one minute please.
 

i need detailed answers of the following questions.

[B]a-When and How Islam penetrated in North Africa?
b-Conquests of North Africa from Amr Bin Aas to Uqba Bin Nafi
c-A brief introduction of North African countries.
d-North Africa before and after Muslim conquest
[/B]

You wrote one minute please' and you needed 'detailed answers' for following questions .. :)

In one minute I can only say that detailed answers for these questions can be found in 'The preaching of Islam' by Sir Thomas Arnold .. Chapter 4 of the book 'The spread of Islam among the Christian nations of Africa' and Chap 11 'The spread of Islam in Africa' can provide you with sufficient detail relating your questions ..

PS: Please do not mind any attempted humour above .. I'm busy with my exams, so it's difficult for me to deal anything in detail at the moment ..

Regards ..

any short cut :sad:

[QUOTE=nisha cute;582159]any short cut :sad:[/QUOTE]

If I needed something badly then what I told you would have been the best short cut for me, i.e, just pick the book from any book store costing only Rs. 175 and go through given chapters .. Still if that too much then Google .. ::blink

Regards ..

[QUOTEb-Conquests of North Africa from Amr Bin Aas to Uqba Bin Nafi][/QUOTE]
[B]The conquest of North Africa….
From Amir bin-Aas to Uqba Bin Nafi and onward

Introduction
Islamic revolution and teaching of the Holy Prophet never confined to the Arabian peninsula. It spread for and wide into European and African lands. The journey started from the caliphate of Hazrat Umar and ended in the days of Walid Bin Abdul Malik, the Umayyad caliph.


Amir bin Aas and the conquest of Egypt .

Egypt was under the roman subjection prior to Muslim conquest. The African christen were suppressed by their Roman’s rulers due to the difference in the beliefs of the two discrete religions. Amir bin Aas sought permission from the caliph Hazrat Umar (ra) to invade Egypt. He marched with 4000 Muslim troops to Egypt.
*The then governor of Egypt Maqukas, took refuge in the fort of Kistat
*Hazrat umar(ra) sent reinforcement of 10000 muslims to quicken the conquest
*after seven months of prolonged siege, the city fell in the hands of muslim

The conquest of Iskandria

Amir Bin Aas sieged Iskandria. The roman emperor retaliated with mighty army the qaiser of rome died and Maqukas made agreement with muslims. Incidentally hole Egypt yielded to muslims.

The conquest during Hazrat Usman’s caliphate

Hazrat Usman appointed abdulah bin abi Sarih as the governor of Egypt. He was the man of patience and courage
He first invade tarablu. The governor of trablus came with one lac twenty thousand troops, the war lasted for many days and lingered on stalemate then Hazrat Usman sent reinforcement under the command of abulah bin zubair. He made repeated attacks on Tarblus and made them surrender.

Conquest of Uqba fin nafi Uqba,
Muslim rule was extended and strengthened by Uqba.he conquered major region Lawata and Zanana. He laid down the foundation of Kirwan. 670 A.D he established several cantonments to keep check on the rebellious N. Africans.

Under the region of Yazid

Uqba continued the conquering the Aferican cities one after the other.

Rebellion of Kasila.

Uqba was betrayed by a berber leader Kasila, who had embraced islam, he damaged the muslim army on large scale

Abul Malik and N. African conquest

He appointed Zahir to put down the rebellions of Kasilla, in Karwan ,Zahir defeated Kasilla and destroyed his accomplices. Later on the romans attacked Zahir and martyred him
Hass’an and his conquests
Hass’n once again conquered the lost kirwan, then he marched to Kistanja where Berebers and romans were gathering force , but the y defeated by Hass’n . this victory strengthened the muslim rule in N.Africa greatly.

