Short Story in Arabic and Different Approaches
Brief History of Short Story:-
Points to be elaborated:-
1- This art was taken from the Iranian but then so much progress was made that the Arabs became the competitor of Iranians.
2- “Thousand and one Night” enormous addition was done by Arabs.
3- “Kulia wa Damnta” taken from Indian literature. It was translated by Inb-e-Mafqah.
The Development of Short Story in its True Sense:-
With the development of printing press the short story was introduce in Arabic literature. In 1870, for the first time ‘Al Qisas Al Saghrah’ emerged in newspaper and magazine. By the end of 19th century, Egyptian, Lebanese, and Syrian magazines incrased the publication of short stories. Predominantly this was the era when the Arabs were impressed from the new ideas so they translated the western work in Arabic.
Tofiq Al Hakeem
Muhammad Hussain Hekal
Mehmood Taimoor
Were the most prolific short story writers of this age. They not only translated the new work but also brought the old work in to new shape. Tofiq al Hakeem even brought the Quranic incident of seven sleepers into dramatic form.
Main Satges:-
1- Embryonic Stage (From beginning to 1914)
2- The Trial Stage (1914 to 1925)
3- The Formative Stage (1925 todate)
The Embryonic Stage:-
This time period extends from the beginning of short story in 1870 to the year of 1914. The work of Khalil Jabran, Mustafa Lutfi al Manfluti is the trade mark work of this stage. They adopted western way of narrating the short story.
The Trial Stage:-
This also called the traditional stage which starts from 1914 and extends up to 1925. This is the stage in which we find the authentic vices from the Arab world.
The Formative Stage:-
The third stage is the formative stage which starts from 1925 to present era. It is logical more sound as an obscure or vague tone in used in the story to let the reader interpret the story by himself after reading it. In 1960s it took new turn and psychological development of readers was done through these stories. The short story was short in length with minimum number of characters and encompassing small time fram.

Write a Note on “Khumriat” in Abbasid Era

Background:-
Khumriat are collectively called as poems which are meant on describing the events of luxury and drinking. In Ummayad era when the Islamic state expanded and with the expansion came the prosperity. It was obvious that luxuriousness, drinking and other such habits became the order of the day.

Khumriat is Abbasid Era:-
The Abbasid poet excelled in the composition of ‘Bacchic’ poetry devoted drinking, singing and luxury. Ti was obvious that the economic prosperity and progress of that era supplied ample resources for the Abbasid during their reign. The propagation of political ideas was needed so the poet were given patronage by the influential person and the caliph. Under the auspices of the caliph, these poet excelled in Madah, khumriat etc. It is a well established fact that there were certain caliphs ho liked such poetry. Ibn-e-Mutaz is quoted as an example in this content. In Abbasid era the most prominent figure who wrote ‘khumriat’ was Abu Nawas. He was such a prolific poet in this context that it was said by Al Jahiz,
“ Had Husnain ( Ibn-e-Sereen and Hassan Basri) listened/heard the khumriat of Abu Nawas, they would have left the path of virtue and adopted a habit of drinking”.
Al Jahiz who was all in praise for Abu Nawas once said, “I have not seen any one more prolific in lexicography and eloquence then Abu Nawas.” Al Jahiz declared Abu Nawas as capable as Bashar bib Bard.
Abu Nawas started poetry when he learnt by heart the poetic work of all the male poets along with the poetry of more than 60 ladies poets. So, the immaculate poetry by this outstanding figure was a glaring addition in Arabic literature.
Other poets in this regard are:
Ibn-e-Mutaz
Bashar bin Bard
Abu al Atahia
But their contribution is in no comparison to Abu Nawas’s work done in writing “khumriat”

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Promotion of Arabic in Sub-Continent and Pakistan
Historical Perspective:-
Promotion of Arabic language in Sub-Continent is historical phenomenon becaue Arabic is the language of Quran and Islam. It is an established fact that Arabs had contact with the Indians even before the emergence of Islam. A verse of Amra ul Qais depicts a word ‘Qarn Fil’ which is believed to be taken from Hindi language. There are many Ahadith in which language shows the words are used having roots in Hindi Language. Arabic was introduced in India in different phases and through different process/ways. In northern India Muslims conquered it and held their sway from 712 to 1857 A.D. while the southern India was in touch with Arabic culture through the traders and trade activities of the Arabs. After 712 the Islam as a religion was accepted by the local population. Islam is inextricably intertwined with the Arabic language because understanding of Holy Quran, Hadith and Fiqh requires a good grip of Arabic language because without it comprehending Quran and Islam become impossible.
Many a literary figure were brought by Sultan Mehmood Ghaznawi with him who introduced the people with Arabic literature and history. This exchange was not one way rather it was two ways. The Arabs who come to India learnt a lot from their Indian counterparts. The Sultan also sent people to the Arabian region so that they could learn Arabic culture in better way. Abu Aflah and Abu Mehshar Sindhi are two prominent names. They contributed a lot in Arabic language. Abu Mehshar was a ‘Muhadiss’ and when he passed away, his funeral prayer was offered by the people under ‘Immamat’ of Caliph Haroon Ur Rasheed. This shows the clas of the man named Abu Mehshar.

