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  #31  
Old Wednesday, November 13, 2013
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[QUOTE=sadafnoorelahi;667705]naveed bhutto sir are we suppose to write critical analysis with persons? or only events? how would you write a critical analysis of benjamin franklin?kindly help.

@Sadaf
Well yes you can write Critical Analysis even on personalities but that depends on the type of question you are asked. lets say there is a question

Write a Short Note on Benjamin Franklin
Here you don't need a Critical Analysis as we cant change his personality with our critics.


Discuss the personality and Achievements of Benjamin Franklin
But here we can write critics on his work and achievements as what and how much did he achieved as a politician and was that enough according to your own perception.
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@ Naveed bhutto. kindly make an outline of this part of the question.
Why England failed to take the initiative in the colonization of the American continent?


[B]What factors were responsible for the British interest in establishing their colonies in the areas that are now part of the United States of America? (20

Introduction: Europeans from the very begininning were interested in trade with the east. They held political, social, economic and often religious interests in india. they wanted to engage them in economic strangulations.
Many factors led to the british colonization of U.S.A

Search of new routes
in the past, the Europeans often used two routes to travel to east.
a) Sea route : it passed from red sea to the Indian ocean. This route was unsafe due to interception from pirates.
b) Land route : it passed through turkey and was blocked by the Turkish due to their religious rivalry with the west.

British were in search of the shortest route to india, with minimum expenditure. Such a quest led to the discovery of America.

Market of eastern goods

Eastern commodities had a lot of demand in British markets. Spices, cotton, silk, perfumes were purchased by the british in huge number. This also led to the transfer of hordes of gold from british to the east. Now the British wanted access to the east with minimum expenditure.

Renaissance:

15th century in the Europe was known to be the time of enlightenment or renaissance. Now the Europeans had enough money to spent on long distance ventures. They wanted to shed off their old practices of the dark ages.

Intellectual curiousity:

As this was the time of enlightenment, many Europeans including british were curious of exploring new routes and this led to the discovery and subsequent colonization of U.S.A.

Seafaring technologies:

In the past, ships were often not very well developed. However, advancement in science and technology led to the development of ships which could travel longer distances. This also caused the creation of better maps and navigational methods.as a result, british could now take long voyages to U.S.A.

Lust of wealth

Spanish and Portuguese citizens often carried ships loaded with gold and silver from U.S.A to their country. This also provoked the british. They also began to instigate individuals and companies to colonize unclaimed land of America

Imperial race:

Many European countries particularly, Spanish, portugues, French and even british began to compete for colonization of U.SA. it was a fight of which country would have how much land.

Royal patronage:

Early attempts made by the british failed due to the absence of royal patronage. However, when the king extended imperial support to the colonizers, british began to colonize the land quickly.

Population explosion

In the 15th century there were more than 100 million citizens in Europe. Primitive methods of agriculture was used. As a result, yield was low. to overcome the issue, Europeans, particularly british were in search of new land which could be exploited for agricultural needs. U.S.A offered them the land.

Religious factor

16th and 17th century of the Europe was known for religious tolerance and persecution. Often strict religious policies were implemented. Many individuals escaped their homelands and fled to the new world where they could enjoy religious liberties. Puritans from England fled to escape religious persecution laying the foundations of Massachusetts. Mary land and Virginia was also formed for a parallel cause.

Industrial growth:

This time in the Europe was known for advancement in science and technology which laid the basis of a strong industrial sector. Machines produced good quality products in bulk. As all of these products could not be consumed by the local market, therefore british were in search of a place where they could sell off their excess products. U.S.A offered them hope.

whiteman's burden: often british justify their colonization of other countries as a part of white man's burden i.e they were moved by the backwardness of other areas and colonized them for their betterment, to introduce new reforms and to help them develop along modern lines.

Critical analysis:
From the initial discovery of U.S.A by Christopher Columbus to the 16th century, land from north of mexico to the south of American continent was colonized by the Spanish and Portuguese. 17th century saw the colonization of rest of the land by the british. They were attracted to the new world by wealth, land, religious liberties, competition, and intellectual curiousity among other factors.
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comments, criticism and suggestions are strongly encouraged.


