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Old Wednesday, December 26, 2007
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Default Presidents of USA
1 — GEORGE WASHINGTON

George Washington possibly named after George Eskridge, a lawyer who took care of Washington's mother after she was orphaned.

Born: February 22, 1732 at Westmoreland County, Colony of Virginia, British America (1732-02-22)
Died: December 14, 1799 (aged 67) at Mount Vernon, Virginia, United States
Nationality: British (at birth) American (at death)
Father: Augustine Washington
Mother: Mary Ball Washington
Spouse: Martha Dandridge Custis (1732-1802), on January 6, 1759
Education: No formal education
Occupation: Farmer (Planter), Soldier (General)
Religion: Anglican/Episcopal
Took office: April 30, 1789
Left office: March 4, 1797
Party: No party [Unaffiliated (Pro-Administration)]
Presidential Salary: $25,000/year
Vice President: John Adams
Preceded by: None
Succeeded by: John Adams

Other Government Positions
  • Member of Continental Congress, 1774-78
  • Commissioner to France, 1778
  • Minister to the Netherlands, 1780
  • Minister to England, 1785
  • Vice President, 1789-97
Notable Events
  • 1789
    The Judiciary Act specified the number of Federal courts and judges.
  • 1790
    Supreme Court met for the first time with John Jay as the Chief Justice.
  • 1791
    Federal capital established in swamplands on the Potomac.
    A national banking system established by the Bank Act.
    The Bill of Rights take effect.
  • 1792
    Post Office established by Congress as a separate entity.
    New York Stock Exchange organized.
    Coins are minted by the government as enacted by the Coinage Act.
  • 1793
    War breaks out between Britain and France. On April 22, U.S. declares neutrality.
  • 1794
    Whiskey Rebellion over excise tax in western Pennsylvania. Federal troops called to suppress the armed rebellion.
  • 1795
    The Jay Treaty ratified. British troops required to withdraw from the U.S.
    Pinckney's Treaty with Spain opened navigation on Mississippi River.
    Washington posed for Stuart's portrait, which is now on the one dollar bill.
  • 1796
    Washington delivered his Farewell Address.
Presidential Nicknames
  • The Father of His Country
  • The Sword of the Revolution
  • The American Fabius: For his military strategy during the Revolutionary War
  • The American Cincinnatus: Like the famous Roman, he won a war, then became a private citizen instead of seeking power or riches as a reward
  • The Old Fox: From a remark made by the British General, Lord Cornwallis, in January 1777
  • Town Destroyer: Used by some Iroquois after his forces destroyed some Seneca towns in 1778
  • The Sage of Mount Vernon: Mount Vernon, Virginia, was his family estate
  • The Farmer President
  • The Surveyor President
  • His Excellency: An unofficial title used to honor Washington during his presidency, although he preferred the less exalted "Mr. President"

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2 — JOHN ADAMS

John Adams named after his father

Born: October 30, 1735 (1735-10-30)at Quincy, Massachusetts
Died: July 4, 1826 (aged 90) Quincy, Massachusetts
Father: John Adams
Mother: Susanna Boylston Adams
Spouse: Abigail Smith (1744-1818), on October 25, 1764
Alma mater: Graduated from Harvard College (1755)
Occupation: Lawyer
Religion: Unitarian
Took office: March 4, 1797
Left office: March 4, 1801
Party: Federalist
Presidential Salary: $25,000/year
Vice President: Thomas Jefferson
Preceded by: George Washington
Succeeded by: Thomas Jefferson

Other Government Positions
  • Member of Continental Congress, 1774-78
  • Commissioner to France, 1778
  • Minister to the Netherlands, 1780
  • Minister to England, 1785
  • Vice President, 1789-97
Notable Events
  • 1796
    E Pluribus Unum: "Out of Many, One"; added to American coins.
  • 1797
    Three anonymous French trouble makers brought France and the U.S. to the brink of war in what became known as the XYZ Affair.
  • 1798
    Federalists support the highly unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts. They would later be repealed.
  • 1800
    U.S. capital relocated to Washington, D.C. from Philadelphia.
    Jefferson defeated Adams.
    Congress established Library of Congress.
Presidential Nicknames
  • The Duke of Braintree: A sarcastic reference to his grandiose airs
  • His Rotundity: Coined in response to Adams' suggestion that President Washington be addressed as "His Majesty"; mocks Adams' size.
  • The Atlas of Independence
  • The Colossus of Debate: Given to him by Thomas Jefferson for his ability to argue a political case
  • Bonny Johnny
  • The Father of the Navy: He built up the U.S. Navy during his presidency
  • Old Sink or Swim: For the speech in which he vowed "To sink or swim; to live or die; survive or perish with my country"
  • Your Superfluous Excellency: So called by Benjamin Franklin when Adams was vice president

