@Naveed Bhutto
Sir, I possess great sense of respect and gratitude for your such an altruistic effort on this forum; I've been through your notes in novemeber as provided by prestigious member, Farhan kaif.I read and found them good one as well.
Now come to the question,
I went through the Us history in ce-16.
My approach was bit awkward even to me as well. For example referring to question, Bush foreign policy, I competitively and judiciously justified his ill fated actions by comparing the other presidents.I.e.against McCarthysm and roll back Bush doctrine stepped more offensively towards Nuclear posture review, against Clinton liberal ideas of Geneva human rights emancipation, the respective president was the beholder of Hague invasion act,(explained it thoroughly), similarly Ronald Reagons communist collapse was taken up by Bush admin as War on terror.Similarly, I explained nuclear policy, escalation dominance and counter offensive modules combined with Natos war of aggression as well as Drone policy.
Than in critical analysis I presented the world order of stability as a consequence of Bush doctrine.
Is it okay or how you view my answers in view of examiners dogmatic mentality.

Sir will you please guide me in writing the answer of
Why England failed to take initiative in the colonization of American continent?

Seniors, plz criticize. will it be attempted this way or other?


Evaluate the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. How far the American policymakers remained successful in achieving their goals?

Introduction:
After the gulf war of 1991, the UN had established a special commission called UNSCOM5 to supervise disposal of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. However, commission was denied access to warehouses. Finally, in 1998, they were forced by the regime to leave Iraq. Resultantly, President Bush delivered an ultimatum on March 17, demanding that Saddam Hussein leave Iraq within 48 hours which he denied. On March, 2003, the U.S. and its allies initiated the invasion of Iraq under operation Iraqi Freedom. On April 9,U.S. forces formally occupied Baghdad, and on December 13 the same year, Saddam Hussein was captured and persecuted in 2006.

CAUSES & PURPOSES OF US INVASION:

US WAR ON TERRORISM:
To eliminate al-qaeda. However, Iraq did not specifically harbour al-Qaeda, but it had provided training camps and other support to terrorist groups fighting the government of Turkey and Iran, as well as hard-line Palestinian groups.

WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION:
In 1983, Iraq used chemical weapons in its war with Iran. US feared that if Iraq had WMD, they could easily be acquired by terrorists. These weapons will be destructive for the region and it s ally Israel too. When Saddam Hussain tried to maintain ambiguity about WMD, US decided to intervene.

To Preserve Uni-polarity:
Removing Saddam Hussein would be a demonstration of US military might against a visible enemy, a demonstration which elements within the Bush administration and the military establishment considered necessary to deter others and to dispel any appearance of weakness following 9/11. The Iraq Invasion, was meant to “maintain unipolarity, and avoid post-9/11 decline by demonstrating U.S. willingness to use force.

Oil Reserves:
The element of oil cannot be overlooked. Iraq has the world’s second largest reserves of oil. Many disagree that war was for oil, but it is oil which makes Iraq influential power in the region. Removing saddam Hussain will serve US interests.

DEMOCRACY IN THE REGION:
Bring democracy to a country in the centre of a region almost completely devoid of it. In his State of the Union, President Bush made it clear that he intended to bring democracy to the Middle East. Bush wanted to set Iraq an example for other states in the region that democracy can bring prosperity. This will end anti-American sentiment in the region.

HOW FAR POLICY MAKERS SUCCEED:

US policymakers didn’t win in any meaningful sense of the success. They failed to achieve what they wanted.

Destruction of WMD:
The alleged purpose of the war was eliminating Saddam Hussein’s weapons of mass destruction, but it turns out he didn’t have any.

Establishment of Pro-American Democracy:
Before the war, advocates argued that democracy would be easy to install in Iraq. Then the rationale shifted to creating a pro-American democracy, but Iraq today is at best a quasi-democracy and far from pro-American.

COST OF WAR:
The costs of the war (easily exceeding $1 trillion dollars) are much larger than U.S. leaders anticipated or promised.

Eliminate Terrorism:
Solve the terrorism problem but it wasn’t but added. Rise of ISIS is self explanatory. Al Qaeda also tried to exploit the post-invasion power-vacuum to go after U.S. forces and advance its own agenda.

Peace and Prosperity in the country & region:
Instead it promoted insurgency. Sunnis in Iraq took up arms to resist the loss of power, wealth, and status that the collapse of the Ba’thist regime entailed. Syria and Iran took various measures to strengthen anti-U.S. forces inside Iraq, in order to bog it down. The rise of militancy spread to its neighbouring country like Syria and yemen.

