism. He appeared to be an emperor of the Muslims only, not of all the people of India who had different religious and cultural identities. In 1679, he re-imposed the Jizia on the non-believers. He denounced the idea of joining hands with the Hindus for the integrity of the Empire. He rather focused on the Muslims only. He also banned sati, the Hindu sacrifice of widows. These and other of his religious policies insulted the non-Muslims and caused discontent and unrest.

[B]3. Aurangzeb's Deccan policy
[/B]Aurangzeb's determination to crush the Marathas was also responsible for the decline of the Empire. The Emperor went to the Deccan to annex Golcunda in 1686 and Bijapur in 1687. These two states were not only Shia states but also supportive to the Marathas by providing employment and even military training. A friendly policy towards these two states could have made them his allies against the Maratha.

But Aurangzeb could not see this possibility. The Mughal Empire, by this time, had become too vast to be controlled efficiently by a centralised administration, especially Karnataka. Communication and transport were poor and the frequent Maratha raids made it difficult for the nobles to collect the taxes. This was a serious setback to the prestige of the Empire.

[B]4. Aurangzeb's Rajput policy
[/B]Aurangzeb did not attach enough importance to the Rajput alliance. In December 1678, he introduced a change of policy towards the Rajputs who had contributed much to the growth of the Mughal Empire in India. When he annexed Marwar, Aurangzeb's aggressive policy drove the Rajputs to gather forces and the Rajput War turned into almost a national uprising. The war continued till Bahadur Shah I, Aurangzeb's son and successor, recognized Ajit Singh as the Rana of Marwar in 1709.

[B]5. Maratha revival
[/B]By 1691, the Marathas (under the Peshwas) had become strong enough to rise up in rebellion under Raja Ram and other Maratha chiefs. They consolidated their positions in western India, dreaming of a greater Maharashtra Empire. The Marathas grew into the strongest power in northern India and took up the role of defenders of Hindustan against foreign invaders like Ahmed Shah Abdali. The Maratha conquests in the north accelerated the disintegration of the Empire.

[B]6. The weak nobles and party factions
[/B]The weak characters of the nobility hastened the downfall of the Mughal Empire. The nobility were only interested in increasing their power and influence. The country was often broken apart by civil wars due to the quarrelsome nobles. The nobility was divided into two broad factions:
[LIST][*]The Hindustani or Indo-Muslim party, who were the Afghan nobles, the Sayyids of Barha and Khan-i-Dawran whose ancestors had come to India from Badakhshan. These Indian Muslims were mostly aligned with the Hindus.
[*]The foreign nobles were called Mughals as a whole but were divided into two groups. Those who came from Trans-oxania and other parts of Central Asia were mostly Sunni (The Turrani Party). The Irani nobles who were from Persia were mostly Shias.[/LIST]
During the reign of Bahadur Shah and Jahandar Shah, the Irani party was in power with Zulfikhar Khan as leader. But from the time of Farrukhsiyyar's reign, the Hindustani party, together with the Turrani group, took over power. At the end, the Turranians and the Iranians joined together against the Hindustanis. This factionalism grew stronger in the absence of a strong emperor.

[B]7. Administrative weaknesses
[/B]
[B]Corrupt administration
[/B]The Mughal administration became full of corruption even before the death of Aurangzeb. Officers of all ranks took bribes. On the other hand, the high rate of taxation ruined the people who lost interest in production. In the reign of Shah Jahan, the state demand had been raised to half of the produce. His immense expenditure on the construction of numerous buildings worsened the condition of the finances. The tyrannical administration of the provincial governors brought further misery to the people who could go nowhere for redress.

[B]The Mansabdari system
[/B]A mansab meant an official appointment of rank and profit, which was held by every officer of the state. They were bound theoretically to supply a number of troops for the military service of the state. The mansabdars were the official nobility of the country. They were directly recruited, promoted and suspended by the Emperor himself. The mansabdari system later deteriorated, therefore, with the ascendancy of weak rulers on the throne and as corruption and repression increased.