Al Beruni:-
Al Beruni came to India during the early period of introduction of Islam in Sub-Continent. He wrote a book ‘ kitab ul Hind’ which was a master piece. The work done by the Indian figure was also translated in to Arabic e.g. ‘kulia wa Damnta’, the incident of Adam (A.S) being arrived to cylon was also introduced in Arabic after being translated. The work in the field of medicine by ‘Chirka’ and ‘Sehserta’ was also translated in to Arabic.
Many ‘Tafseer’ of Holy Quran were written in this content. The important name are:
Turab Ali
Salam Ullah
Abdul Hakeem Sialkoti
Shah Wali Ullah Dehlvi
Much work was done in sub-continent in the field of ‘Ilm ul Hadith’ and ‘Ilm e Fiqh’. Along with it ‘Philosophy’ was another field where in Arabic work done by the natives can not be ignored. Fatwa Alamgeire and other treatise of Shah Wali Ullah are the illuminating example in this perspective.

Poetry:-
Some poet have also rendered invaluable service for the promotion of Arabic. Unfortunately, their work is confined to southern India.
Amir Khusru
Moulana Fazl-e-Haq Khair Abadi
Ghulam Ali Azad Bilgrami
Syed Abdul Jalil Bilgrami
Are the prominent poets of Arabic in sub-continent.

Promotion of Arabic in Modern era in Pakistan:-
After the emergence of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam said in his speech,
“Urdu will be the national language of Pakistan while it is the first and foremost duty of Pakistan’s people to lean and speech Arabic”
For promotion of Arabic following steps proposed are worth mentioning:
1- Jamiet Hizb Ullah arranged a conference in East Pakistan in 1951, for the promotion of Arabic language.
2- Majlis Rabita Islami supported Arabic language.
3- Co-ordination of Islam Rabica council.
4- Urdu, Bengali and Arabic would be taught up to Matric Level.
5- It is essential to facilitate the propagation of Arabic in Pakistan.

The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973:-
1- Quran, Islam and Arabic compulsory.
2- From 1982, Arabic language has been taught as compulsory subject to higher secondary level. Syllabus of Azad Kashmir shows that it is even taught at Graduation level.
3- In our universities Arabic subject is also included in higher education
4- Arabic language is also taught in our medrassah system.

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“You were born with wings, why prefer to crawl through life?”

Development of Arabic in Spain
Introduction:-
The Arab started their conquest of Spain during the Ummayad Dynasty but it was Abdul Rehman-I who fled the barbaric cruelty of Ibn-e-Safah and managed to hoist the flag of Ummayad Khilafat at Spain till 1492, when the Muslims were overpowered by Christan – a sad event in Muslim History. The time when Abdul Rehamn arrived at Spain, Yemni and Egyptian were at loggerheads with each other. It was charismatic Abdul Rehman-I who turned them into a big force by uniting them. This was the point from where the Arabic got its root for an immaculate performance in the centuries to come. The basic reason behind this progress was the transformed behavior of Arabs in Spain. In the East, Iraq, they did not like to get mixed up with the local population out of their ‘Racial Prejudice’ but in Spain the situation was totally different.
Now they were more in close contact with the common people. Europe was at that point of time in the shadow of darkness as for as the progress in all the fields of knowledge is concerned. This looks obvious that the people very soon adopted the customs, traditions, moors, norms and language of the Arabs—who were superior in all the cases.
Many a local people embraced Islam and thus an amalgam was created with the mixture of people from two different backgrounds. The civilization which took start in Spain was because of the Arabs a scenario contrary to the situation faced by Muslims when they conquered Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Iran. However, this contact of Semite people with the Aryans proved to be a blessing and life-line for Arabic’s development in Europe.
However, the Arabs and Spanish population always kept on looking towards East for attaining guidance in the fields of Religion, language and cultural development. During the reign of Abdul Rehman-II and III Arabic language flourished with a rapid pace. They established huge ‘madrassah’ and administrative offices. The jurisprudential material was in Arabic and it became a sort of ‘National language of Spain’. The era of Abdul Rehman-III witnessed such a marvelous growth in the propagation of Arabic culture, civilization and literature that during this time, Spain become equaling to Baghdad in magnificent.
But soon after their reign, the control over Spain was not properly maintained by Muslims. Their disunity resulted in their weakness and their rule was challenged by Christians from the west. They put an end to the ‘Muslim Rule’ in Spain in 1492 and thus Arabic was banned by the new rulers. In 1501 and 1510 laws were passed which forbade the possession of Arabic books. Thus Arabic after seeing a growth for more than 7 centuries was forced out of Spain but it left an inimitable and unreadable impact on Spanish language as thousands of words of Spanish language still find their roots in Arabic.

