Indo-Pakistan II, Plus It will cover your Pakistan Affairs....



EXPENSION OF ISLAM IN THE SUB-CONTINENT
(BEFORE ISLAM-PROPHET-712-1206-1526-1857-1947)
01.BEFORE THE EXPENSION OF ISLAM
-Trade Relations (western)
-Gifts and women from Ceylon
-Pirates attack
-Al Malik bin Abdul Malik as a Ummayyad Caliph
-Hijaj Bin Yousaf
-Muhammad Bin Qasim -Syrian soldiers -Entered from Makran
-Raja Dahir killed near Mehran (Indus) in June 712
-Rani Bai, Raja’s wife, challenged MBQ with 15,000 soldiers and defeated. She burnt herself
-Arab introduced Islam into Indo-Pak

I.Muhammad Bin Qasim REFORMS
-12 Dirham tax
-No social caste system
-Established Sadru Imam Al ajal for Islamic laws interpretation
-Suleman bin Abdul Malik called MBQ back and perished him in 715

02.BEFORE ISLAM DIVERSE RELIGIONS
-Hinduism, Buddhism & Jainism (Hinduis became dominant over the 1st two religions)
-Islam changed their thought & folded into Islamic teachings

03.SPREAD OF ISALM IN OTHER PARTS OF INDIA
-Prophet(PBUH), KHULFAE RASHDEEN (Their Expeditions)
-In 712 M.B Qasim' Expedition (effects Islam expended)
-From 1000 to 1027 Mahmud's Expeditions (motive= Consolidation)
-In 1206 1st regular Muslim Rule by Qutubuddin Aibak a lietunant of Ghauri Dynesty
-From 976 to 1148 Gaznavid ruled over India.
-From 1148 to 1206 Gharui Ruled Over India
-From 1206 to 1526 (5 dynasties Slave, Khilji, Tughluq, Lodhi & Syed)
-Muslim sufis (Shaikh Ismail in Ghaznavi period, Ali Makhdom Hajveri came Lahore in 1035, Bahud Din Zakaria, Shaikh Fareed Dud Din, Khawaja Bukhtiar Kaki, Nazam Ud Din Olia, Mujadid Alaf Sani, Hazrat Shahi Wali Ullah , Muin ud Din Chishty.

04.MPACT OF ISLAM
I.Cultural Influence
a. Far reaching & Completely changed the ideologies of masses & got them into the fold of Islam
b. Caste system
c. Urdu and Hindi came into being
d. Islamic way of construction
II.Religious Influence
Shankarachariya (Organizer of modern Hinduism) influenced by Islam
Ramananda, Ghuru Nanik and Chaitanya were Hindu prominent leaders influenced by Islam

05. HINDU REACTION
a. Bagti Movement
-Started in 14th century
-Objective to check the popularity of Islam
-No difference between Ram and Raheem, Parn and Quran, Kasshi and Kahba
-Bagt Kabir, Ramananda, Guru Nanak and Dadu were prominent leaders

b. Din-E-Ilahi (1582)
-Akbar introduced in desire to win the collaboration of Rajput chiefs
-Marriages with Hindu girls
-Elevation of Hindu to imp positions
-Under Din e Elahi
i. Worship of sun
ii. Jizya and pilgrimage tax abolished
iii. Akbar as shadow of god on earth
iv. Cow slaughter and Azan prohibited
v. No child named as Muhammad
-Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani opposed Din e Elahi
-Muslims lost their hegemony

06. EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN
-From 1857 till 1947 the Brith ruled over Indo-Pak as their colony
-On 14th August, 1947 Pak came into World map as an independent state
-From this point a new fourney of the Muslims of India started.

DEVOLUTION OF MUSLIM RULE IN THE SUB-CONTINENT

01. INTRODUCTION
-Many Causes but some are given bellow:-

02. INEFFICIET SUCCESSORS OF AURANGZEB
-From 1707 insufficient successors (sons) of Aurangzeb
-Could not hold vast empire-Had become lazy owing to luxury life & merrymaking
-Muhammad Shah Rangila loved singing dancing rather than the affairs of empire

03. WEAK CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
-Example Of Govtwell to worst)
-Marhathas of Deccan, Sikh of Punjab & Jats of Agra & Delhi exploited the situation & made their independent states.