Queen wamiya and Hass’n
After victory at khartnja , he decided to attack Queen Wamiya’s region , she was very influential and notorious due to her alleged super-natural power. Hass’n was defeated at her hands and muslim army suffered huge losses , nearly half decade later. Hass’n returned with mighty army and routed Queen wamiya
This became decisive victory for muslim authority and power in N.Africa

Musa bin Nusair
He was appointed by Walid, Musa expelled all Romans from N.Africa. the elderly and prudent administration of Musa brought prosperity in the region. His principles of equality , honor, justice and liberty won the hearts of many Berbers who converted to Islam in his region
[/B]

[QUOTE=alihashmatkhoso;582181][QUOTEb-Conquests of North Africa from Amr Bin Aas to Uqba Bin Nafi][/QUOTE]
[B]The conquest of North Africa….
From Amir bin-Aas to Uqba Bin Nafi and onward

Introduction
Islamic revolution and teaching of the Holy Prophet never confined to the Arabian peninsula. It spread for and wide into European and African lands. The journey started from the caliphate of Hazrat Umar and ended in the days of Walid Bin Abdul Malik, the Umayyad caliph.


Amir bin Aas and the conquest of Egypt .

Egypt was under the roman subjection prior to Muslim conquest. The African christen were suppressed by their Roman’s rulers due to the difference in the beliefs of the two discrete religions. Amir bin Aas sought permission from the caliph Hazrat Umar (ra) to invade Egypt. He marched with 4000 Muslim troops to Egypt.
*The then governor of Egypt Maqukas, took refuge in the fort of Kistat
*Hazrat umar(ra) sent reinforcement of 10000 muslims to quicken the conquest
*after seven months of prolonged siege, the city fell in the hands of muslim

The conquest of Iskandria

Amir Bin Aas sieged Iskandria. The roman emperor retaliated with mighty army the qaiser of rome died and Maqukas made agreement with muslims. Incidentally hole Egypt yielded to muslims.

The conquest during Hazrat Usman’s caliphate

Hazrat Usman appointed abdulah bin abi Sarih as the governor of Egypt. He was the man of patience and courage
He first invade tarablu. The governor of trablus came with one lac twenty thousand troops, the war lasted for many days and lingered on stalemate then Hazrat Usman sent reinforcement under the command of abulah bin zubair. He made repeated attacks on Tarblus and made them surrender.

Conquest of Uqba fin nafi Uqba,
Muslim rule was extended and strengthened by Uqba.he conquered major region Lawata and Zanana. He laid down the foundation of Kirwan. 670 A.D he established several cantonments to keep check on the rebellious N. Africans.

Under the region of Yazid

Uqba continued the conquering the Aferican cities one after the other.

Rebellion of Kasila.

Uqba was betrayed by a berber leader Kasila, who had embraced islam, he damaged the muslim army on large scale

Abul Malik and N. African conquest

He appointed Zahir to put down the rebellions of Kasilla, in Karwan ,Zahir defeated Kasilla and destroyed his accomplices. Later on the romans attacked Zahir and martyred him
Hass’an and his conquests
Hass’n once again conquered the lost kirwan, then he marched to Kistanja where Berebers and romans were gathering force , but the y defeated by Hass’n . this victory strengthened the muslim rule in N.Africa greatly.

Queen wamiya and Hass’n
After victory at khartnja , he decided to attack Queen Wamiya’s region , she was very influential and notorious due to her alleged super-natural power. Hass’n was defeated at her hands and muslim army suffered huge losses , nearly half decade later. Hass’n returned with mighty army and routed Queen wamiya
This became decisive victory for muslim authority and power in N.Africa

Musa bin Nusair
He was appointed by Walid, Musa expelled all Romans from N.Africa. the elderly and prudent administration of Musa brought prosperity in the region. His principles of equality , honor, justice and liberty won the hearts of many Berbers who converted to Islam in his region
[/B][/QUOTE]

Ali , this is just an outline, i need explanatory answers.

[QUOTE=nisha cute;581623]i need detailed answers of the following questions.