Literature and Notable Figures of Spain:-
Spanish contribution in Arabic literature is very valuable. Two new ‘asnaf’ were added in the Arabic poetry by the poets of Spain.
1- Mohshahaat
2- Zajal (it was more a local asnaf than being a trans national one)
Other asnafs were Maddah, Ghazal, Maesiya, Tasawaf, Philosophy, Mazah, etc. in which these poet rendered in valuable services. Even political matters were also discussed in the poetry. However, in the style and format, Spanish poets always looked forward towards the East.
Another field was Ilm-e-Lughat in which though less, work was done. Abu Bakar Ibn Duraid wrote a compendium of ‘Kitab ul Ain’, a book of Khalil Bin Ahmad. This compendium got more fame then the original book even.
Poets of Spain:-
1- Ibn Aubdrba
2- Ibn Zaidoon
3- Ibn-e-Hani Undalsi
4- Lisan ud Din Ibn Khatib
5- Ibn-e-Hamd Las Saqli
6- Ibn-e-Khafafa Undalsi

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New Trends in Arabic Literature in 20th Century (1900 – 1999)

How and when Arabic literature was revived?
Arabic literature which was facing its downfall for the last five centuries was revived in Egypt. After the invasion of Napoleon, Arabs especially Egypt came in direct contact with French or west. Now all the trends which were introduced in Arabic literature were determined by this very fact. This revival of Arabic literature is called ‘ Al-Nahdat Al-Adab’. During the 20th century the Arabic literature was affected by the political turmoil and upheavals which were taking place in the Arab world.
A cursory look at the trends in all genres will make the situation and picture more clearly to us.
1- Poetry:-
Poetry was an area in which the new trends were emerged during 20th century. Overall these are four main groups of poet in modern era of Arabic poetry.
1- Neo – Classical
2- Pre – Romantic
3- Romantic
4- Committed Poets
First part of 20th century witnessed that most of the poets wrote romantic poetry. Poetry of Adb-e-Mehjar was part of it. Jabran, Abu Alia Mazi, Mikhail Naemia etc. were from famous Mehjari poats.
Ibrahim Naji, Khalil Matran and Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi were some other poets of romantic group of poets.
However, after world war-I, the political situation took new turn. The forceful creation of Israel was a sort of injury inflected on the heart of Arabs by the western world. Romantic poetry lost its charm and was replaced by the committed poetry. Now it was regarded necessary that there should be an objective or commitment of the poetry. No poetry can be said as according to the circumstances and charm full until an objective is not tried to achieve. Some poets resort to write for the favor of Nationalism. Mahmood Dervaish, who got unmatchable fame, was a ‘Palestinian Poet’ who wrote for the propagation of Nationalism. Another innovation was the introduction of ‘Free Verse’ by the poet named ‘Badr Shakir Al-Sayab.

2- Modern Arabic Novel in 20th Century:-
Modern novel or novel of 20th century also witnessed two trends. These trends are as following:
1- Neoclassical movement to revive the old traditions of past. Maqama and Thousand and One Night is an example.
2- Modern movement which emphasized on imitating the French novel.
Notable novel writers include:
1- Jurji Zaidan
2- Jabran
3- Mekhail Naemia
4- Najib Mehfooz
Najib Mehfooz, from Egypt got a Nobel Prize in literature in 1988.