04. NO RULE FOR SUCCESSION
-Usually war happened among the successors in order to claim as a successor

05. LACK OF RESOURCES
-The Provinces Gujrat, Daccan, Bengal & Oudh had become independent
-The financial condition of Empire had become worst
-Owing to weak financially in last days, the Mughal rulers had become pensioners of the British Administration.

06. BACKWARD IN EDUCATION
-Education system was based on trusts of the Britishers
-Muslims did not get English Education. Besides, Hindus got English education & got superior posts

07. LUXURIOUS LIFE
-Insufficient successors had become lazy
-Dance activities were being in court rather than the affairs of the empire

08. AKBAR'S POLICY OF DIN-E-ILLAHI & MARRYING WITH HINDU WOMEN
-Hindu-Muslim amalgamation by Akbar's din-e-illahi policy (spiritually worst effect)
-The Policy of Din-e-Illahi attacked on the spirit of Muslims exclusively
-Akabar got merited with the Hindu women and got their relatives into superior posts

09. LACK OF NAVAL POWER
-The Muslims did not give the importance to navy & they couldn't defend their territory
-European foreigner got exploitation by naval power through coastal areas of Arabian Sea

10. FOREIGN INVASION
-During the region of Muhammad Shah Rangila India was attacked by Nadir Shah of Iran
-Marathas' attacked reaming power
-Ahmad Shah Abdali invasion destroyed remaining prestige of the empire

11. INTERNAL CONSPIRACIES
-Insufficient successors of Aurangzeb made court the area of conspiracies &
-They gave job inefficient people

12. LOSS OF THE SPIRIT OF JEHAD
-Akbar's anti-islamic policy of Din-e-Illahi
-& After marring the Hindu women, the hindu came into contact with military troops by getting superior posts of empire
-Consequently, the masses (army) lost the spirit of the Jehad

13. DISLOYALITY TO NATION
-Meer Jafar of Bengal & Meer Sadiq of Deccan was notorios(nalecharya) disloyal to the nation who joined their hands with the Britishers.

14. EXPANSION OF EMPIRE
-With the annextion of Deccan empire had become so vast
-After the death of Aurangzeb his insufficient successors couldn't hold such a vast empire

15. FOREIGN INTRIGUES
-The East India company who came as traders & took full advantages
-After joint hands with Meer Jaffar the Britishers had becom master of Bengal
-After joint hands with Meer Sadiq the Britishers destroyed the Tipu Sultan
-With the advaced military system & conspirices they succeeded in their imperialistic desire.
-After the failure of the war of independence in 1857 they brought the whole sub-continent under their imperialistic rule.

War of Independence 1857

01. Causes:
a. Military Causes
i. Greased Cartridge incident.
ii. Officer rank was British only. Pay scales differed.
iii. Soldiers feared they might be forced to convert.
iv. Loose cast didn’t want to fight in Afghanistan

b. Religious/Social Problems
i. Resentment of British culture, language and way of life
ii. Indians were treated inferiors
iii. Educational reforms, Christianity spread by missionaries and their schools.

c. Doctrine of Lapse
i. Doctrine of Lapse
ii. Mistreatment of Emperor
iii. Lack of opportunities for the locals of India.

d. Economic
i. High taxes, peasants found it difficult to pay them
ii. Low salary of sepias.
iii. British textiles – fall in the standard and scale of local goods.


02. Failure:
Lack of Coordination: There was no coordination what so ever among the rebels. The lack of national leaders during the war was yet another reason for the war to fail. The rebels did not have any coordination and could not communicate and the need of reinforcements was also not fulfilled whenever required.

No general plan of action: The rebels were fairly disorganized and there fore did not have contingency plans in case the actual plans failed. On the other hand the British were very well prepared and far more organized to win the war. The war started and continued in an abrupt manner and even ended in a disorganized manner.

Uprising at Meerut, Bengal: The simultaneous uprising at the Bengal and Meerut cantonments caused problems for the rebels and forced them to divert their attention from the main stream of war.

British were able to conquer Delhi: The British were very quick in responding to the attacks of the rebels and captured Dehli with in few month of fighting. This was a major setback to the rebels as the fall of Delhi was a psychological factor that helped the British to overpower the rebels.