[B]a-When and How Islam penetrated in North Africa?
b-Conquests of North Africa from Amr Bin Aas to Uqba Bin Nafi
c-A brief introduction of North African countries.
d-North Africa before and after Muslim conquest
[/B][/QUOTE]

This is the link of the book [B]Preaching of islam[/B]

[url]http://ia700404.us.archive.org/24/items/preachingofislam00arnouoft/preachingofislam00arnouoft.pdf[/url]

You can get detail answers of the desire questions by going through the chapters 4 and 11 as Stunner has prescribed.
Hope so this will help you.

[B]@nisha cute

[/B]You are not a new member. Always give appropriate and well meaning titles to your threads. [B]Read [URL="http://www.cssforum.com.pk/general/forum-policies-rules-regulations/4443-forum-rules-policies.html"]Forum Rules[/URL].
[/B]

c. A brief introduction of North African countries
 

[COLOR="DarkOrchid"][B][U][SIZE="4"]Algeria[/SIZE][/U][/B]
is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa,
When Muslim Arabs arrived in Algeria in the mid-7th century, a large number of locals converted to the new faith. After the fall of the Umayyad Arab Dynasty in 751, numerous local Berber dynasties emerged. Amongst those dynasties were the Aghlabids, Almohads, Abdalwadid, Zirids, Rustamids, Hammadids, Almoravids and theFatimids.
Algeria was made part of the Ottoman Empire by Hayreddin Barbarossa and his brother Aruj in 1517.
On the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded and captured Algiers in 1830. Algeria gained independence in 1962.[/COLOR]

[COLOR="SeaGreen"][B][U][SIZE="4"]Egypt[/SIZE][/U][/B]
is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its estimated 80 million people live near the banks of the Nile River. Egypt is one of the countries which contain the sahara desert.
Monuments in Egypt such as the Giza pyramid complex and its Great Sphinx are its world famous landmarks.
In early 2011, Egypt underwent a revolution, which resulted in the ousting of President Hosni Mubarak after nearly 30 years in power.[/COLOR]

[COLOR="DarkOrange"][B][U][SIZE="4"]Libya[/SIZE][/U][/B]
Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa by area, Tripoli is its capital. Sahara desert, covers roughly 90% of Libya,
In 647 an army of 40,000 Arabs, led by Abdullah ibn Saad, the foster-brother of Caliph Uthman, penetrated deep into Western Libya and took Tripoli from the Byzantines definitively. Libya's Southern region was conquered by Uqba ibn Nafi in 663 and Berber resistance was overcome.
During the following centuries Libya came under the rule of several Islamic dynasties, under various levels of autonomy from Ummayad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates of the time
Libya served as colony of Italy from 1911 to 1947. On December 24, 1951, Libya declared its independence as the United Kingdom of Libya,
Colonel Gaddafi, was the autocratic ruler of Libya from 1969, when he seized power in a military coup, until 2011 when, as a result of the 2011 Libyan civil war, his government was overthrown by a NATO-backed rebel force. His 42-year rule makes him the longest-ruling Arab leader[/COLOR]

[COLOR="Purple"][B][U][SIZE="4"]Morroco[/SIZE][/U][/B]
Or the kingdom of morocco is also a country in north Africa. The political capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca; other large cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Morocco's official languages are Arabic and the Amazigh language.
Islamic expansion began in the 7th century. In 670 AD, the first Islamic conquest of the North African coastal plain took place under Uqba ibn Nafi, a general serving under the Umayyads of Damascus. Arabs brought their language and Islam, to which most of the Berbers converted
Later Morocco became a state of some interest in itself to the European powers. And served as protectorate of both spain and france.
Mohammed VI is the present King of Morocco and Amir al-Mu'minin (commander of the faithful). He ascended to the throne on 23 July 1999 upon the death of his father The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the possibility of dissolving the parliament. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. [/COLOR]

