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Old Sunday, September 09, 2012
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Please solve the below question... thanx in advance

2012 - Write down evolution of Novel in Arabic literature, its specific fields and some famous novelists of arabic literature.
2011 – Write a comprehensive note on the origin and development of Arabic Language.
2008 – Give an account of origin, growth and objectives of short story writing. Examine critically various approaches in this regard.
2007 – Write a short essay on the movement of story writing in modern Arabic literature.

Chief characteristics & development/evolution of

i) Drama
ii) Short Story
iii) Novel
iv) Essay
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2011 – Write a comprehensive note on the origin and development of Arabic Language.

Introduction:

The Arabic language is a very ancient language, to the point that makes some language-experts claim that it's the mother of all languages in the world and that they are all derived from this language and changed with time due to the process of development occured to each language. One of the great evidences for this opinion is the huge amount of the similar words and roots between the Arabic language & many languages of the world, for example this list of words :"algebra, rice, coffee, sugar, lemon, cotton, alcohol, arsenal etc..." are only a few of the many words found in Western languages which either are of Arabic origin or have been transmitted to the West through the medium of Arabic.

Origin:
Arabic is descended from a language known in the literature as Proto-Semitic. To this great family of languages belong:
1. The southern group: North Arabic (or Adanite); South Arabic
(or Sabaean or Himyaritic) and Ethiopic (or Geer)
2. The northern group: Canaanaean (Hebrew and Phoenician);
Asyrian and Babylonian; and Aramean, comprising Syriac, and many other dialects.
To investigate about the initial stages of Arabic language is not possible because when it came to be known to history, it has been entered into the period of development. Even the inscribed words on stones that were found in the peninsula are unable to inform about the initial stages of this language.

Development of Arabic:

On the basis of regional differences, Arabic language was divided in two forms:
1)Qahtanite
2)Adanaite
These two forms differ in style and diction from each other to the extent that Abu Umar bin Alaa said:
“Neither the language of Humair is ours, nor their diction”

Qahtanite form:

The Qahtanite form of Arabic, called Himyaritic, has almost
disappeared; and if still spoken, is to be found only among the
people of Mahrah, between Hadramaut and Uman. Inscriptions in the Himyaritic character are found on stones and columns in the ruins throughout Hadramaut and Yemen. This character the Arabs call al-khatt-al-musnad. Perhaps it is the language of the lost Arab tribes.

Adanite form:

On the contrary adanite form got the lead over Qahtanite form and later became the language of Quraish. The Quraysh dialect of the Northern Adnanite Arabic Language has, since the Muslim conquests, prevailed over all other forms of Arabic speech.

Role of markets and fairs in the development of Arabic:

People of Arabia used to hold fairs and markets in for financial purposes. In these fairs people from far off places came for business. Here Arabic language had an opportunity to develop through interaction of people of different regions. Competitions in poetry were also held in these fairs which also helped in the development of this language.

Impact of Islam on Arabic language:
Islam also made its contributions in the development of Arabic language and left an everlasting influence on it. Quran and Hadith made Arabic language more rich and expressive. The Holy Quran introduced new words in it e.g.
Al Qayam
Al Rakuh
Al Sajood
in the Arabic language. It became the language to communicate the divine message.

Conclusion:
The Arabic, until about the year 650 after Jesus, was the
speech of the Adnanite tribes. By the 8th Century – only 300 years after Arabic first developed as a unique language.It had become the official language of a vast world empire, spanning from Central Asia to the Atlantic Ocean to the Iberian Peninsula. In modern times, there are 12 different Arabic dialects spoken in 28 countries around the world.
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Respected Madam Zara,
from where you are preparing these questions?
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Respected Madam,
is the length of answers by you, enough for good score?
have you checked these notes out from someone senior?
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Old Saturday, September 15, 2012
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good work done miss... keep it up
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2008 – Give an account of origin, growth and objectives of short story writing. Examine critically various approaches in this regard.

Introduction:
A short story is a work of fiction, usually written in narrative prose. It depicts minimum number of characters and concentrate on a ‘single effect’ or mood. It encompasses small frame of time. Short stories have been written in almost all the languages of the world.

Origin:
Arabians took the art of writing short story from the Iranians but then so much progress was made that the Arabs became the competitor of Iranians. “Thousand and One Night” is a glorious example in this regard. Another story “Kulia wa Damnta” was taken from Indian literature and translated into Arabic by Inb-e-Mafqah.