British Strength: The British were experienced and had well-equipped troops unlike the rebels. The level of discipline, organization and planning for counterattacks was far better than the rebels and became a major difference between the two. Diplomacy, bribery and the communities to fight on another side with British were also some important reason that caused the failure of the rebels in the war of independence. Furthermore the technology and modern warfare tactics also helped the British to overpower the rebels in such a small time.

Lack of Unity
i. Fighting for different objectives.
ii. Weak Mughal Emperor had no concern for leading the war.
iii. No nationalism (Sindh, Punjab, Bengal)

SHAIKH AHMED SIRHINDI/MUJADID ALF SANI
(June 26, 1564 – December 10, 1624)

01. Introduction:
In the history whenever Islam cam under any danger owing its enemies, in those circumtances Allah sends the spiritual personalities in order to crush the

His Early Life
 Was born in 1564 in Sirhand ( east Punjab, India )
 Studied hadith, tafsir, (commentary)& maqul(philosophy) from his father sheikh Abdul ahad
Was descendant of Hazrat Umar
Went to Delhi at age of 36
Disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah in spirituality
“Sheikh Ahmad, an individual from Sirhind, rich in knowledge and vigorous in action. I associated him for few days and found marvelous things in his spiritual life. He will turn into a light which will illuminate the world.” Khawaja Bakhtiar Kaki quoted by S M Ikram.

02. Social Conditions during his time:
a. Populace belief in Karamat
b. Quran and Hadith for just for just knowledge
c. Deen e Illahi’ influence
d. Hindu cultural domination & Ban on cow slaughter
e. Bakhti Movement
f. Wahdat ul Wajood theory
g. Abolition of Jizya by Akbar

03.Efforts
a. Jehad against Din-i-Ilahi & Bhagti Movement
b. Theory of Wahdat-ul-Sahood
c. Letters to important nobles and leaders (His letters knows as Maktubat e Imam e Rabbai)
d. Abdur Rahim, Khan e Azam Mirza Aziz, Mufti Sardar Jehan
e. Refusal to prostrate – society purification
f. Asaf Jah, Jehangeer’s PM -Shaikh summoned -No prostration -jailed
g. After 3 years of imprisonment, Jehangeer released him giving him 10000 rupees
h. He stayed 3 years in Jehangeer courts
i. Preparation of Disciples
j. Islamic philosophy
k. Books
i. Isbat ul Nabuwwat
ii. Risla e Nabuwwat
iii. Need & importance of Prophethood
iv. Toheed e Shaheedi
l. Two nation theory
i. First stone of two-nation theory
ii. First founder of Pakistan

04. Effect of Teachings:
 Drew a distinction b/t Islam & Atheism (Ram & Rahman, Kaaba & Kaashi, Quran and Paran)
 Restored dominance of Shariah and Islam
 Opposing United Nationhood
 Advise on Shariat
 Jhangir ordered Khutabah (Holy sermon) to be recited.
 Cow slaughter to be carried out.
 Agreed to construct the mosque.
 Shariat‘s superiority to Mysticism.

Conclusion:
The efforts of Sheikh Ahmed to purify the religious and practical life of the Muslims left an Indelible impact on the history of Muslim India. Hazrat Mujaddid Alf Sani was the most powerful religious personality in the history of sub-continent who opposed Akbar and thereby invited his wrath. He was a widely read scholar and a magnetic orator. He got an opportunity in a liberal atmosphere in Jahangir's reign to use his powerful pen to denounce Akbar's religious innovations. He is considered as a pioneer of Muslim self-assertion by denouncing Un-Islamic practices.

Shah Wali Ullah Muhaddith Dehlvi
(February 21, 1703 – August 20, 1762)

“We have sent you as a witness and as a bearer of good news and as a warner and as one inviting to Allah alone by His Permission and as a light-giving torch.” (Quran 33: 45-46)

“Ulema are the successors of the prophets, in the mission of delivering the message of Allah.” (Abu Daud, Tirmizi)

01. Introduction
Aim -Revive the past glory of Muslims and purify the society inwardly..

His Early Life
Father of Modern Muslim India
Real name Qutabuddin
Born at Delhi -son of Shah Abdur Rahim (Fatwa e Alamgeeri) – scholar of Fiqa and Islamic jurisprudence
Got knowledge of Fiqah, Ahadith, Tafsir and Hikmat -completed study in 15 year of age
Went to Arabia for higher education and came back in July 1732
He taught at Madrasa Rahimia for 12 years