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3 — THOMAS JEFFERSON

Thomas Jefferson named after his paternal grandfather, Thomas Jefferson II

Born: April 13 [O.S. April 2] 1743 Shadwell, Virginia
Died: July 4, 1826 (aged 83) Charlottesville, Virginia
Nationality: American
Father: Peter Jefferson
Mother: Jane Randolph Jefferson
Spouse: Martha Wayles Skelton (1748-1782), on January 1, 1772
Alma mater: Graduated from College of William and Mary (1762)
Occupation: Lawyer, Farmer (Planter)
Presidential Salary: $25,000/year
Religion: Deist (although he has long been considered a deist, Thomas Jefferson has been known to hold multiple religious views).
Took office: March 4, 1801
Left office: March 4, 1809
Party: Democratic-Republican
Vice Presidents: Aaron Burr (1801–1805), George Clinton (1805–1809)
Preceded by: John Adams
Succeeded by: James Madison

Other Government Positions
  • Member of Virginia House of Burgesses, 1769-74
  • Member of Continental Congress, 1775-76
  • Governor of Virginia, 1779-81
  • Member of Continental Congress, 1783-85
  • Minister to France, 1785-89
  • Secretary of State, 1790-93
  • Vice President, 1797-1801
Notable Events
  • 1803
    Supreme Court ruled in Marbury v. Madison . Any law passed by Congress can be declared unconstitutional by the courts.
    The Louisiana Territory was purchased from France for $15 million dollars. The price works out to three cents per acre for the 512 million acres.
  • 1804
    12th Amendment changed Presidential election rules.
    Jefferson reelected.
    Meriwether Lewis and William Clark began exploration of the Northwest.
    Vice President Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel July 11.
  • 1807
    Congress outlaws importing slaves from Africa, March 2.
    Embargo Act, December 22, forbids American ships to leave American waters.
  • 1808
    Slave importation outlawed. Yet, another 1/4 million brought in by 1860.
  • 1809
    Non-Intercourse Act, March 1, repeals the Embargo Act, which didn't work.
Presidential Nicknames
  • The Father of the Declaration of Independence
  • The Apostle of Democracy
  • The Pen of the Revolution: Complementing George Washington, who was called the "Sword of the Revolution"
  • Long Tom: A reference to his height of 6"2-and-a-half
  • Mad Tom
  • The Negro President: For his victory in the election of 1800, won because of the three-fifths compromise
  • The Red Fox: For his red hair and political cunning
  • The Sage of Monticello: Monticello was his Virginia plantation
  • The Moonshine Philosopher of Monticello
  • The Man of the People

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4 — JAMES MADISON

James Madison named after his father

Born: March 16, 1751(1751-03-16) Port Conway, Virginia
Died: June 28, 1836 (aged 85) Montpelier, Virginia
Nationality: American
Father: James Madison
Mother: Nelly Conway Madison
Spouse: Dolley Payne Todd (1768-1849), on September 15, 1794
Education: Graduated from College of New Jersey (now Princeton University; 1771)
Occupation: Lawyer
Religion: Episcopal
Took office: March 4, 1809
Left office: March 4, 1817
Party: Democratic-Republican
Presidential Salary: $25,000/year
Vice Presidents: George Clinton (1809-1812), None (1812-1813), Elbridge Gerry (1813-1814), None (1814-1817)
Preceded by: Thomas Jefferson
Succeeded by: James Monroe