3- Drama in 20th Century:-
Though Drama in Modern era was started to be written in 19th century, it took major trends in 20th century by getting influenced by the French Drama.
Tofique Al Hakim is one of the most famous Drama writers of his times. His drama which was re-telling of “Quranic” story of “seven sleepers” and epilogue of “Thousand and one Night”

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Quran - Its Miracles, Language of Quran with special Influence on Subsequent Literature

Miracles of Holy Quran:-
1- Inimitable:-
The Holy Quran was revealed in an era when the Arabian Peninsula was full of the lucid and eloquent poets. But Quran as it was ‘kalam’ of Rehman was superior to the poetic work of the poets. Quran challenges everybody to bring even a very small verse in competition to Quran.
Quran put the same challenge four times before the non-believer. No one was able to meet the challenge from then to now.
2- Miracle of The Holy Prophet (PBUH)
Every prophet of Allah Almighty was awarded with a miracle of the art which was at its apex during that time. The Jesus was given the miracle of ‘Tib’. He used to touch the leapers to make him healthy and could reincarnate the life in to a dead body. This was bestowed by Allah almighty on Jesus Christ because this was the time when ‘Ilm-e-Tib’ was touching the height of its glory.
Moses was given the miracle to competes rather over power the magicians and it was magic that was consider to be the order of the day. During the era of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), lucidity and poetry was at its apex. Then it was necessary to beat this art. That is the reason Allah Almighty awarded the Holy Prophet (PBUH) with the miracle of Quran. Quran was the best when it was compared to the literary work of that time.
3- Quran – Safeguarded by Allah Almighty:-
Even after 1400 year time, the Holy Quran is safeguarded and intact. This is indeed a marvelous miracle of the Holy Quran that Allah Almighty has safeguarded this book by employing ‘His Wisdom’. Even a minute change can not occur in this Holy Book, this indeed is the blessing and miracle of Allah.

Impact of Quran for the who understand it are Miraculous:-
The Holy Quran’s lucidity made it even more effective for the people who try to understand it. Labid bin Rabia embraced Islam when he tried to complete (in poetic sense, he tried to add another stanza) Sura-al-kusar but could not do so. He understood that this cannot be the kalam of a man. So, he wrote ‘This is not written by any man’ and embraced Islam. Similarly, the incident of Hazrat Umer’s embracing Islam shows that its impact are great and cannot be explained in words.
Quran neither A verse nor A prose:-
Another miracle is that Quran has been revealed in such a way that it looks like a neither prose nor like a verse, as depicted by Dr. Taha Hussain. It flips qasidah, totally, when Sura Rehman is revealed and understood. All the magnificence shows that Quran is also a miracle in its context and style.
Impact of Quran on Subsequent Literature
Impact of Holy Quran on the subsequent literature can be enunciated by mentioning following points.
1- Impact on language
2- Impact on prose
3- Impact on calligraphy
4- Impact on creating new fields of knowledge
5- Introduction of new narrative style

1- Impact on Language:-
The Holy Quran introduced new words in it e.g.
Al Qayam
Al Rakuh
Al Sajood
Ghraibs were used by Quran. Imam Raghib Asfahani has counted many Ghraibs which were mentioned in the Holy Quran. These Ghraibs were no more use of the ordinary Arab people.
2- Impact on Prose:-
As the Holy Quran was revealed and preached by the Holy Prophet (PBUH), soon it as spread far off areas which came under the sway of Muslims. Their expenses were recorded the revenue and expense of the Caliphate.
Secondly, the letters written by the Holy Prophet (PBUH) ‘Maktubat e Nabvi’ and ‘Khutbat e Nabvi’ followed a specific style which was propagated in Islamic Caliphate.
3- New Fields of knowledge:-
After the revelation of the Holy Quran, it was propagated to the far off areas. Non Arabic people committed blunders while pronouncing the Holy Quran. This necessitated the introduction of new fields of knowledge in order to understand Holy Quran.
The new fields e.g.
Ilm e lughat
Ilm e Fiqah
Sarf e Nahv
Istanbat
Were introduced by the Muslims.