02. Conditions of India at that time
-Was bad condition owing to departure of Aurangez..
According to S. M. Ikram,
“In the 18th century, Islam in the subcontinent was faced with such menacing problems as sectarian conflict, low moral values of society, poor understanding of the Holy Quran and general ignorance of Islam, that there were valid reasons for fearing that political disintegration would be accompanied by religious collapse. That did not happen was due to more than any thing else but the services of one man.”
a. Incapable successor of Aurangzeb
b. Un-Islamic trends, and practices
c. Muslim life honour property not secured,
d. Shia-Suni conflicts,
e. Marhatas and Sikhs challengers

03. HIS REVIVAL EFFORTS/SERVICES
1. Religious work
a. Translation of Holy Quran in Persian – 1738
b. Commentary on Hadith collection of Imam Muttah in Arabic and persian
c. Urged Muslims to follow Holy prophet & abandon un-Islamic trends
d. Trained students in different Islamic knowledge
e. Recommended application of Ijtehad
f. Initiated Tatbiq -liberal element
g. Balance b/w four schools
a. Removed misunderstanding b/w Shia & Sunni – Khilafat-al-Khulafa

2. Political work
a. Marathas were threatening the Muslim Empire
b. Wrote letters to seek help from Muslim nobles against Sikhs -won over Najib ud Dola, Shuja ud Daula
c. Ahmad Shah Abdali -defeated Sikhs at the Third battle of Panipat in 1761
3. Social work
a. Strongly opposed integration of Islamic culture in subcontinent
b. Concept of reorientation of Muslim society
i. Basic social justice
ii. Removing social inequalities
c. Concept of economy
i. Production of wealth
ii. Consumption of wealth
iii.Distribution of wealth
iv.Exchange of wealth
4. Literary work
a. Izalat-al-Akifa
b. Khalifa-al-Khulafa
c. Al-Insaf-fi-Bayan-Sababa-al-Ikhtilaf
d. Master piece of literature 1738
e. Commentary on Hadith Imam Muttah
f. Quranic translation in Persian
g. Alfauz-ul-Qabir Fi-Usool-e-Tafseer
h. Hujjat-ul-Balagha – about decay, Ijtehad, Mujjad and Ruler

“I was informed through Ilham that I would have to undertake this responsibility. The time has come when every injunction of the Sharia and instruction of Islam should be presented to the world in a rational manner.”
Quoted by SM Ikram
04. Conclusion:
He was a realistic in political thinking and had clear vision for society. religion, ethics and politics. His movement did not die with his death but it passed to his son Shah Abdul Aziz who advocated the supreme cause till his death for the glorification of Islam and Muslim society till his death 1823. He left behind a group of dedicated workers such as Shah Ismail, Maulana Abdul Haye, and Sayed Ahmed Shaheed.

SYED AHMAD SHAHEED BARELVI (JAHADI MOVEMENT)
(1786 – 1831)

01. Introduction:
Purification of Muslim society and destruction of British power through armed struggle &
against NWFP by Sikhs

His early Life
Was lion hearted hero
Fought against British Power and Singhs for the purification of Islam & Muslim Society
Belong to family of Rai Barally and was born in 1786
Was inspired by Shahwaliullah and he was disciple of his son Shah Abdul Aziz at M.Rahimya
Father Shah Illam Ullah
1810 – joined Nawab Ameer Khan as Sawar (the ruler of tonk)
1818 – wrote Seerat-e-Mustaqeem

02. Condition of India during his time:
a- Punjab ruled by Ranjit Singh who mutilated Muslims
b-NWFP by Sikhs

(Concept of Jihadi Movement)
01. Objective
a- Purification of Muslim society and destruction of British power through armed struggle
b-Establishment of a state based on Islamic principles.

