My Indo Pak Notes in Points

Farrah Zafar · #1 Sunday, December 05, 2010

character sketch of Zahiruddin Babur

* Founder of Mughal Empire in India
*Born on 14th Feb,1483 at a town called Andijan that is located in present day Uzbekistan.
*Died on Dec 26,1530 in Agra,burried at Kabul.
*Belonged to the Mongol Tribe from mother's side and Timur Shah from father's side.
*His successor was his son Humayun.

Qualities

--Military Genius,Skill ful warrior,Able administrator,lover of fine arts and poetry,noble and kind hearted,humble an good humored.
--A poetic genius and his creations have been compiled as an autobiography known as Babur_namah.
--A witty person who had a streak of adventure and a keen eye for natural beauty.
--showed typical Turkish characteristics

As a Warrior

--Ascended the throne of Central Asian kingdom of Farghana at the age of 12/14.
--Fought many battles to rule over Samarkand,winning and losing his kingdom many times in the process.
--In 1504,he ventured into what is now Afghanistan and conquered Kabul.
--Invaded India five times,crossing the River Indus each time.
--The fifth expedition resulted in his encounter with Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in April 1526.
--After Panipat,the Hindu princes united under Rana Sanga,the Raja of Mewar.Babar's armies had a fight with them at Kanwaha,near Agra on March 16,1527 and Babar won decisively.Kanwaha confirmed and completed Babur's victory at Panipat.
--In 1528,he captured Chanderi from the Rajput chief Medini Rao,and a year later he defeated the Afghan chiefs under Mahmud Lodhi in the battle of Ghagra at Bihar.
--He became the "Master of Hindustan".

Remarkable Innovation

The most successful of Babur's innovations was the introduction of "Gunpowder",which had never been used before in the sub-continent.

Farrah Zafar · #2 Monday, December 06, 2010

Nasir ud din Muhammad Humayun

*successor of Babur
*born on 17 March,1508 in Kabul
*died on 27 januaray,1556 in Delhi(by falling from stairs of his library)
*His successor was his son Akbar

Personality Traits

--Unlike his father he was a cultivated gentleman
--unrivalled in the science of Astrology and Mathematics
--Deeply superstitious(relied upon movements of planets,entered a house with his left foot going forwards)
--Mild and benevolent in character,tolerant
--charitable and magnificent personality

As a Warrior

--Ascended the throne at the age of 22/23 on Dec.30,1530
--His two main rivals were Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat and Sher Shah Suri
--Faced troubles from the Afghan nobles,the Rajputs,and most of all from his brothers(Kamran,Askari,Hindal)
--He was defeated in the battle of Kanauj in 1540,became a fugitive and escaped towards Iran via Sindh
--In 1555,after a period of 15 years,he returned once again and was able to recover his kingdom

Architectural Legacy

Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb, Delhi (1528-36)
Imam Zamin's Tomb, Delhi (1537)
Hasan Khan's Tomb, Sasaram (c. 1535)
Sher Shah's Tomb, Sasaram (c. 1540)
Purana Qila, Delhi (c. 1530-45)
Qala-i-Kuhna Masjid, Delhi (1541)
Sher Mandal, Delhi (c. 1541)
Gate of Sher Shah's Wall, Delhi (1540s)
Salimgarh, Delhi (1546)
Isa Khan's Mosque and Tomb, Delhi (1547)
Sabz Burj, Nila Gumbad, Delhi
Bu Halima's Garden, Delhi

Remarkable Achievement

His achievement was in sphere of painting.His devotion to early Safavid school,developed during his stay in Iran,led him to recruit Persian painters of merit to accompany him back to india.These artists laid the foundation of the Mughal style

A relevant video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IS_ugJr5KXU

Farrah Zafar · #3 Tuesday, January 04, 2011

SULTAN GHYAS-UD-DIN BALBAN

son of a turkish noble of the ilbar tribe but as a child was captured by Mongols and sold as slave at Ghazni,bought by Iltutmush in 1232.

*literally educated...he introduced the persian culture of zaminbos that is lying flat one's face before the emperor.

*He was initially the prime minister sultan Nasir ud din Mahmud from 1246 to 1266.He ascended throne of Nasir in 1266 at age of 60 as he had no male heir.

*During his reign,Balban ruled with an iron fist.He broke up the chahelgan(a group of forty most important nobles)

*tried to establish peace and order in india

* built many outposts in areas where there was crime and garrisoned them with the soldiers.