Q.2. Discuss the factors that led to the war of American Independence. Also analyse the reasons for the growing popularity of Independence. (20).


Introduction:
American war of independence was a unique chapter in this history. It infused ray of hope and united diversified ethnicities. The major actors in the war were the former 13 British colonies and the british. According to historians, it was a unique example of a struggle between the weak and the powerful.

Nature of the war of independence:
In the beginning, there was no armed conflict. The nature of the war was much different from a revolution. The british colonies began to reject british policies and their products.this was a reaction to the discriminatory policies introduced by the british government. Those who waged the war were called as wigs, rebels, revolutionists, or patriots whereas the colonists who remained loyal to the british were loyalists or tories.

Role of france and spain

France and spain played an important but secretive role in the war of independence.france particularly helped the Americans in rising against their british masters. The American colonists lacked an organized militia. It was the French, which infiltered the idea of revolution and even trained the colonists in military techniques.

Role of blacks

Blacks were slaves of the british masters. They were treated in a inhuman manner. George Washington offered blacks that if they helped America against the british masters, they would be set free. Only five thousand blacks accepted the offer while 25 to 30 thousand blacks remained loyal to their british masters.

War of independence
Pre mature stage (1600-1775)
Mature stage (1775-1783)


Factors leading to the war of independence
a) Mercantilism:
Mercantilism was an economic theory of 15th century. It was an economic school of thought which believed that “colonies existed only for the benefit of mother country they should add to its wealth and self sufficiency”.
The theory remained in prevalence throughout the 16th century in the western Europe. It was a major cause of the many wars between the british and their colonies.

Several intolerable acts introduced under mercantilism include
a)navigation act (1651)
b) enumerated act (1660)
c) duty act(1663)
d) enforcement act (1693)
e)molasses act
f) sugar act

b)intolerable acts

a major reason for the war of independence was the introduction of intolerable policies by the british. in the first step, rules were introduced to suppress the colonists and heavy taxes were imposed. But in the second step, even harsher taxes were imposed as a part of a discrimination policy.

c)Albany congress : in 1754, Albany congress was set up. Benjamin franklin theorized that the british colonies should be united under a grand council and a single policy should be introduced in matters relating to Indian affairs, defence and expansion.

d) the great awakening: between 1730 to 1740,the era is called the great awakening in the American history. This was a religious movement. Protestant group used the benefit of religious differences and spread the message of revolution.

e) boston massacre: in 1770, some colonists provoked an altercation with british soldiers. This led to a ding dong battle. A large group gathered. Infuriated, the soldiers opened fire killng three colonists. This created an ill feeling and mistrust between the british and the colonies.

f) boston tea party: in 1773, east india company was overburdened with 17 million of unused tea. They sought the help of british government. If the company, british government would lose heavily. So they revised 1st duty tax on import of tea to England and only 3rd duty tax revision for tea to the colonies.

g) first continental congress:
the killing of colonists in massachustets by the british masters had created animosity amongst the colonists. As a result, first continental congress was convened in Philadelphia in 1774. Although it was expected that all the 13 colonies would participate, in effect only 8 or 9 colonies attended the congress. Virginia was missing.

h) second continental congress: the news of the killing of colonists spread like wild fire. As a result second continental congress was convened in 1775.they would look into the possibility of

• Reviewing charges levied by the british
• Prepare for war.

i) declaration of independence: in 1775, declaration of independence was passed. Earlier the same year, a resolution had been passed by the john adams which made the declaration inevitable. thomas Jefferson drafted the declaration. whereby it was stated that the former british colonies which were at war with the british considered themselves to be independent.

j) common sense: it was a revolutionary pamphlet written by Thomas paine. He was inspired by the teachings of locke and considered liberty to the right of people.

k) sons of liberty: it was an organization which worked for the freedom of the Americans. They loathed stamp act and stormed the roads shouting liberty and no stamp.

l) treaty of paris: treaty of paris was concluded between the british colonies and the british masters whereby independence of America was recognized. It was postulated in the treaty

• independence of American colonies was recognized
• the boundaries of the country were vaguely designed
• both America and british were to have perpetual access to mississipi river.

