My complete short notes of Indo-pak (CSS/PCS.2014) :)

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Asslalm o alaikum

My Notes of Indo-Pakistan I & II (for CSS & PCS)

I have prepared my own short notes with outlines for Indo-pakistan I & II while preparing my CSS attempt in hard copies. However, now I am going to post them here at snail pace in soft so that we may read them here easily. I request you to read my notes, you can also copy them but , don't post anything here here in this thread as it is only for reading, hence, for any question or discussion I have given another link of our second thread where we may discuss. In this thread I want to post my notes fully smoothly by topic wise and clearly..For your appearance you can just thank me by clicking right side bottom on the THANKS in our thread so that I can be understood that you people are with my in posting our notes and reading in order to continue our journey smoothly at snail pace and insha'llah we will be completing our both papers of Indo-pakistsan. I dedicate this work to all of you and especially to those who can not afford expenses and time. I hope my notes will really be beneficial for you insh'allah. First of all I am going to post Indo-Pakistan part I's notes from Mughal Empire (complete).. (As I have opted IndopakII in PCS also and it contains complete course of it, so I think it would be better to post it from Mughal empire). I shall always welcome constructive criticism from the reader and hope that you will point out the shortcoming and mistakes...

Please do not post any thing here, for discussion click the below thread and you will catch me there, that thread is for discussion any thing related to our notes.

http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optio...iscussion.html

Be blessed ...

Thanks in anticipation...

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ZAHEERUDDIN MUHAMMAD BABUR (1526-1530)


1-INDO-PAK ON THE EVE OF BABUR

1. POLITICAL CONDITIONS
a. No Political Unity
“At the period when I conquered the country five Muslim kings & two Pagans (Hindus) exercised royal authority”
b. Weak Delhi Sultanate
c. Gujrat
d. Malwa (n)
e. Bengal (n)
f. Mewar (n)
g. The Punjab economically
h. Khandesh
i. Decan (s)
j. The Bahamani Kigdom
k. The vijaynagar Kingdom (s)

2. POLITICAL CONDITION OF INDO-PAK FAVOURED BABUR’S DESIGN

3. SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONDITION
a. Better relation between the Hindus & the Muslims
b. Bhagti Movement’s influence
c. Literature’s influence

4. ECONOMIC CONDITION
“The chief Excellency of Hindustan is that it is a large country and has abundance of gold & silver”
a. Trade relations with other countries

5. MILITARY CONDITION
a. Gunpowder

6. CONCLUSION

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2-ZAHIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD BABUR

 His real name his Zahiruddin Muhammad
 Babur is a Turkish word that means ‘Tiger”. Indeed, he had a nature of tiger and was a brave man.
 “He calls himself a Turk” in his memoirs.
 His father was a Taimuri and mother belonged to a mongol family.


1. EARLY CAREER, EDUCATION
 Got early education form Sheikh Majid and his maternal grand mother was Aisan Daulat Beghum , he learnt Persian, Arabic, and turkey languages.
 After his father’s death, Sheikh Umar Mirza, the ruler of Farghana in 1494 Babur succeeded him but his relative & Shebani khan who was uzbek became enemy of Babur.
 But with the help of nobles, babur became the strongest ruler to compete such threads.

2. BABUR BECAME THE RULER OF FARGHANA
 Seated in the throne of Farghana
o Thought to expand his empire & attacked on Samarkand but failed
o In 1496 he led 1st failure expedition on Samarkand
o In 1497 successfully attempted & secured Samarkand but got seriously ill there.

 Lost Farghana
o Farghana had fallen into hands of rebels as Babar was ill.

 Babur lost Farghana & Samarkand
o He writes in his memoirs “ For the sake of Farhgna I had given up Samarkand but now I find I had lost without securing the other”

 Hardest period of Babur’s Career
o A king without any kingdom
Farishta writes “A football of fortune, like a king on a chessboard, Babur moved about from place to place”.
o He did not loose his heart and captured Farghana in 1498 only to lose it again in 1500 (farghana).
o In 1501 he succeeded in capturing Samarkand, but after about eight months, he was given crushing defeat about eight months by Shaibani Khan & consequently lost Samarkand.
o In 1502-4 again hardest period

 Conquest of Kabul
o Occupied Kabul in 1504 “assumed the title of Padsha”. '
o With the help of Persia he conquered Bukhara and Samarkand
o He exposed himself as a Shia, then again due to Shia Sunni conflict Shaibani Khan took advantage of this issue and defeated Babur.
o Babur was again defeated & driven “from post to pillar & pillar to post”.
o Thus his ambition being foiled in the west then he decided to try his fortune in the east.
o Hence, it can be said that his “conquest of Hindustan was the fruit of his disappointments”.