Other Government Positions
  • Member of Virginia Constitutional Convention, 1776
  • Member of Continental Congress, 1780-83
  • Member of Virginia Legislature, 1784-86
  • Member of Constitutional Convention, 1787
  • Member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1789-97
  • Secretary of State, 1801-09
Notable Events
  • 1811
    Madison allows 20-year charter of Bank of the United States to lapse.
    Willaim Henry Harrison fought Indians led by Chief Tecumseh at Tippecanoe, near Indianapolis, November 7.
  • 1812
    War declared on England on June 18 after England continued to attack U.S. ships headed to France.
    Madison reelected.
  • 1814
    City of Washington captured and burned by British, August 24.
    Francis Scott Key observed flag over Fort McHenry at Baltimore, September 14, inspiring him to write "The Star-Spangled Banner".
    Treaty of Ghent ended War of 1812 on December 24, but fighting continued.
  • 1815
    Andrew Jackson defeated British at New Orleans January 8, after war ended.
  • 1816
    Second Bank of the United States chartered, April 10.
Presidential Nicknames
  • The Father of the Constitution
  • The Sage of Montpelier
  • Withered Little Apple-John: So-called by Washington Irving
  • The Fugitive President: During the War of 1812, a British army occupied Washington and Madison was forced to flee the White House
  • Little Jemmy or His Little Majesty: At only 5' 4", he was the smallest president ever. The average adult male American at the beginning of the 19th Century was about 5' 8" — an inch and a half shorter than today.

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5 — JAMES MONROE

Born: April 28, 1758 (1758-04-28)Westmoreland County, Virginia
Died: July 04, 1831 (aged 73) New York City
Nationality: American
Father: Spence Monroe
Mother: Elizabeth Jones Monroe
Spouse: Elizabeth Kortright Monroe
Education: Graduated from College of William and Mary (1776)
Occupation: Farmer (Planter)
Religion: nominal Episcopal
Took office: March 4, 1817
Left office: March 4, 1825
Presidential Salary: $25,000/year
Party: Democratic-Republican
Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins
Preceded by: James Madison
Succeeded by: John Quincy Adams

Other Government Positions
  • Member of Continental Congress, 1783-86
  • United States Senator, 1790-94
  • Minister to France, 1794-96
  • Governor of Virginia, 1799-1802
  • Minister to France and England, 1803-07
  • Secretary of State, 1811-17
  • Secretary of War, 1814-15
Notable Events
  • 1818
    Congress fixed the number of stripes on the U.S. flag at 13 to honor the original colonies, April 4.
    Anglo-American Conventionset the 49th parallel as the border with Canada.
  • 1819
    Florida ceded by Spain to the United States on February 22. In exchange the U.S. cancelled $5 million in Spanish debts.
  • 1820
    The Missouri Compromise, forbade slavery above 36 degrees 30 minutes latitude.
    Monroe reelected.
  • 1823
    On December 2, Monroe Doctrine delivered to Congress.
Presidential Nicknames
  • The Last of the Cocked Hats: He still wore a tricorne long after it gone out of fashion
  • James the Second: His immediate predecessor, Madison, was also called James
  • James the Lesser: The suggestion being that James Madison was the more effective president of the two
  • The Era of Good Feelings President: "The Era of Good Feelings" was the period following the War of 1812, during which America became less divided politically, to the extent that the only opponents of the ruling Democratic Republicans, the Federalist Party, went out of existence. It was not until resistance to Andrew Jackson's policies produced the Whig Party that oppositional politics resumed in the United States.

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6 — JOHN QUINCY ADAMS

John Quincy Adams named after his maternal great-grandfather, John Quincy

Born: July 11, 1767(1767-07-11) Braintree, Massachusetts
Died: February 23, 1848 (aged 80) Washington, D.C.
Father: John Adams
Mother: Abigail Smith Adams
Spouse: Louisa Catherine Johnson (1775-1852), on July 26, 1797
Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1787)
Occupation: Lawyer
Religion: Unitarian
Took office: March 4, 1831
Left office: March 3, 1829
Party: Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, Anti-Masonic, and Whig
Presidential Salary: $25,000/year
Vice President: John C. Calhoun
Preceded by: James Monroe
Succeeded by: Andrew Jackson

Other Government Positions
  • Secretary to U.S. Minister to Russia, 1781
  • Minister to the Netherlands, 1794
  • Minister to Prussia, 1797-1801
  • United States Senator, 1803-08
  • Minister to Russia, 1809-11
  • Peace Commissioner at Treaty of Ghent, 1814
  • Secretary of State, 1817-25
  • Member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1831-48
Notable Events
  • 1825
    The appointment of Henry Clay as secretary of state, led to charges that the Clay and Adams made a bargain in the election of 1824.
  • Erie Canal completed.
  • 1828
    Baltimore & Ohio railroad, the first designed for passengers and freight.
  • Andrew Jackson defeated Adams.
Presidential Nicknames
  • Old Man Eloquent: Comparing him to a character who featured in the works of the poet John Milton
  • King John II: Presumably making his father and predecessor King John the First
  • Publicola: Latin name referring to his dedication to public service

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7 — ANDREW JACKSON

Andrew Jackson named after his father.