02. Jehad Movement
a- HQ at Nowshehra in Dec 1826
b- Battles
i. OKARA 1826
ii. HAZRO 1827
iii. Yar Muhammad Conspiracy
He joined Mujahideen in Pesh, force arouse to 80,000
Tried to poision Syed Ahmad
Killed by Mujahideen in 1829

c- BATTLE FOR PESHAWAR
i. Ranjit Singh saved Peshawar and gave to Sultan Muhammad
ii. HAZARA II 1830
iii. Sikh were attacked, Sultan M arrested
d- Declaration of Khilafat (1830)
i. Sultan M pardoned & withdrew from Pesh
e- BALAKOT BATTLE 1831
i. Sikh attacked, Syed Ahmad killed

03. Causes of Failure
a. No cooepration between the followers of Syed Ahmed Shaheed & the local populace.
b. Lack of Funds (No support for poors – Zakat collection).
c. Sectarian Propaganda against the reforms.
d. Outdated weapons of Mujahideen
e. Western generals Ventura and Elite in Ranjit’s army – training & modern war strategy
f. Financial sources of Ranjit Singh
g. Misunderstanding created by Ranjit Singh
h. Ranjit attracted Pathans by bribing who did spy, revolt & slaughtered Mujahideen
i. Islamic laws during war – compulsory girls & widow marriage
j. Severe punishment
k. 3. Pathans were against Wahabisim


04. Critical Analysis
“The movement led by Brelvi was a precursor for later Muslim national movements of the subcontinent.” Dr. Sachin Sen

Conclusion
Although Syed Ahmed Shaheed failed to finish Sikh rule in Punjab yet his Jihad Movement Kindled a flame of freedom in the Sub-Continent. The Pathans of the Frontier province were greatly inspired by the valiant deeds of the Mujahideens, The tribesmen continued the Jihad for freedom against the British. Similarly the Mujahideen spread the spirit of Jihad throughout the length and breadth of Sub- Continent. The spirit of freedom led to the war of independence in 1857. In addition the Jihad Movement imbibed in the Muslims the spirit of Islamic nationalism which ultimately led to the Two Nation Theory and establishment of Pakistan.

TITU MIR
(1782-1831)

1. Introduction:
Titu Mir has an outstanding importance in the history of Indo-Pak. He was a great leader of Bengal who stood against the British forces and Hindu Zamidars for the independence and renaissance of the Muslim of Bengal.

2. His Early life
Nisar Ali (Titu Mir) belong to noble family was born in Bengal
Form his early he began to take interest in political affairs of the country
He earnestly desired for the purification and glorification of Islam.
He did not belong to Haji Shariatullah but had similar views

3. Condition of Bengal during his time
Agianst British & Zamindars of Bengal
Unfair Taxes on the Muslim of Bengal
Fake cases against the Muslims and was punished unfairly
British forces against the Muslims etc..


4. Inspiration of Sayed Ahmed Shaheed
Visited Makkah in 1819 and influenced by Syed Ahmed (Sheed) Barelvi spritually
On arrival back, he started preaching and carried on his mission
After coming He made a fort in Narkalberia a village near calcuata (and followers joined him)

5. His War against the Hindu Zamindars
Hindus own unfair laws imposed on the poor Muslims
He asked followers not to give beard tax (Kishan Rai)
Kaliparsana & Rai Kishan who imposed and decleared the unfair taxes for Muslims
Rai Krishna was defeated by Titu Mir this this alaramed to other areas (East India Company)
The foce of Titu Mir even defeated the British forces which were headed by Alexandar.

6. War against the British Forces
1831 a war was fought between Titu & British forces
Titu Mir faught bravely but died, owing to the death of Titu his Mujahideen lost heart & was defeated by British army and the British forces razed the bambooz of the Narkalberia.


7. Conclusion
After the death of Titu Mir, his follwers did not lost heart but inspired from from his brave fighting against the British force for the cause of defending Muslim rights. In spite of his defeat, Titu is important because he is another example of a leader Defending the rights of fellow Muslims. A body of history was being made that future Muslim leaders would look to, and seek to follow according to the needs of their time. His inspiractions became fruitful for the whloe region in order to carry on his mission for the coming year.
Historian S.F Mahmud in his book A Concise History of Indo- Pakistan, OUP (1988) writes:

“He (Titu Mir) had, however, done his work in that he had awakened the Muslims of West Bengal”

HAJI SHARIATULLA/FARAIZI MOVEMENT (BENGAL)
(1780-1840)

1. INTRODUCTION
Faraizi Movement was founded by Haji Shariatullah in the first half of the 19th century in East Bengal. This Movement was mainly religious and social in character. This Movement had aimed for the purification of Islamic Society against the British’s anti-Islamic polices and from the domination of the Hindus. However, This movement tried his best and purified the Islamic Society to the great extent.