Critical analysis: in many ways, france was at the losng end. They had hoped of getting a client state in America and also aspired of getting lands in india, instead they had to be content with Tobago, Senegal, Pondicherry. Americans also concluded a treaty with the spain and kept Gibraltar themselves and the rest was given to spain. France had spent huge sums of money on the war which left their treasury drained and contributed to the crises of 1789.


Q.2. Some American historians insist that the American Revolution was a social upheaval as well as a political revolt. Discuss the social and economic results of the Revolutionary Years. (20).

The war left an indelible mark on every section of the society. Although it was not a revolution like the French or the Russian in which the labour class overthrew the ruling class, it brought a paradigm shift in the American society.nothing remained untouched from voting, to civil rights including slavery, political laws.

political impact of the war:

Impassioned by the spirit of republicanism during the revolutionary years, the Americans set themselves to the task of materialing the goals. The consequence was the presence of 13 laboratories at diverse places in U.S aimed at establishing a republicanism. Articles of confederation was the consequence of intensive deliberations

many states had conferred bill of rights for the citizens. Deliberate attempts were made at curtailing the power of the governors from preventing any individual from becoming a autocrat or a monarch. Representatives to judiciary were also selected after regular time period to ensure accountability.
Although a disproportionate number of seats in the congress still belonged to the influential class, there was an overall decline in the monopoly. States shifted their capitals from economic hubs to smaller towns such as the shifting of capital of new york city.

Before the establishment of first federalist government in 1789, colonies remained under the control of the congress and article of confederation served as the consitituition. The article of confederation reduced the power of the centre and gave more authority to the states.

Social impact

a) Laws: before the war of independence, colonies operated under the british rule. However, after gaining independence, they were no longer under any obligation to follow the british rules. Among the british, law of inheritance was goverened by primogeniture i.e the elder son inherits all. This led to accumulation of wealth in a few hands. Americans detested the system and within 15 years of independence not a single book existed which contained this law of inheritance.

b) Slavery: the instituition of slavery was very old in united states. The independence of Americans from the british did not free the slaves altogether. but it laid the foundation of their freedom. As promised, the 5 million blacks that had supported Americans in the war were set free. Northern states abhorred the system and so the institution ended in the northeren states. It however persisted for a century longer in the southern states. the first anti slavery congress was set up in 1775, the same year war of independence began. Soon, it had established 13 clubs in different parts of the country. This was the world’s first antislavery association.

c) Other civil rights:
The war of independence had both short and long term changes. It did not confer all the civil rights immediately. But, it laid the foundation for future demands of women rights, blacks rights etc.

d) Religious effects:
With the end of the british rule in America, the catholic church which operated under the british monarch could no longer exist. Thomas Jefferson, the third u.s president also took steps for religious liberty which further diminished the effect of church on the society.
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Why England failed to take the initiative in the colonization of the American continent?

Introduction:

Many Americans consider England to be their parent country, however the fact is that the british were the last of the Europeans to colonize America. by the time, british arrived in u.s.a, most of modern south west including texas and California was in the control of the spain.france had domination over applachain mountains. in the 16th century, superpower was not Britain rather it was spain. After the discovery of u.s.a by Christopher Columbus, spain along with portugual colonized much of the America.

There are many reasons for the british tardiness in this matter
a) lack of interest: john cabot had visited u.s.a on the behalf of the british after the discovery of Christophe coloumbus. However, u.s.a did not appeal to the british and so they refrained from colonizing it.

b) British sea captains: many of the british sea captains felt that it was easy to plunder and loot Spanish ships and get money, rather than, colonizing large parts of the new world.

c) Spanish domination: in 16th century, spain dominated the world. This domination also enabled them to colonize new world and bring ships loaded with gold and silver to their home country. The british in the 16th century were not strong enough to colonize the far off land.

d) British involvement in foreign ventures: at the time, when Spanish and French were invading the new land, british were busy in india. They considered india to be “golden sparrow”. Indian commodities such as perfume, spices, silk held a lot of demand for the british.

e) Seadogs: sea dogs was the name given to the british sea captains who worked on the behalf of Elizabeth. They were aimed at harassing Spanish colonizers. These sea captains were expert in their work. they were the major reason for a showdown between the English and the Spanish.

