[B][U]HAZRAT ABU BAKAR (R.A) HIS ADMINISTARTION AND ACHIEVEMENTS:-[/U][/B]

[B]INTRODUCTION:-[/B]
On becoming the caliph,abu bakar was confronted with many problems.the ummah was amidist some grave problems,which had emerged after the death of HOLY PROPHET (PBUH).now being the caliph,the huge responsibility of leading nation was onthe shoulders of hazrat abu bakar (r.a)but he didnot lose heart,rather he faced the situation courageously to drive islam and muslims out of these dangers.the problems he had to face after being elected are as following,false prophets,the apostesy movement(riddah wars)and expedition to syria.

[B]ACHIEVEMENTS OF HAZRAT ABU BAKAR(R.A);-[/B]
HE was elected caliph at such juncture when the land of arabia was again about to plunge in to evil and darkness.he not only drove the nation out of these perils and alarming condition but also lead it on the way of progress and prosperity.the major achievements which he made during his reign are as following

[B]1:-MILITARY SYSTEM:-[/B]
There was no regular army during the time of HOLY PROPHET(PBUH).hazrat abu bakar followed HIS e-g he divied the army into battalions,each was put under the command of an officer,who was under the commander of whole army.moreover he appointed COMMANDER IN CHIEF of various armies.the C.I.CHIEF of 4 armies sent to syria was HAZRAT KHALID BIN WALID(R.A) SAIF-UL-ALLAH.known as AMIR-UL-UMMAH.

[B]2:-MORAL TRAINING:-[/B]
He took particular care of the moral training of the military personnels.when he sent armies to syria,he gave them following instruction [B]DURING YOUR[/B] [B]EXPEDITION YOU WOULD FIND SOME PEOPLE WHO DEVOTE THEMSELVES EXCLUSIVELY TO WORSHIP THEIR CREATOR,DONOT DISTURB THEM AND LEAVE THEM IN THEIR SANCTUARIES.[/B]

[B]3:-BAIT-UL-MAAL AND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION:-[/B]

In the period of his khilafat there was no building for bait-ul-maal,it was made during later period of his khilafat,but no money was accomodated in it.whatsoever funds came in bait-ul-maal were distributed among needy and poor immediately.after hazrat abu bakar(r.a) death hazrat umer(r.a) found only one dirham in it.

[B]4:-ACCOUNTABILITY:-[/B]
Whenever he appointed an officer,he advised him and explain his duties.he was a strict administrator and never allowed any of his officer to behave in an irregular manner.he also listened to complaints personally against govt. officers and provided remedies for them.

[B]5:-RIGHT OF MINORITIES AND DHIMMUS:-[/B]
He gave same rights and previlage to minorities in his rule which were in the PROPHET (PBUH) period.he applied same rule to the conquered areas and on their minorities population.he gave JIZYA on easy terms to minorities.

[B]6:-COLLECTION OF HOLY QURAN:-[/B]
One of the greatest services rendered to islam by hazart abu bakar was the collection of holy quran.it was not compiled in HOLY PROPHET(PBUH) period though it`s memorization continued even after prophet death.in various battles a number of HUFFAZ were martyred.hazrat umer(r.a)advise him to take steps to preserve the holy quran in a book.he appointed HAZRAT ZAID BIN THABET(R.A) for this work.he was the best qulaified for this job,he wsa who had learned the quran directly from PROPHET(PBUH).he adopted the same order of various chapters of quran as was revelead to the HOLY PROPHET (PBUH).the compiled copy of quran was kept in the house of wife of HOLY PROPHET(PBUH) HAZRAT HAFSAH(R.A).

[U] [B]ERA OF CONQUEST[/B]:-[/U]

The caliphdiverted his attention after apostasy rebillion towards outside arabia.on its north east side was the border of PERSIAN EMPIRE,northern border was bordered by BYZANTINE OR ROMAN EMPIRE.


[B]1:-EXPEDITION TO IRAQ:-[/B]
.MUTHNA BIN HARITH small fight with iraq tribes
.later sought abu bakar help HAZRAT KHALID BIN WALID reinforce with muslim army
.muslim army met iraq army on 12 A.H(633 A.D) at UBULLAH.

[B]a:-BATTLE OF CHAIN:-(633 a.d/12 a.h)[/B]
.persion army under the command of HURMUZ.
.muslim army under KHALID BIN WALID
.both army met at HAFIR
.the soilders were tied with chains so not run from battle field.thats why known as BATTLE OF CHAIN.
.other skirmishes were at MUDHAR AND WALJA.