His Early Life
Mystic, Sait, thinker
Was born Faridpur in Bengal, was son to an ordinary former
Founder of Faraizi Movement,
Was the movement of the 1st half of the 19th Cent:

2. CONDITION OF BENGAL DURING HIS TIME
Socially, Politically & Religiously people were being threatened by Hindu
Zamindars & British regime
Unfair Taxes, (Bear Taxes etc)
Usually cases were being aging the innocent people etc.

3. THE AIM OF FARAIZE MOVEMENT
To turn the Muslim people towards fulfilling their basic duties or Faraiz of Islam
The term Faraizi is derived from 'farz' meaning obligatory duties (Faraiz only i.e. prayer (Namaz), Fasting (Roza), Pilgrimage (Hajj) and Zakaat) enjoined by Allah. The Faraizis are, therefore, those who aim at enforcing the obligatory religious duties. The exponent of the movement, Haji Shariatullah, however, interpreted the term in a broader sense to include all religious duties enjoined by the QURAN as well as by the Sunnah of the Prophet (S.A.W.W).

4. HIS REVIVAL EFFORTS & SERVICES/EFFECT OF THE FARAIZIM MOVEMENT
Against Hindu Zamindars & British regime (against unfair/bear taxes)
forbade Tazia & Dancing in the Weddings
Replacement of Piri Muridi into Ustad Shagird
Declared Dar-ul-Hurb (Non Muslims' Country) & ordered non-observance of Fridy & Eid prayers.
Haji Shariatullah left Najabari - Death in Faridpur

5. Conclusion
After the death of Hajishariatullah, his movement did not die but was carried by his son Dadhu Mia.

DADHU MIAN/FARAIZI MOVEMENT

(1819-1862)

1. INTRODUCTION
After the death of Haji Shariatullah in 1840 his son carried on his mission named Dadhu Mian
Dhadu Mian was known as Muhammad Mohsin...
Was not well educated but active in politics..

2. HIS REVIVAL EFFORTS & SERVICES
a. His Political Org:
was not learned person but politically more organized than his father
He divide Bengal into different circles for administration & appointed Khalifa in order to updated from any jurisdiction news
a. Opposition against Hindu Zamindars & British Regime
He stood against the Hindus who were keep decorating of the image of Durga.
Against unfair taxes
He told that the land is belonging to God no one has right to collect the unfair taxes of any land.
He asked his followers to give only revenue tax that was known as 'Khas Mahal Land'.
His popularity had been reached far away from Bengal.
b. Administration of justice by Dadhu Mian
He punished those who were paying taxes without consulting him & of any matter.
c. His Jihad against the British & Hindu Zamindars
His activities alarmed the Hindu Zamindars & the British
Consequently, a conspiracy was made against him and he was arrested on charges of sparking sedition and died in 1862.

3. Conclusion
The Faraizi Movement under Hajji Shariatullah and Dadhu Mian cultivated a great deal for political awareness among the Muslim of Bengal and particularly among the Muslim peasantry who put a formidable resistance against the Hindu Zamidars and the British rulers.

ALIGARH MOVEMENT/Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan
(17 Oct, 1817 – 27 Mar 1898)

1. Introduction
Aligarh Movement was the movement led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, to educate the Muslims of the Indian subcontinent after the defeat of the rebels in the Indian rebellion of 1857 and Muslims were blamed for the rebellion movement. It had enormous success and had a profound impact on the future of the subcontinent. Its most significant achievement was the establishment of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh, which later became Aligarh Muslim University

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
(17 Oct, 1817 – 27 Mar 1898)
His Early Life
 Born: October 17, 1817 at Delhi
Got knowledge from Farid ud Din (maternal-grandfather – Ex Mughal PM)
 Got knowledge of Quran, Arabic, Persian, History, Maths and Medicine
Joined gov’t in 1839 – after father’s death – in a clerical job
1841=promoted as Sub-Judge
1846=transferred to Delhi
Chief judge in 1846
was offered an estate for services rendered to British during war 1857 but he rejected 1877=member of imperial council
1886=University of Edinburgh – LL.D degree 1888=Knighthood
Died in 1898