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 3-CAUSES/FACTORS OF BABUR’S FAILURE IN CENTRAL ASIA (west)

i. As a young & inexperience

ii. Unsecured position of Babur

iii. Shaibani Khan with Uzbek organization gave him a ‘tough resistance’

iv. No support from Persia

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 5-CAUSES OF BABUR’S INVASION OF INDO-PAKISTAN(east)

i. His failure in Central Asia

ii. His familiarity with the geography of indo-Pak

iii. Uncertain condition of Indo-pak

iv. Invitation of the chiefs of Indopak to crush Ibrahim Lodhi

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 6-BABUR’S EXPEDITIONS
i. 1st expedition (1519)
-conquered Bajaur & Bhera
-he left Bhera in the charge of Baig

ii. 2nd expedition (1519)
-advanced as far as Peshawar but due to disturbance in Badakhshan he had to go back

iii. 3rd expedition (1520)
-Recovered Bhera & proceeded to Sialkot which was easily conquered

iv. 4th expedition (1524)
-Daulat Khan lodhi of the Punjab invited Babur to invade the country and babur welcomed it.
-Then Babur, entered the Punjab occupied the Punjab & Lahore, Jullundur & Dipalpur without much difficultly.
-After that Daulat khan expected that Babur would award on him the viceroyalty of the entire Punjab & himself return to Kabul.
-But when he was offered only two districts, Jullundur & Sultanpur, he turned against him & raised the standard of revolt.
-Daulat khan was miserably defeated & driven to Shiwalik hills.
-Babur divided & distributed the territories of the Punjab among the Dilawar kahn, son of Daulat Khan, Alauddin uncle of Ibrahim lodhi and Mughal Chiefs and himself retired to Kabul.

v. 5th expedition (1526)
-During the absence of Babur, Daulat Kan come out of the hills & defeated Alauddin & reconqured the whole of the Punjab.
-Then, Alauddin went to Kabul & sought the help from Babur against Daulat Khan Lodhi.
-Babr directed the Mughals of the Punjab to help Aaluddin against Daulat Khan.
-but soon he was informed that Alauddin had also joined Daulat Khan.
-he then decided to proceed the Punjab & led his fifth expedition (1526) with the determination of conquest the indo-pak. Daulat Khan finding himself unable to cope with Babur, submitted to him. The Punjab was conquered.

vi. Final expedition of battle of Panipat (1526)
-Babur then marched towards Delhi & met the forces of Ibrahim Lodhi in the historic field of Panipat on April 21st, 1526. In the battle that followed, Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated & his army was utterly routed. Delhi & Agra were quickly occupied.

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 7-SIGNIFICANCE/EFFECTS OF THE 1ST BATTLE OF PANIPAT
o Endi of the Lodhi dynasty (1stly)
 Ibrahim lodhi was killed despite of thousands of his soldiers
 Llodhi chiefs like Allauddin & Mahmud were still there but they were too weak to bring about the restoration of the dynasty.

o Fall of the Sultanate of Delhi (2ndly)
 Battle of Panipat put an end to the Delhi Sultanate which had existed for more than three centuries.

o Foundation of the Mughal Empire (3rdly)
 Just after his victory Babur occupied Delhi & Agra, seated himself on the throne of the Lodhi Sultanate & laid down the foundation of the 1st stone of the Mughal Empire.
 Thus, “just as Clive’s victory at Plassey has a great significant in the establishment of the British rule in India; similarly Babur’s victory in the 1st battle of Panipat has a great significance in India.”

o Use of artillery in India (lastly)
 Lastly, the battle of Panipat led to the introduction of artillery as an essential part of the India military system. Hitherto the Indians were not conversant with the use of artillery. It was the Mughals who by making use of the guns & gun-powder in the battle of Panipat not only won the battle but also brought artillery to this country.

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 8-POSITION OF BABUR AFTER THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT

 R.B. William says, “The defeat of Ibrahim’s army was but the beginning of his tas”.

 Babur was still to fight against many Afghan & Rajput rivals.

 Afghans were not accepting Babur to be a ruler of Indopak.

 The Rajput under Rana Sangha was also hoping supremacy in the sub-continent.

 Besides, many of the Babur’s soldiers were trying to go to back Kapbul due to hot weather of indopak.

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 9-BABUR’S WAR WITH THE RAJPUTS

 The battle of Khanwah 1527
o . Babbur made his army strongest in moral and he also promised to give up wine forever.
o In battle of Khanwah in 1527, Babur fought with the Rana Sangha of Mewas who was considered as a hero of a hundred fights. However, Rajput gave tough time to Babur, finnaly Babur crushded the Rajput and Rana Sanga was narrowly escaped.

 Results of the battle of Khanwah
 Crushing of Rajputs
 Establishment of Mughlas in indo-pak with supremacy
 Prof.. Rushbrook William observes, “Babur had definitely seated himself upon the upon the throune of Sultan Ibrahim and the sign and seal of his achievements had been the annihilation of Sultan Ibrahim’s most formidable antagonist”.
 Lastly, he captured the fortress of Chanderi of Rajputs.
 His power shifted from Kabul to Hindustan and he spent the rest of his life there in Hinudstan.

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 10-BABUR’S WAR WITH THE AFGHANS

 The battle of Gogra 1527
o Afghans disturbing in Bihar & Jaunpur by supporting the cause of Ibrahim Lodi’s brother Mahmud Lodi.
o At the approach of the Mughals, the Afghan chiefs surrendered to Babur. Mahmud Lodi, being deserted by his supporters sought shelter with Nasrat Shah, the rulerof Bengal. Babur was then compelled to march towards Bengal. He met Afghans in the babttle of Gogra in 1529 and inflicted a crushing deafet on them. Nasrat Shah was faorced to make peace with the Mughal emperoro. Thus as a resulft three battles Babur bacme