Born: March 15, 1767 (1767-03-15)Lancaster County, South Carolina
Died: June 08, 1845 (aged 78) Nashville, Tennessee;
Nationality: American
Father: Andrew Jackson
Mother: Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson
Spouse: Widowed. Rachel Donelson Robards (1767-1828), in August 1791 and in a second ceremony on January 17, 1794 (Niece Emily Donelson Jackson and daughter-in-law Sarah Yorke Jackson were first ladies)
Education: No formal education
Occupation: Prosecutor, Judge, Farmer (Planter), Soldier (General)
Religion: Presbyterian
Took office: March 4, 1829
Left office: March 4, 1837
Party: Democratic-Republican and Democratic
Presidential Salary: $25,000/year
Vice President: John C. Calhoun (1829-1832), None (1832-1833), Martin Van Buren (1833-1837)
Preceded by: John Quincy Adams
Succeeded by: Martin Van Buren

Other Government Positions
  • Member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1796-97
  • United States Senator, 1797-98
  • Justice on Tennessee Supreme Court, 1798-1804
  • Governor of the Florida Territory, 1821
  • United States Senator, 1823-25
Notable Events:
  • 1829
    Estate of James Smithson funded the establishment of the Smithsonian.
    About 2,000 of Jackson's supporters given government jobs. Jackson also set up a "kitchen cabinet" of informal advisers.
  • 1830
    Jackson authorizes Indian Removal Act of 1830.
  • 1831
    Samuel F. Smith wrote "My Country, 'tis of Thee."
  • 1832
    Jackson reelected.
    Jackson vetoed the rechartering of 2nd Bank leading to the creation of the Whig Party.
    South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariff laws. Federal troops sent to South Carolina on December 10.
  • 1835
    U.S. became debt free (briefly) for the only time in history.
  • 1836
    6000 Mexicans defeated 190 Americans in 12 days at the Alamo on March 6.
    The Specie Circular ordered that gold and silver were the only currency acceptable for the purchase of federal lands, issued on July 11.
  • 1835
    Jackson signs Treaty of New Echota with unrecognized leaders of Cherokee Nation, which allows him to force the Cherokees to move to land in what is now Oklahoma. 4,000 Native Americans die on this journey, also known as the Trail of Tears.
Presidential Nicknames
  • Old Hickory: During the Creek War of 1813–14, neither illness nor injuries would stop him taking the field to lead his men against the enemy. His troops responded by comparing him to hickory, which is among the hardest of woods
  • The Hero of New Orleans: Commemorating his victory over a British force in January 1815 during the War of 1812
  • King Andrew the First: His far-reaching programs seemed to some people excessive use of presidential powers
  • Mischievous Andy
  • Sharp Knife: Given to him by the Creek Indians whom he fought in 1814

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8 — MARTIN VAN BUREN

Martin Van Buren named after his paternal grandfather

Born: December 5, 1782 (1782-12-05)Kinderhook, New York
Died: July 24, 1862 (aged 79) Kinderhook, New York
Nationality: American
Father: Abraham Van Buren
Mother: Maria Hoes Van Buren
Spouse: Widowed Hannah Hoes (1783-1819), on February 21, 1807 (daughter-in-law Angelica Van Buren was first lady)
Education: Graduated from Kinderhook Academy (1796)
Occupation: Lawyer
Religion: Dutch Reformed
Took office: March 4, 1837
Left office: March 4, 1841
Party: Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil
Presidential Salary: $25,000/year
Vice President: Richard M. Johnson
Preceded by: Andrew Jackson
Succeeded by: William Henry Harrison