*Balban wanted to make everyone loyal to the crown by establishing an efficient espionage system.

*He had a strong and well organized spy system.He placed secret reporters and news writers in every department.The spies were independent authority only answerable to sultan.

*strict administrator of justice,didnt show any partiality..

about his justice Dr.Ishwari prasad remarked,

So great was the dread of sultan's inexorable justice that no one dared to ill treat his servant and slaves.

*successor was his grand son,Muizuddin Qaiqabad

*Mongols had advanced many times and plundered Lahore.In order to check their invasion,Balban built new forts and ordered the repair of old ones.He deployed the best of his

troops on the northern borders to check the mOngols.His policies paid off,as he managed to stop the MOngol threat from advancing into his territories.

*In last days of Balban,Tughral baig,the governor of Bengal revolted against him.Balban sent an army who was defeated then Balban decided to

lead an attack against the rebellion leader.He re conquered Bengal,appointed his son Bughra khan as the governor of Bengal.

Greatest set back was the death of his favorite son Prince Muhammad during the war against Mongols.

In short Balban put the muslim rule on firm footings.He made the Muslim rule in India so strong that it lasted in one form or the other till 1857

Farrah Zafar · #4 Sunday, January 09, 2011

Sultan Mahmud Ghazanvi

--Born in 979. died on April 30 1030.

--Predecessor was Subuktageen,successor was Masud Ghazanvi

--one of the greatest conquerors the world has ever seen.

--never defeated in a battlefield.

--titles of Yamin-ud-Dawlah and Amin-ul-Millah

--Mahmud became the Sultan of Ghazni in 998.

--He fought against the strong forces of Jaipal, Annadpal, Tarnochalpal, Kramta and the joint forces of Hindu Rajas

--The battle against Jaipal was the beginning of a long series of attacks by Mahmud against South Asia.

--he attacked Somnath and crushed the Hindu headquarter of political intrigue(backbone of the Hindus)

--The most important impact of Mahmud's expeditions was the conquest of Punjab for the first time by Muslims and the establishment of Muslim rule and society in the region.

--established his provincial headquarters at Lahore

--established law and order in the areas that he ruled

--The department of police and post were efficient. His judicial system was very good as everybody was equal before the law and justice was the order of the day.

--Mahmud was also a great patron of learning. His court was full of scholars including giants like Firdosi the poet, Behqi the historian and Al-Biruni the versatile scholar.

--Under Mahmud, Ghazni became one of the most important and beautiful cities of the Islamic world and Lahore became a great center of learning and culture. Lahore was called 'Small Ghazni'.

--Mahmud was also a deeply religious man. He himself wrote a book on Fiqh. He had respect for other religions. A large number of Hindus lived in Ghazni, and they enjoyed religious freedom. One of his commanders named Tilak was a Hindu. A number of soldiers in his army were also Hindus. Mahmud attacked the Hindu Temples in India because of political and not religious reasons.

--Mahmud's first campaign to the south was against the Ismaili Fatimid Kingdom at Multan in a bid to curry political favor and recognition with the Abbassid Caliphate, he engaged with the Fatimids elsewhere.

--After the death of Mahmud, the Ghaznavid dynasty lost much of its vigor; yet during the days of his son Masud and grandson Mahmud, Lahore remained an important province of the Ghaznavid Empire.

--Al-Beruni, Mahmud’s chronicler wrote:

“Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country …This is the reason too

why Hindu sciences have retired far away from parts of the country

conquered by us and havefled to places, which our hand cannot yet reach, to

Kashmir, Benaras and other places.”

Farrah Zafar · #5 Thursday, March 10, 2011

Hindi-Urdu controversy

__Amalgamation of Arabic,Persian,Turkish

__Had many names like Hindustani.Shahjahani,Lashkari

__Was Introduced as an official language of Sub-Continent in 1825

__Symbol of Muslim unity and culture

__Hindi-Urdu controversy--------->1867_____Demand of Devanagri script by Hindus

Sir Syed's services for protection of Urdu;

-On Hindi-Urdu controversy,in1868 he declared Muslims and Hindus as two nations.

"I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation

as their religion and way of life was quite distinct from eachother"__(Sir Syed to Mr.Shakespeare,1868)

-In 1871 George Cambell,the Lt.Governor of Bengal ordered that Urdu should be scrapped from the syllabus books.

