CSS Forums - My Notes of Indo-Pak History

[B][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkRed"]please seniors check my notes and suggestions are required.
I will post a new topic daily.[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]

[B][U][SIZE="4"][COLOR="DarkRed"]1.Advent of Islam in Indo-Pak Sub-Continent:-[/COLOR][/SIZE][/U][/B]

[B][SIZE="2"]Contacts between Indo-Pak Sub Continent and Arabian Peninsula are older and stronger, because the coasts of Sindh and Southern Arabia are very closer to each other. Due to which trade and commercial relations between both the regions are older and stronger.
In older days, the spices and other articles of daily usage of Indo-Pak Sub-continent were in great demand in Southern Europe and Egypt. And transition of this trade was mostly carried in Arabian Countries. Arabs used to come and take merchandise and then used to sell them in required countries. And this trade was at peak, when Arabs embraced Islam. Then at that time, Arabs reached in Ceylon and they even spread in Indo-Pak Sub-Continent and even farther from that. Then there were so many Muslims, who were residing in Ceylon for last so many years and some of them also died during their tenure at Ceylon. So local ruler of Ceylon thought to send back the widows and children of those dead Muslims to their native country. So he gave them gifts and well wishes for Hijjaj Bin Yousif(661-714 A.D), the governor of Basra, Iraq. But soon unfavorable wind blown and when survivors reached near the coast of Debul (a part of Bhanbhor in That), then sea pirates looted them. They not only looted them but also took women and children as captives along with them.
When Hijjaj Bin Yousif heared about this news, he became angry and then he protested in front of Raja Dahir(661-712A.D), the ruler of Sindh for the release of prisoners. But he could not get satisfactory response because Raja Dahir said that he had even no control over those sea pirates.
Refusal of Raja Dahir further aggravated the condition and Hijjaj Bin Yousif became angry and he decided to take avenge of his insult and he took permission from Caliph Waleed Bin Abdul Malik. Then he sent his first two expeditions to Sindh in 711 A.D and in both of those expedition Muslim Army was totally defeated. Then in 712 A.D, he sent his third expedition under the command veteran General Mohammad Bin Qasim (695-715 A.D), who was at that time 17 years old. Mohammad Bin Qasim was also nephew and son in law of Hijjaj Bin Yousif, because he married her daughter Zubaida. Mohammad Bin Qasim was leading an army of 6000 horsemen and 3000 camel riders. He entered the Sindh from coast of Debul and after capturing Debul, he moved to Nerun Kot (modern Hyderabad). After annexing Nerun Kot he was proceeding towards Sedusun (modern Sehwan), but on the way, at Ishabaher, Muslim Army was attacked by Jats. Due to which a fierce battle took place between both armies and in result Muslim Army came out victorious. Then Jats asked Mohammad Bin Qasim for pardon and Mohammad Bin Qasim being kind in nature granted Amman (Safety) on them. Then Muslim Army moved towards Seduson and at that time, the governor of Seduson was Bhaj Rai, who was nephew of Raja Dahir. And Hindu Army was commanded by Bhim Singh and Kaka who were sons of commandant in chief of Hindu army. At Seduson a fierce battle took place between both the armies and again Hindus were totally defeated and Bhaj Rai was perished in the battle field. And Bhim Singh and Kaka were injured. But Mohammad Bin Qasim instead of executing them, gave them first aid and when they became healthy, then he released them and asked them that they were free to go any where and were free to worship any religion. Watching this behavior of Mohammad Bin Qasim. both became loyal to him. Then Mohammad Bin Qasim proceeded towards Alore or Arorr or Sukkur. Then outside the Alore, dangerous battle took place between both the armies, in which Hindus fought bravely but ultimately they were defeated. And Raja Dahir was killed in the battle ground and famous fort of Rawar and city of Alore were captured. Rani Bai the wife of Raja Dahir could not withstand the defeat and death of her husband and committed divine suicide called “Johar” by throwing herself into the fire. Then soon Brahamanabad was captured and then Mohammad Bin Qasim sent an expedition towards Surashtra. In this way Mohammad Bin Qasim put the basis of Ummayad dynasty in Indo-Pak Sub-Continent. And Muslim domain was enhanced up to Multan and Karachi.
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[B][U][COLOR="DarkRed"][SIZE="3"]Death Of Mohammad Bin Qaasim:-[/SIZE][/COLOR][/U][/B]

[B][SIZE="2"]There are various controversies regarding the death of Mohammad Bin Qasim. Thus various schools of thought exist regarding his death. According to most of the historians, Mohammad Bin Qasim sent two daughters of Raja Dahir to new Caliph Sulaiman Bin Abdul Malik as a gift i.e Surriya Devi and Parmal Devi. Then both the sisters invented a plan to take avenge of the death of their father. Then they both told the Caliph that they both have already been abused by Mohammad Bin Qasim. Then Caliph became angry and issued orders of the death of Mohammad Bin Qasim. When Mohammad Bin Qasim heard about this news, he voluntarily submitted. And he was sewed in the skin of ox. And he died there. When both the sisters watched the dead body of Mohammad Bin Qasim, then they became happy and told whole story to Caliph. Then Caliph became angry and gave orders of execution of both sisters. And they were tied to the tails of horses and were dragged up to their death.
But some modern historian consider it as a myth and according to them new Caliph was not happy with Hijjaj Bin Yousif and Mohammad Bin Qasim and thus he gave orders of execution of both. Because earlier during the reign of Waleed Bin Abdul Malik, Mohammad Bin Qasim defeated Sulaiman Bin Abdul Malik in the game of sword ship. Thus reality is still unknown. [/SIZE][/B]