British and Spanish war:
British were attracted to the wealth of the new land and so their interest increased in America. In order to establish their foothold on strong grounds, british queen employed sea mariners who harassed Spanish colonizers leading to animosity between the two nations.
A strong Spanish armada , well equipped with latest technology prepared to attack and destroy the English. The English ships, though fewer in number were also shorter in size. They could more flexible in movement then the Spanish ships. By the luck of a storm, the british were able to defeat spainsh armada. This war was important as it marked the end of the Spanish domination in U.S and the beginning of the English in the new world.
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  #35  
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comments, criticism and suggestions are strongly encouraged. kindly suggest more material.this question is too short.



Q.3. Discuss the struggle between the Federalists and anti-Federalists in America (1787-1800). What were their respective political and economic ideas? (20)

Introduction:

After U.S gained independence, attempts were made to realize republican ambitions. the first representative government was formed in 1789. Between 1789 to 1789, the country was governed by a congress made up of 6 governors. It was at this time, that differences emerged in the country over political ideology. This gave rise to two strong groups, federalists and anti-federalists.
federalists: george washington, john jay
antifederalists: thomas jefferson, thomas lee
the striking differences between the two groups were:

Form of government:
Federalists believed that power should be in the hands of those who had been used it earlier. They felt, common man was not capable of running the government and so he should not e allowed to govern.

Antifederalists, on the other hand believed that common man should also be given the right to govern and that they had all the capabilities needed to run a government.

Economic differences:
Federalists held a view that wealth should remain in the hands of the aristocrats and land should be controlled by the government. They were not willing for equitable distribution of wealth. They also wanted protocol for the elite. They also felt that there should be federal reserve bank and money should remain in the centre.

Antifederalists differed from federalists and earnestly desired equal distribution of wealth. they felt that security and protocol should also be given equally to all, elite and common man alike. they held the view that state should have more financial powers.

Political ideology:

Perhaps, the most striking difference between federalists and anti federalists was the concept of federation and federating units. Federalists wanted a strong centre and relatively weak states. But antifederalists propounded contrary views i.e strong federating units and a weak centre. They felt that a strong federation would be similar to the former British domination.

Congress
federalists felt that the representation in congress should be in accordance to the population of a state. But anti federalists wanted equality. They wanted that the all the states should have equal representation in congress.

Bill of rights: bill of rights was the first amendment to the u.s constitution. Basically, it consisted of 12 amendments, out of which only 10 were accepted. The clauses of bill of rights are
• Freedom of assembly, association, press and religion
• Right to possess weapon
• Not to quarter soldiers
• No illegal searches and seizures
• Speedy trials
• Right to jury if theft above 12 dollars
• No excessive bails and punishments
• Should not be tried under due laws
• Should have rights other than those mentioned in the bill
• Should have powers other than those mentioned in the constitution.

Federalists did not consider the bill of rights to be necessary whereas, anti federalists were bent upon the acceptance of bill of rights.

Constituition
Federalists wanted the newly approved constitution to be ratified. On the contrary, anti federalists were not willing to ratify the constitution without bill of rights.

Critical analysis:
Dual federalism is the name given to the type of government between 1789 to 1900. From 1900 to 1960 was a cooperative federalism. Under johnson’s government there was a creative federalism between 1960 to 1968. Grant in aids were increased. From 1968 till present, contemporary federalism has been in trend.
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@ naveed bhutto. i have heard one should not write a critical analysis of constitution as constitutions should not be criticised. kindly respond.


Q.3. What were the major flaws in the Articles of Confederation (the first constitution of the United States of America) that led to the Philadelphia Convention and the drafting of a new constitution? Discuss the salient features of the present constitution of the United States of America. (20)

Q.5. The American Constitution is a system of “checks and balances.” Discuss. (20)

Introduction:
u.s constitution is a unique chapter in the history of constitution making. It opeates well today as it did at the very time of its inception, some 200 years ago. The constitution was passed by the constitutional convention held in Philadelphia in 1787. The members of the congress had met to ammed existing articles of constitution, but instead started afresh and ended up with the U.s constitution.