[B]b:-THE FALL OF HIRA:-[/B]
khalid besieged the city of hira after battle.
.imposed JAZIA on them.
.then captured DAMATAL JANDAL.

[B]c:-BATTLE OF FIRAZ:-[/B]
.last battle of walid iraq expedition at iraq.
.both armies met across river EUPHRATE.
.battle was conquered by muslims at 15 DHUL QADAH/12 A.H
.the whole of south,most of n.iraq was conquered by muslims.


[B]2:-EXPEDITION TO SYRIA:-[/B]
revenge of hazrat zaid bin harith by his son usamah bin harith.
.returened vicotious after 40 days.
.it was the victory of hazrat abu bakar trust.

[B]BATTLE OF AJNADAN (634 A.D/13 A.H)[/B]
.muslim commander khalid bin walid
.roman emperor was HERACLIUS nad roman army under the command of his brother THEODORE.
.roman army were over 2 lacs and muslims were 40,000.
.3000 muslims were martyered in this battle but won it after fierce fight.
.muslim army laid siege of DAMASCUS.

[B]CONCLUSION:-[/B]
HAZRAT ABU BAKAR (R.A) took the office at the most critical and crucial moment of the islamic histroy.disunity among the muslims,rising of false prophets and rebellions threatened the existance of infant state of islam nad disturbed the peace of the empire. he not only saved the islam from disruption but laso made it a world religion. according to LANE POOL
[B]HIS CALM JUDGEMENT COUPLED WITH GENTLE AND COMPSSIONATE HEART WERE OF INCALCULABLE SERVICES TO ISLAM.[/B]

[B]COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF HOLY QURAN DURING CALIPHATE ERA[/B]

[B]INTRODUCTION[/B]

All the jurists and muslims agree that not even a single change has been made versince it was reveled on HOLY PROPHET(PBUH).there is not even a slightest chance of any alteration in its orignal script.the GOD HIMSELF has taken the responsibility of its perservation and security.that is why it is present in its original form in quite contrast to other revealed books who had lost their original shape and matter.


[B]PRESERVATION OF HOLY QURAN[/B]

This is also a distinguished feature of quran that it`s preservation was started soon after first revelation.on the other hand other heavenly books were comiled centuries after their revelation.the different approaches and contributions of different persons are as following

[B]COMPILATION DURING THE LIFE OF HOLY PROPHET(PBUH)[/B]

*started four days after second revelation.
*khalid bin saeed was first compiler.
*42 persons compiled till the end.
*reservation of more than one compiler at a time was must.
*dictation was done,then HOLY PROPHET proof read it,after rectifying it was delivered to the publishers.
*sequence of ayahs and surahs was same as revealed on HIM.

[B]CONTRIBUTION OF HAZRAT ABU BAKAR(R.A)[/B]

*false prophet and battle of yammama.
*martayrdom of hufaz
*hazrat usam(r.a) suggestion to secure quran in a book.
*hazrat zayed bin tabith(R.A) was selected for this purpose.
*compiled book was secured in hazrat hafsa(R.A) house.

[B]CONTRIBUTIONS OF HAZRAT UTHMAN(R.A)[/B]

*during his rule hazrat hudhaifah(r.a) went for jihad,he observed difference in pronunciation.
*problems for non-native speakers because of difference in script and pronunciation.
*copies of original script that was in hazrat hafsa house was brought to hazrat uthman.
*he again choosed zayed bin thabit with some more assistants to help him.
*he abolished all other copies with different scripts.
* he declared MEDINESE CODEX as authentic and official manuscript of holy quran.
* for this contribution he is known as JAMUL-QURAN.


[B]CONTRIBUTIONS OF UMMAYYADS[/B]

*two major defects at taht time were (a)it contain consonants only.one word could be pronouced in several sounds.non-arabs having difficulty as they couldnot understand the words written without vowels.
(b)arabic alphabets have several letter but have same sahpe e-g zal,dal.

*abdul malik assigned the task to hajjaj.
*hajjaj introduced vowels,and in order to distinguished letters of the smae shape,he promoted the use of NUQTAS(POINTS) on these letters.
*abdul malik dispatched authentic reciters to conquered areas to spread teching of islam.

THIRD CHALIPH HAZRAT UTHAMN(R.A)


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