[COLOR="MediumTurquoise"][B][U][SIZE="4"]Sudan[/SIZE][/U][/B]
is a country in North Africa. It is also considered part of the Middle East politically and geographically.
Its capital is Khartoum, which serves as the political, cultural and commercial centre of the nation, while Omdurman is the largest city.
The people of Sudan have a long history extending from antiquity which is intertwined with the history of Egypt, with which it was united politically over several periods. After gaining independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956,
his led to the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983. Because of continuing political and military struggles, Sudan was seized in a bloodless coup d'état by colonel Omar al-Bashir in 1989, who thereafter proclaimed himself President of Sudan.The civil war ended with the signing of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement which granted autonomy to what was then the southern region of the country. Following a referendum held in January 2011, South Sudan seceded on 9 July 2011 with the consent of Sudan's President al-Bashir.
On 4 March 2009, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for al-Bashir, the current President of Sudan, on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity related to the ongoing conflict in the Darfur region of western Sudan. Al-Bashir is the first sitting head of state ever indicted by the ICC[/COLOR]

[COLOR="DarkRed"][B][U][SIZE="4"]South sudan[/SIZE][/U][/B]
South Sudan is a landlocked country usually considered to be a part of North Africa or Eastern Africa. Its current capital is Juba, which is also its largest city; the capital city is planned to be moved to the more centrally-located Ramciel in the future
On 14 July 2011, South Sudan became the newest, youngest United Nations member state.193rd
President :Salva Kiir Mayardit
[/COLOR]

[COLOR="Olive"][B][U][SIZE="4"]Tunisia[/SIZE][/U][/B]
is the northernmost country in Africa, capital is tunis
Tunisia was occupied by Vandals during the 5th century AD, Byzantines in the 6th century, and Arabs in the 8th century. Under the Ottoman Empire, Tunisia was known as "Regency of Tunis". It passed under French protectorate in 1881. After obtaining independence in 1956 the country took the official name of the "Kingdom of Tunisia"
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali is a former Tunisian politician and the second President of the Tunisian Republic. He held the office from 7 November 1987, until he was forced to step down and flee the country on 14 January 2011
[/COLOR]

source:wikipedia

[B]Stunner and others, please enlighten.[/B]

Q.Briefly describe the scientific and literary progress of the Muslims during Abbasid period? i am bit confused about this question. either we should describe two things i.e., a.scientific , b. literary progress or its simply scientific progress. As a matter of fact, i know about scientic achievements but not literary.

[QUOTE=nisha cute;583013][B]Stunner and others, please enlighten.[/B]

Q.Briefly describe the scientific and literary progress of the Muslims during Abbasid period? i am bit confused about this question. either we should describe two things i.e., a.scientific , b. literary progress or its simply scientific progress. As a matter of fact, i know about scientic achievements but not literary.[/QUOTE]

You'd need to describe both .. Literary progress includes works and writings of philosophers, historians, any poetic works and translations of foreign texts during the Abbasid period ..

Regards ..