Other Government Positions
  • New York State Senator, 1813-15
  • New York Attorney-General, 1815-19
  • United States Senator, 1821-29
  • Governor of New York, 1829
  • Secretary of State, 1829-1831 (under Jackson)
  • Minister to England, 1831
  • Vice President, 1833-1837 (under Jackson)
Notable Events
  • 1837
    Banks closed in Philadelphia and New York City on May 10. This was the beginning of the Panic of 1837. The depression that followed would last throughout Van Buren's term.
  • 1838
    Trail of Tears. Thousands of Indians forced from their homes and die.
  • 1840
    William Henry Harrison defeated Van Buren.
Presidential Nicknames
  • Machiavellian Belshazzar
  • Old Kinderhook: His home town as Kinderhook, New York. Possible popularization of "OK"
  • The Red Fox of Kinderhook: For his bright red hair and sly ways
  • The Little Magician
  • Little Van: He was on the small side
  • Martin Van Ruin: The financially-ruinous Panic of 1837 took place during his presidency
  • The Sage of Lindenwald
  • The Flying Dutchman
  • The American Talleyrand: Comparing him to the French statesman, Prince Talleyrand, who was considered to be the last word in deviousness

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9 — WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON

Born: February 9, 1773 (1773-02-09)Charles City County, Virginia
Died: April 4, 1841 (aged 68) Washington, D.C.
Nationality: American
Father: Benjamin Harrison
Mother: Elizabeth Bassett Harrison
Spouse: Anna Tuthill Symmes (1775-1864), on November 25, 1795
 Education: Attended Hampden-Sydney College
Occupation: Soldier
Religion: Episcopal
Took office: March 4, 1825
Left office: May 20, 1828
Party: Whig
Presidential Salary: $25,000/year
Vice President: John Tyler
Preceded by: Martin Van Buren
Succeeded by: John Tyler

Other Government Positions
  • Secretary of Northwest Territory, 1798
  • Territorial Delegate to Congress, 1799-1801
  • Territorial Governor of Indiana, 1801-13
  • U.S. Congressman from Ohio, 1816-19
  • United States Senator, 1825-28
  • Minister to Colombia, 1828-29
Notable Events:
  • 1841
    Delivered the longest inaugural address on March 4. It was an extremely cold day and Harrison did not wear a hat while delivering the 105 minute speech. He contracted pneumonia and died in the White House one month later.
Presidential Nicknames
  • Old Tippecanoe: Commemorating the first of his two victories over Tecumseh
  • Granny Harrison
  • General Mum: As in the expression, "keep it mum". Because of his avoidance of speaking out on controversial issues during his election campaign
  • The Log Cabin Candidate: The famous Log Cabin Campaign that brought him to the White House contrasted Harrison the tough Westerner with Van Buren the effete patroon. In reality, Harrison came from a more privileged background than Van Buren
  • The Cincinnatus of the West: Comparing him both to the original Cincinnatus and to George Washington, who was styled "The American Cincinnatus"

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10 — JOHN TYLER JR.

John Tyler named after his father

Born: March 29, 1790(1790-03-29) Charles City County, Virginia
Died: January 18, 1862 (aged 71) Richmond, Virginia
Nationality: American
Father: John Tyler
Mother: Mary Marot Armistead Tyler
Spouse:Letitia Chrisitan (1790-1842), on March 29, 1813; Julia Gardiner (1820-1889), on June 26, 1844
Education: Graduated from the College of William and Mary (1807)
Occupation: Lawyer
Religion: Episcopal (possibly a Deist)
Took office: April 4, 1841
Left office: March 4, 1845
Party: Whig, Democrat
Presidential Salary: $25,000/year
Vice President: None
Preceded by: William Henry Harrison
Succeeded by: James K. Polk

Other Government Positions
  • Member of Virginia House of Delegates, 1811-16
  • Member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1816-21
  • Virginia State Legislator, 1823-25
  • Governor of Virginia, 1825-26
  • United States Senator, 1827-36
  • Vice President, 1841 (under W. H. Harrison)
  • Member of Confederate States Congress, 1861-62
Notable Events:
  • 1841
    Tyler's cabinet resigned after he vetoed banking bills supported by the Whigs.
  • 1844
    Far East opened to U.S. traders after a treaty with China signed.
  • 1845
    Texas annexed followed by war with Mexico.
Presidential Nicknames
  • His Accidency: He was the first V.P. to succeed to the presidency by the "accident" of his predecessor dying
  • The President without a Party: Soon after he took office, the Whig Party disowned him and its members refused to work with him
  • Traitor Tyler: He was elected as a Whig vice president: but when William Henry Harrison died, it soon became clear that Tyler had no sympathy with that party's policies

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