Consitituition making
The constitution is a compromise of two ideals. There were two plans i.e Virginia plan and new jersey plan. Proponents of Virginia plan wanted the authority of congress to remain in the hands of the larger states, whereas the opponents or the advocates of new jersey plan wanted equal representation of all the states in congress. For many days, deliberations continued and finally a compromise was proposed in the form of “Connecticut plan”. The plan was advanced by Samuel Johnson. According to the suggestion it was decided that congress will consist of two houses i.e house of representatives and senate. There will be an equal representation of all the states in senate with two senators representing each state, whereas representation in house of representatives would be in accordance with the population.

Articles of confederation:

Before the u.s constitution was passed, the country operated under articles of confederation which gave more power to the states then the national government. the basic principle of the articles of confederation was to produce some sort of a constitution to defend the country against foreign intervention. Due to dissatisfaction arising from the articles of confederation, the members of congress decided to alter it. However, they ended up with the u.s constitution. Following flaws of the articles of confederation led to the creation of new constitution:

Gave more authority to state:
Articles of confederation gave more authority to the state government then the national government. Although congress was allowed to raise an army, it had to seek permission from the state governments. Similarly, even if it wanted to generate revenue by raising taxes, it was dependent on the permission of the state governments.

Single house congress: under the articles of confederation, there was no separation of power of the government. Hence, a congress of 6 governors existed.

No separate executive: because of the absence of separation of power in matters of government, separate executive was absent.


Judiciary was not independent: juidiciary did not exist independently. Infact, there was no office of judiciary.

Weakness of centre: as articles of confederation had given more authority to the state government, centre was relatively weak. People would often protest against their state policies, but centre could do nothing in this regard.

salient features of U.S consituition
1. System of check and balance: the three branches of the government exercise check and balance over each other.
• Presidential check over judiciary
a) can appoint judges in case of vacancies

• Presidential check over congress
a) Right of veto
b) Can call upon special sessions of congress
c) Recommend legislation

• Congressional check over president
A) impeachment
B) appointment of president by senate approval
C) approves treaties

• Congressional check over judiciary
a) Impeachment
b) Right to appointment of supreme and high court judges

• Judicial check over executive
a) Passes validity of acts of president and federal offices

• Judicial check over congress
a) Judicial review

2. Written and brief: the constitution is written and brief consisting of 10 articles and 27 ammendments. It was designed as a skeleton which is effectively clothed by legislations and judicial reviews.

3. Rigid consitituion: the u.s constitution is perhaps the most rigid constitution as it can be amended only by a cumber some process.consequently, there are only 27 amendents. Often it takes a long time for an amendment proposed to be approved.

The process of ammemdment is possible only if 3\4 states ratify the proposal.

4. Federal in nature: the constitution is federal in nature. It grants certain executive, legislative and judicial rights to the national government
Federal nature of constitution:
• It reserves certain rights for state government
• It refuses certain rights to both state and national government, certain only to state and certain to national government
Personnel to each office would be held by a process and a term independent of the other.

5. Open sovereignty: the u.s constitution acknowledges human rights. It holds a concept of sovereignty of people called as popular sovereignty.

6. Supremacy of constitution: consituition is supreme. Neither state nor national government can override it.


7. Republican: the u.s should be a republican government with president as head of state.

8. Presidential: the form of government would be presidential. President is chosen by an indirect method, although in practice it is a real election. He cannot be removed by the congress during his 5 year tenure.

9. Separation of power: the government is divided into

• Executive
• Judiciary
• Legislative
Congress passess the laws which are enforced by the executive. In case of a deadlock between national and state government judiciary is the final judge.


10. Dual citizenship: the most unique part of the us constitution is that individuals hold dual citizen ship, one of the country and other of their respective state.

11. Spoilt system: according to spoilt system a president upon assuming the charge of office has the right to appoint ment of his own choice to higher offices. This system is linked to Andrew Jackson.