-In 1887 Sir Syed demanded a "Dar-ul-Tarjuma" from Government.

-He established central association in Allahabad and used the platform of scientific society for protection of Urdu.

-In 1900 the U.P Governor Anthony MacDonal ordered to use Hindi as official language.

__Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk criticized Governor's decision

-established Urdu defence society (protested against Anthony's decision)

-setup Anjuman-i-Tarakki-i-Urdu in Aligarh,it produced several books on Urdu literature under supervision of Maulvi Abdul had,the baba-i-Urdu

Farrah Zafar · #6 Friday, March 11, 2011

Din-i-Ilahi

__Akbar occupied the throne of Delhi in 1566
__He married a number of hindu and rajput women
__Din-i-Ilahi or Divine faith was promulgated by Akbar in 1582.

"Honour would be rendered to God,peace would be given to the peoples and security to the empire"

Purpose was distortion of Islam
__Din-i-Ilahi elevated Akbar and declared him God's shadow on earth.
__Promulgated the policy of Sulah-i-Kul(peace with all)
__Patronized Hindu art and literature

Unislamic practices;

a)worship of sun,fire and artificial lights,
b)Jizya and pilgrimage tax of 6% per head were abolished,
c)Bow infront of Akbar
d)Cow slaughter was prohibited
e)Azan was prohibited
f)Akbar ordered that no child will be named as Muhammad in future.

Effects;

-Loss of Muslim political hegemony
-Failed,not even liked by Hindus though they were given a tremendous boost
-After Akbar's death,Din-i-Ilahi disappeared.

Farrah Zafar · #7 Thursday, March 31, 2011

اجمیر و دہلی کی فتح:۱۱۹۲ء

شہاب الدین ، غوری افواج کا زبردست جنگجو اور سپہ سالار تھا وہ اپنی ریاست کو محمود غزنوی کی ریاست سے بھی وسیع کرنا چاہتا تھا اس نے ۱۱۷۵ء میں ہندوستان پر پہلی بار حملہ کرکے ملتان کو فتح کرلیا اسکے بعد وہ Uch پہنچا جو کہ اب بہاولپور ڈویژن میں ہے ہندوستان کیلئے ہونیوالی جنگ نہایت نزدیک تھی شہاب الدین کے پاس اجمیر و دہلی کے راجہ اور زبردست لڑاکا پرتھوی راج سے مقابلے کیلئے اچھی فوج موجود تھی۔

درمیان پہلے معرکے میں پرتھوی راج کا پلہ بھاری رہا شہاب الدین کو جنوب مشرقی پنجاب میں تھانیسار کے نزدیک ترائین کے مقام پر شکست ہوئی شہاب الدین نہایت شدید زخمی ہوا اور غوری افواج میدان چھوڑکر بھاگ گئیںجس پر شہاب الدین کو شدید شرمندگی ہوئی اور اس نے اپنے ان تمام فوجیوں کو سزا دی جنہوں نے دشمن کو پیٹھ دکھائی تھی۔ ۱۱۹۲ء میں وہ مکمل تیاری اور پہلے سے مضبوط فوج کے ساتھ واپس آیاپرتھوی راج بھی اپنے اتحادیوں کے ہمراہ آگے بڑھا ہندوؤں اور مسلمانوں کے درمیان ایک ہولناک جنگ چھڑی مگر اس بار شہاب الدین فاتح رہا پرتھوی راج دوران جنگ مارا گیا۔ Kannawj کے راجہ جے چند نے کافی مزاحمت کی مگر شہاب الدین نے اسے بھی شکست دی راجہ میدان جنگ میں مارا گیا۔

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The Following 6 Users Say Thank You to Farrah Zafar For This Useful Post:
Bhargav (Tuesday, March 08, 2011), candidguy (Saturday, April 09, 2011), rishzzz (Wednesday, December 08, 2010), s malik (Monday, December 06, 2010), Shazia Rana (Thursday, February 24, 2011), Shooting Star (Wednesday, January 05, 2011)

The Following 4 Users Say Thank You to Farrah Zafar For This Useful Post:
Bhargav (Tuesday, March 08, 2011), candidguy (Saturday, April 09, 2011), Shazia Rana (Thursday, February 24, 2011), Shooting Star (Wednesday, January 05, 2011)

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