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Comprehensive note on Al Jahiz
Introduction:-
His full name was ‘Abu Usman Umro Bin Behr Al-Jahiz, born in Bsara. He was very ugly, of short stature and strange eyes. Therefore he was named as ‘Al-Jahiz’ as the person with stange eyes is called:


He spent a life of 100 years where he saw many upa and downs yet he was the most glaring personality of Arabic literature as he has been designated the title of ‘Imam ul Adab’ in a book of Al Qairwani. The name of that book is ‘Al Umda’

Education:-
He got his education from the prominent and capable scholars of their times. He got his education from ‘Basra’, which was the stage of learning at that particular time;
Asmi
Abu Ishaq
Abu Obaida
Were his teacher. He was very fond of reading and used to read ferociously.
School of Thought:-
Al Jahiz belonged to ‘Mutazilla’ school of thought initially but then he developed his own school of thought, the followers of which named it as “Al Jahizya”

His Activities
1- A prolific intellectual and translator. He translated the works of Persian and Greece in Arabic.
2- He did invaluable service in the fields of Geography and even wrote a book in this regard.
3- When we see the second group of prose writers, without any doubt and dispute, Jahiz was the leader of this group.
4- He wrote as many as 200 hundred books but as bad luck would have it, most of his books have been lost. His books have been praised by ‘Ibn Al Amid’ in these words “ the books of jahiz teach us knowledge and duty”
Some of the name of his books are given as under:
I – Kitab al Biyan wal Batin (Arabic culture and literature)
II – Kitab al Najla (society and man)
III – kitab al Haivan (About animals)
IV – kitab al Usmania (Three caliphs were defended and reject shiaism)
V – kitan al Taaj
5- Another contribution of Al Jahiz is that he was the first who started to pen down the literary tradition in Abbasid era. This was done by him because of the reason that many non Arabic crept in because of the territorial expansion. Mistakes and flaws in the Arabic of non indigenous people who was avoided by Al Jahiz by ensuring what was pure Arabic work. He also invented the technique to introduce humor in serious writing to make it more interesting and affective.
Some interesting facts about Al Jahiz:-
Ahmad Hassan Ziyat in his book “Tarikh e Adb e Arabi” has commended that Al Jahiz was man of terrible features with unbalanced body. Once he was called by Caliph Mutawakil, when he heard about his accomplishment in all the fields of knowledge. The Caliph wanted him to be the tutor of his beloved child but when he saw Al Jahiz, the ugly but prolific literary man he gave him 10 thousand Dirham and asked him to leave. Nevertheless, he was a man of high literary status. He remained for 100 long years and died after his right side was paralyzed owing to illness.
Criticism:-
Although he was one of the most glaring personalities of Arabic literature yet he was not able to avoid criticism. The criticism about him is pertaining to his exaggeration while praising the Caliph.

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Role of “Khalil Bin Ahmad” with special reference to ‘Kitab ul Ain’
Introduction:-
His full name is ‘Abu Ahmad or Abu Abdul Rehman Khalil bin Ahmad bin Ahmad Fraheedi’ and he was born at Basra. He was brought up in Basra and got education from A’aema-e-Arba in Ilm e Nahv, Qirat and Hadith. Then he got education from Abu Umer bin Al Uala and Essa bin Umro in Ilm-e-Rawat. Then went to villages for becoming proficient in the field of Lexicon. He accumulated great knowledge in the field of lexicon and then returns to Basra. He got such a fame then the Caliph called on him to teach his child but Khalil refuse to do so. He considered the poverty much endeared then getting subjugated to the royal court.
Khalil bin Ahmad remained in the service of knowledge throughout his life and when he met his demise he was doing the same. He rendered invaluable service in the almost all the fields of knowledge. A cursory glance at his service would reveal the greatness of khalil bin Ahmad in a better way.
1- He was the only man who did not know the foreign language and nor he had formal education in the field of music yet he wrote a book on music “Kitab ul Nagham”.
2- Khalil bin Ahmad wanted to calculate such a easy method of calculation which would be comprehendible to a child even but the life span of his proved to be short to perform his task.
3- Khalil Bin Ahmad was a poet also. He invented 15 metres and divided them in five groups.
4- Khalil was efficient in ‘sehat qiyas’, ‘Nahvi Tehlil o Tawaa’ and ‘Istinbat’. Saibovia’s book ‘Al Kitab’ has been majority completed by ‘Khalil bin Ahmad’.
Kitab ul Ain:-
During the time Khalil bin Ahmad was rendering service in all the fields of knowledge, Arabic was spread to the non Arabic areas. People began to make mistakes and this presented a challenge to the scholars. Many tries were made to combat this problem but all in vain. It was Khalil bin Ahmad, who wrote “Kitab ul Ain” the first ever book on the Ilm-e-Lughat. He arranged the words composed of two three and four letters and then he arranged the words according to their pronunciation. He organized according to the following order:
1- Larynx
2- Tongue
3- Teeth
4- Lips
Abubakar bin Duraid wrote a compendium of ‘Kitab ul Ain’ which was presented to the Caliph of Spain. This compendium got more fame than the original book.
Some other books of Khalil:-
1- Kitan ul Nagham
2- Kitab ul Arooz
3- Kitab ul Shawahid
4- Kitab ul Eeqah
5- Kitab ul Naqat wa Shakal
6- Kitab ul Ain

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Al Khalil bin Ahmad Al Frahedi

Birth:

1- According to Nicolson khalil bin Ahmad was born in a Basra in 100 higri.