Growth:
In 19th century much attention was paid to short story. It developed in Syria under the influence of European nations. From Syria it came into Egypt. Egyptian authors such as Muhammad Husayn Haykal, Mahmoud Taymour, Tawfiq al-Hakim, Yusuf Idris and others influenced the first modern Syrian Arabic short story. Under the influence of European writers as well as with the development of the printing press in the 19th century, Arabic short story “Al Qisas Al Saghrah” first appeared in 1870 in newspapers and magazines.
By the end of 19th century, Egyptian, Lebanese, and Syrian magazines increased the publication of short stories. Predominantly this was the era when the Arabs were impressed from the new ideas so they translated the western work in Arabic.
Arabic short story began as a direct copy of Europeans, particularly of Maupassant, Poe, Chekhov and others through translation and by borrowing the characters and plot of a specific story and giving Arabic names to its characters and setting.
In modern literature first Arabic short story was published by a Mahjar writer Mikhail Naema in 1914.
In the 1960s, the short story achieved a distinguished level of grounding in specific artistic characteristics, including an insistence on being short in length, encompassing a short time frame, having critical and deep details, written in prose language, having a minimal number of characters, and conveying an ambiguous ending which leaves the reader to his own imagination and interpretation.
Now Arabic short story has become universal in character maintaining its distinct and local color.

Objectives:
The importance of short story has grown in recent years because of its ability to throw a concentrated beam of life on a specific target. The objectives of writing short story are as under:

Firstly, the western influence in Arabic Literature was thought to be damaging, as leading to moral and sexual corruption and as destructive of impeccable standards of Arabic and Islam. So Arabic writers paid great attention to Arabic literature, specially short story to make it pure and in accordance of our religion.
Secondly, the spread of Arab Nationalism was another objective of writing short story.

Thirdly, Arab writers now long to give a lead to Arab world. They are not satisfied with their rulers who are unable to solve the problems of Arabic world. They urge an “engaged” literature, one critical of Arab regimes and leaders. Short story has the ability to fulfill this purpose also.

Fourthly, In the modern world, where every one has to run with time, none has as much spare time to read long novels. Short story conveys the message of the writer in lesser words consuming less time.
Fifthly, after 1960 psychological development of readers was done through these stories.

Main Stages:
Largely under the influence of Chekhov and Maupassant, Arabic short story made great head way. It can be classified in three different periods.
1)The Embryonic Stage:
The first is “The Embryonic Stage,” dated from the beginning of the 19th century to 1914; the works of writers of this stage such as Salim Al-Bustani, Labibah Hashim, Khalil Gibran, Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti and others were described as melancholic, and they had adapted Western short story techniques.
2)The Trial Stage:
The second stage, known as “The Trial Stage,” dated from 1914 to 1925, may be called the traditional stage, in which we find clear attempts for authentic voices. Writers of this new genre, such as Muhammad Taymour, Tahir Lashin and others, felt it necessary of studying its techniques in Western literature and approach it in a more unconventional way.
3)The Formative Stage:
“The Formative Stage,” which extends from 1925 to the present, was opened by Mahmoud Taymour, where a new narrative style emerged emphasizing the development and psychological analysis of the characters in the stories with a more realistic approach.

Conclusion:
Today, authors such as Zakaria Tamer, Faris Farzur, Ghada al-Samman, and many others are considered to be some of the most distinguished authors who contributed much to the development of this short story. Through this genre writers are contributing to the psychological development of the modern reader as well as throwing light on the problems faced by man in the modern times.
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2012 - Write down evolution of Novel in Arabic literature, its specific fields and some famous novelists of arabic literature.

Introduction:

Through the popularity of early translations into Arabic of works of European fiction and imitations of them by Arab writers, the novel in Arabic Literature rapidly established a place for itself within the currents of intellectual change during the 19th century. Among the earliest examples of the novel in Arabic were Ghābat al-ḥaqq, an idealistic allegory about freedom that was published in Syria by Fransīs Marrāsh, and Al-Huyām fī jinān al-shām, a work set during the 7th-century Islamic conquest of Syria, by Salīm Al-Bustani.