12. Independent judiciary: a fair, impartial and independent judiciary should be there.

13. Judicial review: this term refers to the interpretation of the constitution by the judiciary. judiciary has the right to declare any law as unconstitutional. Therefore, the study of constitutions is infact a study of judicial reviews.


14. Bill of rights: the foremost amendment to the constitution was the bill of rights which acknowledges the right of individuals of person,property and privacy among other civil rights.
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Naveed_Bhuutto View Post
Q.5) What developments lead to the war of 1812 OR Causes of Civil war?


1. Introduction

2. Background

3. Causes Leading to Civil war

I. Election of Lincoln
II. Discrimination of race
III. Slavery
IV. The abolitionist (people who wanted to stop slavery) movement
V. Difference in economy
VI. Western expansion

4. Consequences of the Civil War
I. Physical Devastation
II. Spread of Disease and Sickness
III. Hunger and Homelessness

5. Effects of the Civil War

6. Critical analysis

7. Conclusion
Lincoln become president in 1861 how his election caused 1812 war ?????????????????/
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Quote:
Originally Posted by taania View Post
Lincoln become president in 1861 how his election caused 1812 war ?????????????????/
I am sorry Tania, this was i typing mistake which even i didn't noticed till today.

This outline is for Civil war which was fought during Lincoln's Presidency, Whereas War of 1812 was fought between USA and Britain during the Presidency of James Madison
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Discuss Thomas Jefferson as president, politician and political theorist.

Introduction

Jefferson was born in 1743. He was a member of the house of burgesse from 1776-1782. He was a minister to france in the term of George Washington. He was the third President and second vicepresident. He was the only vice president to serve for two terms as the president.

Thomas Jefferson was a member of the first continental congress. In addition he drafted the famous “declaration of independence” whereby former british colonies declared themselves independent. He also drafted land ordinance.

The first antifederaist president, Jefferson considered his period to be the “second American revolution.” He was the first commoner to become a president. He had full faith on the abilities of common men and even showed lenience towards immigrants. He has been received much appreciation for his foreign policy.

Jefferson as a president
“ jefferson was the greatest man to have ever occupied the American presidency”

JFK

Lousinia purchase:
Lousionia was a part of Spanish territory, which they had given to the French under a treaty concluded in 1800. Jefferson felt that if this party of new Orleans was seeded into U.S, the threat of foreign intervention could be averted. In 1815, napoleon, French president was eager to sell lousinia inorder to raise money to buy weapons against british. Napoleon also felt intimidated that u.s with the support of british could colonize it.therefore, he wanted to sell it. Jefferson sent livingstone with 10 million dollars to buy as much of the land as possible. Living stone informed him that napoleon was willing to sell all of the land for 15 million dollars. Jefferson, bypassed congress and gave him the desired money to buy the land. The addition of lousinia, one of the richest lands in terms of agricultural land and passage of rivers through it, tripled the size of U.S and also laid foundation for its future superpower claim.

Transparency of budget
Jefferson felt that budget should be such that it could be easily understood by common men and elite. Therefore, he appointed galton to make a transparent budget.

Independent judiciary:
Thomas Jefferson stressed upon the construction of an independent judiciary. He also passed an additional law to create more district and circuit courts.

Immigrants
Jefferson was very lenient towards immigrants and he relaxed naturalization process. He relaxed the term of citizenship from 14 years to 5 years.

Jefferson as a politician

a) importance to the will of man

Jefferson gave a lot of importance to the will of common men and was a popular leader among the masses.

b) Belief in common man
Jefferson had a belief in the abilities of common men. Although he believed that ower offices should be held by the educated elite, but he felt that common men should be educated to take up future responsibilities.

c) Republicanism:
In his inaugural speech Jefferson said,
“ we are all republicans we are all federalists”


d) Democratic ideals:
Jefferson was a great friend to democratic ideals and norms. He had all the laws lapsed that curbed the power of media. He also had all prisoners released who had been imprisoned on media related charges. He stressed a lot on press and said

“Had it been for me to decide to have a state without press or press without state, I would not hesitate to favour the latter”


e) Rural democracy: as he was himself from an agrarian background, he was fully ware of the benefits of rural democracy and thus favoured it.