North africa
 

[CENTER][B][SIZE="4"] Muslims In North Africa[/SIZE][/B][/CENTER]
[B]The Arab conquests: 7th century AD:[/B]
One of the most dramatic and sudden movements of any people in history is the expansion, by conquest, of the Arabs in the 7th century (only the example of the Mongols in the 13th century can match it). The desert tribesmen of Arabia form the bulk of the Muslim armies. Their natural ferocity and love of warfare, together with the sense of moral rectitude provided by their new religion, form an irresistible combination.When Muhammad(PBHU) dies in 632, the western half of Arabia is Muslim. Two years later the entire peninsula has been brought to the faith, and Muslim armies have moved up into the desert between Syria and Mesopotamia.
[B]Muslims In North Africa: from AD 642:[/B]
The Arab conquest of Egypt and North Africa begins with the arrival of an army in AD 640 in front of the Byzantine fortified town of Babylon (in the area which is now Old Cairo). The Arabs capture it after a siege and establish their own garrison town just to the east, calling it Al Fustat.The army then moves on to Alexandria, but here the defences are sufficient to keep them at bay for fourteen months. At the end of that time a surprising treaty is signed. The Greeks of Alexandria agree to leave peacefully; the Arabs give them a year in which to do so. In the autumn of 642, the handover duly occurs. One of the richest of Byzantine provinces has been lost to the Arabs without a fight.
The Arabs continue rapidly westwards along the coast of North Africa, capturing Cyrenaica in 642 and Tripoli in 643. But these remain largely ineffective outposts. For nearly three decades the Arabs make little progress in subduing the indigenous Berber inhabitants of this coastal strip.
The turning point comes in 670 with the founding of a new Arab garrison town at Kairouan, about sixty miles south of the Byzantine city of Carthage. From this secure base military control becomes possible. Carthage is destroyed (yet again) in 698. By the early 8th century northwest Africa is firmly in Arab hands.
In 711 an Arab general takes the next expansionist step. With a Berber army he crosses the straits of Gibraltar and enters Spain.The north African coast remains from now on in Muslim hands, but it proves impossible to exercise effective control over it from the centre of the caliphate - whether in Damascus or Baghdad. Instead various local Berber dynasties win power.These include the Idrisids (established from 790 in Fez) and the Aghlabids (ruling from 800 in Kairouan). But by far the most powerful are the Fatimids, of the Ismaili sect. Early in the 10th century they organize an uprising against the Aghlabid dynasty in Kairouan.
[B]The Fatimid dynasty: AD 909-1171:[/B]
An Ismaili leader, Ubaydulla, conquers in 909 a stretch of north Africa, displacing the Aghlabids in Kairouan. He founds there a dynasty known as Fatimid - for he claims to be a caliph in the Shi'a line of descent from Ali(RA) and Fatima(RA) his wife, the daughter of Muhammad(PBHU).
Sixty years later, in 969, a Fatimid army conquers Egypt, which now becomes the centre of a kingdom stretching the length of the north African coast. A new capital city is founded, adjoining a Muslim garrison town on the Nile. It is called Al Kahira ('the victorious'), known in its western form as Cairo. In the following year, 970, the Fatimids establish in Cairo the university mosque of Al Azhar which has remained ever since a centre of Islamic learning.At the height of Fatimid power, in the early 11th century, Cairo is the capital of an empire which includes Sicily, the western part of the Arabian peninsula (with the holy places of Mecca and Medina) and the Mediterranean coast up to Syria.
A century later the authority of the Ismaili caliphs has crumbled. There is little opposition in 1171 when Saladin, subsequently leader of the Islamic world against the intruding crusaders, deposes the last of the Fatimid line. And there is no protest when Saladin has the name of the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad included in the Friday prayers in Cairo's mosques. After a Shi'a interlude, Egypt is back in the Sunni fold.
[B]The Almoravids: AD 1062-1147:[/B]
From the mid-11th century Berbers are moving north, from the western Sahara up past the Atlas mountains. Known as the Almoravids, they are fired by a new zeal for Islam, the result of a pilgrimage to Mecca by their chieftain in 1040. In 1062 they establish a base at Marrakech, from which during the next twenty years they conquer the whole of northwest Africa.
The Almoravid territory in north Africa stretches along the coast as far as Algiers. Spain, across the narrow Straits of Gibraltar, is a natural extension. And in 1085 the Almoravids receive a request for help from the Spanish Muslims, who have recently suffered a series of defeats at Christian hands.The Almoravids - with armies of their own Berber tribesmen - arrive in Spain in 1086 and rapidly overrun the territories recently gained by the Christians. Only on the east coast do they meet their match in the buccaneering El Cid, who captures Valencia in 1094.