A part from this, the destruction of Iraq improved Iran’s position in the Persian Gulf — which is hardly something the United States intended The war was also a giant distraction, which diverted the Bush administration from other priorities (e.g., Afghanistan) and made the United States much less popular around the world.

Legality of war:
The legality of the invasion and occupation of Iraq has been widely debated since the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Poland and a coalition of other countries launched the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The then United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annanstated in September 2004 that the US-led war on Iraq was illegal. Since the action of USA and UK undermined the authority of UN.

Critical analysis:
The main motive behind Iraq invasion was to eliminate WMD. However, US could not find them till today. The whole war ended in complete failure. Moreover, Sadam Hussain was a rational actor. If it was made clear that Saddam had no chemical or biological weapons, then he would lose one of his key instruments of inflicting fear both among his own population and Iraq’s neighbours. This could diminish Iraq’s position as a major force in the region. Saddam’s rational choice would then be to create uncertainty or ambiguity as to whether or not he actually had these weapons. Without proof of Iraq having WMD, it seemed unlikely that the West would intervene, and without proof of Iraq not having WMD, it would keep insurgents and Iraq’s neighbours at bay. However, US along with UK intervened without any evidence of WMD.

Conclusion:

Seniors plz suggest, whether it will be attempted like this or another way around?


How urban life was affected in USA during first two stages of industrialization?
Introduction:

Though precise date for full scale American industrial revolution is difficult to give, yet t is widely believed that it lasted from late 18th century to early 19th century. However, the second phase began in the wake of civil war. the second phase is also known as technological revolution. These two phases had huge impact on urban life. The social, economic, religious and political life of urban people was greatly affected by the industrial revolution. The range of impacts vary from better living standard, improved literacy rate, women suffrage, growing population, class division to environmental degradation and many others. These impacts are discussed below:

Improved living standard: industrial revolution brought change I life style of urban life. People began to enjoy luxury life style. Improved roads, transport and communication system rose the living standard.

Education: with industrialization the demands for educated people had increased. This led to improve education condition of people. Many tax supported schools were opened in cities. In 1873 KG system was introduced. By 1900 illiteracy rate dropped from 17% to 11%.

WOMAN Rights: during first phase the demand for civil and political rights were echoed in the society. This resulted in change in property law for women. More facilities were provided for the education of women. In 1840 the Georgia Female College conferred first degree on women. However, they got voting right during 2nd phase of industrial revolution in 1869.

Women In job market: With industrial revolution the demand for workers increased. This increased opportunities for women. More and more women could be seen as typist, telephone operator and other.

Improved Economic life of urban people: industrialization increased employment opportunities for the people. This increased earning of people.

Surge in Population: The industrialization brought surge in urban population. In 1850, around 15.3% people lived in cities, while this number rosed to 39% by 1900. Many people rushed to cities. This brought many challenges for urban life.

Epidemic Disease: Surge in urban population create problem for health. Poor sanitation and heaps of garbage created health hazards. Long hour of work in industries created fatigue among people. Poor safety enrolment in industries also ended with injuries.

Class Division: the economic transformation also led to sharpen the class division. More benefits were acquired by handful business man, while major chunk was left with minimum return. This paved the way for labour movement in the country.
Racial Riots & Crime: A large number of immigrants flooded into the cities in search of better employment. These people have different culture and social structure. This gave birth to racial riots in the cities. Resultantly, this increased crime ration in cities.

Religious Beliefs: The religious beliefs were affected in urban cities. More and more catholic churches began to be opened in the cities. This against became another cause of tension among inhabitants. Theories like Darwin also added fuel to the fire.

Environmental Degradation: the industrial activities to the environmental degradation of cities. More and more manufacturing activities polluted environment.

Critical Analysis:
?

Conclusion:

Can you please send me as an email the notes as you done previosuly. Thanks

Wilson, "We had a chance to gain the leadership of the world. We lost it, and soon we shall be witnessing the tragedy of it all."
- A historian writing about Wilson's foreign policy after the Armistice would be interested in examining:
- The Treaty of Versailles - The covenant of the League of Nations
- The memoirs of Henry Cabot Lodge - Senate debates of 1919
- The main consequence of the Senate's refusal to ratify the treaty of Versailles was the League of Nations was greatly weakened
- During WWI the massive depletion of resources and manpower led to conditions that encouraged the rise of fascism & communism
- The conditions of the treaty of Versailles led to the rise of German nationalism and the Third Reich
- The widespread devastation of Europe's industrial base is considered to be a factor in contributing to the Great Depression

Thank you

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