Jefferson as a political theorist

a) Antifederalist: Jefferson was an antifederalist and he gave more autonomy to the state then the centre

b) Laissez faire economy:
Thomas Jefferson held the view that the best government was that which govered little so he stressed upon the national government to maintain minimal control on state economic affairs

c) Slavery issue: as Jefferson held democratic views, he was much opposed to the slavery. But because of his landlord background, he could not do much to abolish it.

e) Religious tolerance: being an atheist himself, Jefferson felt that all citizens should be allowed religious freedom. No religious persecution should take place.

Critical analysis:
Jefferson has largely been criticized for not delivering upon his words. Although he accepted slavery as an evil, he did nothing to abolish it, and to make matters worse, he even had slaves himself. He has also been under fire for bypassing constitution in louisiona purchase.
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Discuss impact of Jacksonian presidency on American politics of the time.
Introduction


Andrew Jackson as born in 1768 to a scottish family near the border of north and south Carolina. He became an orphan at the tender age of 14 and even worked as a saddle maker. As he grew up, he started teaching law to earn money. He became a member of house of representative from tenessee. But he was interested in military career and he joined militia. he earned repute for the great victory against british. He also became a governor of florida in 1821 but resigned in 1823. In 1825 he was reelected to senate but resigned again. Finally, he became the 7th president of u.s in 1828.
There is a legacy associated with Jackson that he was irritated by british as one of the british soldiers had chopped off his hand with a sword in a battle

impact on american politics

a) Rise of common man: Jackson was himself a commoner. His election was the election of a common man by the common men. Therefore, he did whatever a common man would do. He was much against the holding of offices by elite only.he felt common men were also capable and that political offices should be held in rotation. His period is often known as the “era of common man” or “rise of common man”

b) Spoilt system: the system is associated with Jackson.10% of officials were removed from their work and were replaced by common men and people from his political party.


c) Kitchen cabinet: although cabinet served as consultative and advisory board, but Jackson introduced the system of kitchen cabinet. According to this concept, he would consult one or two members of the cabinet and his informal friends as advisors. These include general duff green, major carol

d) Suffrage system: according to suffrage system, only such individuals who held certain property were liable to vote. He suspended suffrage system. he believed that common men should be allowed to vote as they were fully aware of the importance of voting. The number of voters increased in his period from 37 % to 59%.


e) Animosity towards bank: Jackson felt that national bank failed to protect the interest of common men. He introduced a sound national currency.

f) Reaction towards Calhoun: Calhoun was a member of democratic republic party. he had been chosen as an election nominee by the party of Jackson. Calhoun wanted to assert power even before assuming charge. jackson showed animosity towards him. He himself said

“ I have never liked banks much”


g) Indian policy: Jackson did not like Indians much.during his two tenures, he concluded 94 treaties with Indians either to acknowledge them or force them to leave. He believed,
” a good Indian is a dead Indian”


h) Anti-federalist: all the presidents before Jackson favored a strong central government. Jackson deviated from this line of thinking. He gave more power to the states.

i) Foreign policy: Jackson developed a tolerant foreign policy. With French all the pending issues since 1815 were resolved. Even with Britain, he adopted a lenient attitude.


j) Preservation of union: for the first time, threat to union was experienced. A treaty was concluded to benefit the sheep rearers. however it was rejected by farmers of Carolina who introduced a nullification ordinace. Government introduced force law and finally through compromise act union was preserved.

k) Rise of political parties: before the presidency of Jackson, there were only two political parties, federalist and democratic republic. Jacson acknowledged political parties to be the beauty of a political culture. As a result a number of parties appeared including Masonic party.

Critical analysis:

Jackson has been much appreciated for delivering upon his words. unlike Jefferson who was criticized for only paying a lip-service, Jackson took concrete steps. he took practical steps to uplift the status of common men. As he was a self made man, he was fully aware of the issues of the common men and addressed them likewise.
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