Though stricter in religion than the Umayyads, the Almoravid sultans continue the traditions of Muslim Spain; indeed they introduce its architecture to the other half of their empire, in north Africa. But they soon begin to lose control in both regions. The Christian reconquest in Spain begins anew with the capture of Saragossa in 1118. Meanwhile Marrakech, the Almoravid capital in Africa, falls in 1147 to a more puritanical dynasty of Berbers, the Almohads.
[B]The Almohads: AD 1147-1248:[/B]
The Almohads, like the Almoravids, are a Berber tribe practising a strict version of Islam. They come from the Atlas mountains and are first inspired by an enthusiast who in the early 12th century declares himself to be the Mahdi. In 1147 his followers capture the Almoravid capital, Marrakech.By 1159 the Almohads have conquered the entire north African coast as far east as Benghazi, bringing all Berbers within a single empire. Meanwhile their rule extends over the water to the other half of the Berber realm, in Spain.
The Almohads move rapidly into southern Spain after their defeat of the Almoravids in Morocco. Seville falls to them in 1147, the same year as Marrakech. They make it their Spanish capital, building the Alcázar Palace and the lower part of the Giralda, now the famous belfry of Seville cathedral; in origin it is the minaret of the main Almohad mosque.
The decline of Almohad power, and the decisive phase of the Christian reconquest, begins with the defeat of the Muslims at Las Navas de Tolosa, in 1212, by the combined armies of Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal. Cordoba falls to the Christians in 1236 and Seville in 1248. Meanwhile, in 1238, Aragon recovers Valencia (held by the Muslims since the death of El Cid).
In north Africa the collapse of this greatest of Berber kingdoms takes a little longer, with the Almohads only gradually losing control. In about 1229 their governor in Tunis declares himself independent and establishes a dynasty of his own, the Hafsids. In 1248 another Berber tribe, the Marinids, capture Fès, which they make their capital and develop into an impressive city; in 1269 they take Marrakech and bring to an end Almohad rule in Morocco.
The Marinid dynasty lasts until the 15th century, and the Hafsid rulers survive a century longer. By then northwest Africa and the Barbary coast is disputed between the adventurers and pirates of Portugal, Spain and Turkey.
[B]The Barbary coast: 16th - 20th century AD:[/B]
With the decline of the local Berber dynasties in the 15th and 16th centuries, the valuable coastal strip of north Africa (known because of the Berbers as the Barbary coast) attracts the attention of the two most powerful Mediterranean states of the time - Spain in the west, Turkey in the east.
The Spanish-Turkish rivalry lasts for much of the 16th century, but it is gradually won - in a somewhat unorthodox manner - by the Turks. Their successful device is to allow Turkish pirates, or corsairs, to establish themselves along the coast. The territories seized by the corsairs are then given a formal status as protectorates of the Ottoman empire.
The first such pirate establishes himself on the coast of Algeria in 1512. Two others are firmly based in Libya by 1551. Tunisia is briefly taken in 1534 by the most famous corsair of them all, Khair ed-Din (known to the Europeans as Barbarossa). Recovered for Spain in 1535, Tunisia is finally brought under Ottoman control in 1574.Piracy remains the chief purpose and main source of income of all these Turkish settlements along the Barbary coast. And the depredations of piracy, after three centuries, at last prompt French intervention in Algeria. This, at any rate, is stated by the French at the time to be the cause of their intervention. The reality is somewhat less glorious.Algiers is occupied by the French in 1830, but it is not until 1847 that the French conquest of Algeria is complete - after prolonged resistance from the Berber hinterland, which has never been effectively controlled by the Turks on the coast.
It is in the European interest to police this entire troublesome Barbary region. Tunisia becomes a French protectorate in 1881, and Morocco (which has maintained a shaky independence, under its own local sultans, since the end of the Marinid dynasty) follows in 1912. Italy takes Libya from the Turks in 1912. The regions of the Barbary coast thus enter their last colonial phase before independence.

The Answers to all these questions could easily be found in Mazhar ul Haq's books... U just need to study the concerned chapters... I have detailed answer of the scientific and literary progress of the abbassids.. this infact is an important question... lemme know your email and I shall have them delivered

[QUOTE=wassie;598409]The Answers to all these questions could easily be found in Mazhar ul Haq's books... U just need to study the concerned chapters... I have detailed answer of the scientific and literary progress of the abbassids.. this infact is an important question... lemme know your email and I shall have them delivered[/QUOTE]
Would you please send me that solved question? I shall be very thankful to you.

Regards