2- His real name was ‘Abu Abdul Rehman Al Khalil bin Ahmad Al Basri Al Frahedi Al Azri.

Education:

1- He got his early education in Basra under a prolific teacher ‘Abu Umru bin Al ula’.

2- He got his education in different branches of knowledge of Arabic and also in lexicography.

His life style:

1- Khalil bin Ahmad did not like luxurious life. He used to spent simple life.

2- He had no love for wealth and did not care of wealthy people.

3- Once ‘Salman bil Ali’ sent him message that he took the charge of studying of his son but khalil refused to do it.

His students:

There are some prolific personalities who studied the supervision of khalil bin Ahmad. The names of those are as following:

1- Sabovia

2- Al Nasar bin Shamil

3- Mouraj Al Sadusi

4- Ali bin Nasar

His field of working and achievements:

1- He was the first one who did work on lexicography. Kitab ul Ain is the main outcome of his work in this field.

2- He introduced different branches of knowledge in Arabic.

3- He was also pioneer of ‘Ilm al Arooz’. He divided ‘Ilm al Arooz’ in five circles.

His books:

1- Kitab ul Ain

2- Kitab ul Nagham

3- Kitab ul Arooz

4- Kitab ul shawahid

5- Kitab ul Naqt Wl Shakal

6- Kitab ul Eeqah

7- Kitab fi Mani Al Haroof

8- Sharah Haroof Al Khalil

9- Jumla Aalat al Arab

His death:

1- According to Nicolson Khalil bin Ahmad was died in Basra in 174 Higri.

2- His age was 74 years.

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Impact of Hadith on Literature:-

Introduction:-

To understand the words and meanings of Holy Quran and to act upon them is the first priorty of Muslims. That’s why when the Holy companion feel dificulty to understand the words of Holy Quran, they approach to Holy Prophet (PBUH) for help. When muslims general defeat many countries and Islam spread in the world then the words and acts of Holy Prophet (PBUH) in the form of Hadith spread everywhere. Many people from those countries came to Madina and Makka for understanding the knowledge of Hadith.
The hadith has many great impact on literature.

1-Impact on language

2- Impact on prose

3- Impact on calligraphy

4- Impact on creating new fields of knowledge

5- Introduction of new narrative style

6- Abolition of vulgore Literature:-



1- Impact on Language:-

The Hadith introduced new words in it e.g.
Al Qayam
Al Rakuh
Al Sajood
Ghraibs were used by Hadith. Imam Raghib Asfahani has counted many Ghraibs which were mentioned in the Hadith. These Ghraibs were no more use of the ordinary Arab people.

2- Impact on Prose:-

As the Hadith was the wording of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), soon it as spread far off areas which came under the sway of Muslims. Their expenses were recorded the revenue and expense of the Caliphate.
Secondly, the letters written by the Holy Prophet (PBUH) ‘Maktubat e Nabvi’ and ‘Khutbat e Nabvi’ followed a specific style which was propagated in Islamic Caliphate.

3- Impact on calligraphy:-

New style of calligraphy was introduced in Hadith which has great impact on subsequent literature.

4- New Fields of knowledge:-

After the revelation of the Holy Quran and Hadith, it was propagated to the far off areas. Non Arabic people committed blunders while pronouncing the Holy Quran and Hadith. This necessitated the introduction of new fields of knowledge in order to understand Holy Quran and Hadith.
The new fields e.g.
Ilm e lughat
Ilm e Fiqah
Sarf e Nahv
Istanbat
Were introduced by the Muslims.

5- Introduction of new narrative style:-
With the propagation of Hadith new narrative style was introduced in subsequent literature.

6- Abolition of vulgore Literature:-
There is complete abolition of vulgore literature with the impact of Hadith. The social evils which were present in society and were explain in literature were condemned.

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“You were born with wings, why prefer to crawl through life?”