[B]Condition of the people
[/B]The people of India suffered greatly. The land revenue taxes increased from the time of Akbar. The nobles were mistreated and cheated out of their land rights. In response, they often broke official regulations and behaved cruelly. People's miseries increased after Aurangzeb's death and peasants often left their lands in despair.

The discontent of the peasants was an added reason for the uprisings of the Satnanis, the Jats and the Sikhs. Many peasants formed bands of robbers and adventurers weakening law and order further.

[B]8. The demoralised Mughal army
[/B]The condition of the army was deplorable. The immense wealth of India and the wine and comforts they enjoyed demoralised the Mughal army and led to its deterioration. The Mughal army was so weak that even after three attempts it failed to capture Kandahar. In 1739, Nader Shah, the Persian invader, easily plundered Delhi and carried out a wholesale massacre. The people lost all respect for the Mughal sovereign.

[B]Misuse of revenue by the nobles
[/B]The Mughal army was formed of contingents maintained by the great nobles from the revenues or assignments of their posts. With the weakening of the central control, the nobles used those assignments to benefit themselves.

[B]Lax discipline
[/B]Discipline became lax in the army. There was no regular punishment for military crimes. Aurangzeb often ignored acts of treason and cowardice, and even neglect of duty. There was no drill in the army and each soldier trained as he wished with his weapons.

[B]Outdated weapons
[/B]The weapons and methods of warfare had become outdated by this time. They depended mostly on artillery and the armour-clad cavalry. The artillery was local and followed by a huge camp of various people of different ages, combatants, and non-combatants, and numerous elephants, cattle and beasts of burden. In the eighteenth century, musketry was already introduced in other armies, and the Maratha cavalry with their swiftness and suddenness could easily bring disorder in the Mughal camps.

[B]Not a national army
[/B]The Mughal army comprised various elements of people who fought battles in their individual ways. With the expansion of the Empire, the army became too huge and uncontrollable. Moreover, the jealousies and rivalries of the high-ranking officials in the army often destroyed the chances of victory during the campaigns.

[B]9. The Persion’s invasions of Ahmed Shah Abdali[/B]
The invasions of Ahmed Shah Abdali, the invader from Persia and the son of Nadir Shah, hastened the downfall of the Mughal Empire. These frequent invasions revealed the weakness of the Empire and brought chaos and confusion. The third battle of Panipat in 1761, fought between Ahmed Shah Abdali and the Marathas, ended in a disastrous defeat for the Marathas. It also weakened the Marathas and the Muslim rulers, paving the way for the British Rule in India.

[B]10. The arrival of the British[/B]
The Mughals neglected the navy and this proved to be a disaster. The coastline was left unprotected and the Europeans were able to establish themselves in India with little difficulty. Various European nations who had established trade relations with India, seeing the weakness of the Mughal Empire, began to focus more on political influence than trade in India.

Through diplomancy, military skill and persistence, the English East India Company emerged as successful in exploiting the volatile circumstances in India in general and Bengal in particular. They first succeeded in getting permission from emperor Jahangir to build forts and conduct trade in Surat, Agra and Ahmedabad around 1620. But given the prevailing trend of decline in the Mughal Empire, particulary towards the end of Aurangzeb’s reign, they gradually became politically ambitious.

In 1688, the British blockaded the Bombay and Mughal ports and captured many Mughal ships. As the Mughal Emperor responded strongly, they were forced to sign a treaty in 1690. The company was given a license for trade only on condition that the captured vessels would be returned and a payment of one and a half lacs of rupees made. Though this treaty apparently restrained the British, this was not good for the Mughal Empire in the long run. The reason is that this treaty legitimised the presence of the British, as well their right to do business in India. From this time onwards, the British organised their strength in Bombay, Madras and Bengal and tried to help build up an alliance that was not sympathetic to the Mughals.

The arrival of the British was to prove fatal to the Mughal Empire. Britain was the most technologically advanced country in the world and the British brought with them weapons far in advance of those used by the Mughals. The British also brought a unity and sense of determination which the divided Mughals lacked.