2. SIR SYED AHMED KHAN’S services for the Renaissance of Muslim

a. Educational Aspect of Aligarh Movement
Objective:
1. Modern education for Muslims to compete Hindus
2. Cooperation with the British government
1. Schools
• Muradabad (1859)
• Ghazipur (1863)
2. Scientific society at Gahazipur (1864)
• (to translate modern work from English to urdu and Persian)
• 1866 – Society published Aligarh Gazette (to arouse sentiments of goodwill & friendship)
• Muhammadan Educational Conference
• Established in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members
3. Muhammadan Educational Conference
• Established in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members
1869 – went to England, studied education system of Oxford & Cambridge
4. Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Musalmanan-i-Hind (1870)
• to impart modern knowledge to Muslims
5. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
On pattern of Oxford Fund raising committee formed 24th May, 1874, MAO High school established 1877–got status of college western, eastern and Islamic education
1920=status of University

b. Political Aspects of Aligarh Movement
i. Muslims should avoid active politics
ii. Sir Syed wrote “Risala-i-Asbab-Baghawqat-i-Hind

Causes of WOI 1857
1. Non representation of Indian in legislative councils
2. Conversion of Indian into Christianity
3. Mismanagement of Indian army
4. Ill advised measure of gov’t
• Consequence: Indian membership in Act 1861
3. 1866 – Sir Syed formed British India Association at Aligarh – to express grievances of Indians to gov’t
4. wrote Loyal Muhammadans of India
5. Indian Patriotic Association 1888 – forum for those who did not join Congress
6. Muhammadan Political Association 1903 – Against Hindu Revivalist movements
a. Arya Smaj – Hindustan 1977
b. B G Tilak – Cow Slaughter
c. Shudhi -
d. Shangtahn -
c. Religious Services of Aligarh Movement
1. Wrote “Essay on the Life of Muhammad & Rebattle” in response to William Muire’s objectionable remarks in “Life of Muhammad”
2. Philosophical commentary “Tabaeen-al-Kalam” on bible – point out similarities
3. Influenced by MBA Wahab and Shah Ismail Shaheed – having positive attitude towards religion

d. Social services of Aligarh Movement
1. “Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq” criticized conservative way of life and advised to adopt new trend
2. Established Orphanage houses
3. Founded Anjuman-i-Tariki-i-Urdu protecting Urdu
4. Ahkam-i-Taham-i-Ahle-Kitab Muslims can eat with Christians
Pioneer of two nation theory
• Advocate of Hindu Muslim unity
• Urdu Hindi controversy 1867 in Banaras, changed his views
• Shakespeare dialogue

3. Features of Aligarh
• Western & Eastern Education
• Islamic Education
• Residential College
• European and Indian staff
• Non-Muslim students
• Loyalist Disposition

4. Impact of the ALIGARH movement
1. educational uplift
2. political awareness of Muslim
3. conciliation between Muslim and British
4. promotion of two nation theory
5. moral reformation of the Muslim society
6.(Note: Negative Impact Only prepfared moderen education but not Islamic)

5. Aligarh Movement after Sir Syed’s death
1. 1889–Sir Syed proposed a trustee bill  Sir Syed as Sec. of the trust & Syed Mahmud (son) as joint sec.
2. After Sir Syed’s death (1898), Syed Mahmud as Sec. was a weak manager resigned
3. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk as new sec devoted deposited six lac Rs to gov’t handled the conflict b/t two groups – Sahibzada Aftab Khan (in favor of European staff) & Muhammad Ali Johar Died in 1907
4. Nwab Vaqar ul Malik took over tussle on European staff arouse Nawab resigned in 1912 – health
5.Nwab Muhammad Ishaq Khan deposited 20 lac for status of University 1919- college
student played role in Tehrik e Khilafat

1. Conclusion
Syed Ahmad Khan's Aligarh Movement played a significant role in bringing intellectual revolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus it succeeded in achieving its major objectives, i.e. educational progress and social reform. His efforts earned Sir Syed the title "Prophet of Education".