Evolution of Novel:

Origin:
During the 19th century, a revival took place in Arabic literature, along with much of Arabic culture, and is referred to in Arabic as "al-Nahda", which means "the Renaissance". Two distinct trends can be found in the nahda period of revival. The first was a neo-classical movement which sought to rediscover the literary traditions of the past, and was influenced by traditional literary genres—such as the maqama—and works like One Thousand and One Nights. In contrast, a modernist movement began by translating Western modernist works—primarily novels—into Arabic.
Individual authors in Syria, Lebanon and Egypt created original works by imitating classical narrative genres: Ahmad Faris Shidyaq with Leg upon Leg (1855), Khalil Khoury with Yes... so I am not a Frank (1859), Francis Marrash with The Forest of Truth (1865), Salim al-Bustani with At a Loss in the Levantine Gardens (1870), and Muhammad al-Muwaylihi with Isa ibn Hisham's Tale (1907).[49] This trend was furthered by Jurji Zaydan, Khalil Gibran, Mikha'il Na'ima and Muhammad Husayn Haykal. According to the authors of the Encyclopedia of the Novel:
“Almost each of the above [works] have been claimed as the first Arabic novel which goes to suggest that the Arabic novel emerged from several rehearsals and multiple beginnings rather than from one single origin”.

First true novel
Zeinab by Mohamed Hussein Haykal, published in 1914, has often been seen as "the first true Arabic novel". It is combination of romantic protest against social pressures, derived from Rousseau, and introduction of broader social concerns into prose fiction, including issues of class structure and village life.
Zeinab owes its charm and reputation to its romantic individualism and its supple use of language. Haykal took a daring step in using Egyptian dialect for the dialogue in his novel, showing how emotion is not separated from expression and borrowing from the simplified structures and vocabulary of the print culture of his time, achievements that were built upon by later writers, including Naguib Mahfouz.
Mehfooz’s role:
Najeeb Mehfooz represents in himself the entire development of the Arabic novel. Indeed, owing to his long career, impressive productivity and ceaseless experiment he has succeeded in "rooting the novel in the Arabic language," firmly introducing it into the culture and both "enriching that culture and radicalising its connection with reality.""The vertiginous diversity of techniques, themes, characters and styles that Mahfouz has used in his works bears witness to this cultural enrichment.
Experimental Novel:
In the later half of 20th century many experiments were made in this genre. Companions and inheritors of Mahfouz such as Yehia Haqqi, Abdel-Rahman Al-Sharqawi and Youssef Idris broke with the classical novel and experimented with new forms i.e. "new kinds of writing, narrative and literary space" .The Experimental Arabic Novel places the modern and contemporary Arabic novel in the context of the modernist-postmodern culture debate in the West. Some of famous novels of 20th century are Al-Bāb al-maftūḥ, Rijāl fī al-shams, Mawsim al-hijrah ilā al-shamāl and Mudun al-milḥ,

Specific fields of Arabic Novel:
Arabic novels are written specifically for Arab readers and they have noticeable effects on Arab culture, politics and status of Arab women. In his book Le Roman Arabe, Kadhim Jihad Hassan comments that the novel has, from uncertain beginnings, proven to be of decisive importance in Arab literary culture and that it is today "undergoing a kind of inflation".
Arab women writers have written much to protest against male domination. Key themes in their novels are individualism, the drive to assert a personal and distinctly female identity, and demands for the social, sexual, and political rights of women.
Iraqi, Palestinian and Lebanese novel are affected by war, exile and often appalling suffering, and this is reflected in fiction. The Palestinian novel has a special vocation, since it has had "to create a country in words" for a people long without a state of their own.
A common theme in the modern Arabic novel is the study of family life with obvious resonances of the wider family of the Arabic world. Many of the novels have been unable to avoid the politics and conflicts of the region with war often acting as background to intimate family dramas.
Arab writers also concentrated on the question of national identity and effected changes in the way the public viewed and acted on the threat to the Arab world.

Famous Novelists:
Some famous novelists in Arabic Literature are:
1) Khalil Gibran,
2) Mikha'il Na'ima
3) Muhammad Husayn Haykal
4) Salim al-Bustani
5) Najib Mehfooz
6) Muhammad al-Muwaylihi
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Thankz faiza n fassi for the useful posts! Ur efforts are really commendable, i appreciate it!
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Faiza Dar View Post
2011 – Write a comprehensive note on the origin and development of Arabic Language.

Introduction:

The Arabic language is a very ancient language, to the point that makes some language-experts claim that it's the mother of all languages in the world and that they are all derived from this language and changed with time due to the process of development occured to each language. One of the great evidences for this opinion is the huge amount of the similar words and roots between the Arabic language & many languages of the world, for example this list of words :"algebra, rice, coffee, sugar, lemon, cotton, alcohol, arsenal etc..." are only a few of the many words found in Western languages which either are of Arabic origin or have been transmitted to the West through the medium of Arabic.

Origin:
Arabic is descended from a language known in the literature as Proto-Semitic. To this great family of languages belong:
1. The southern group: North Arabic (or Adanite); South Arabic
(or Sabaean or Himyaritic) and Ethiopic (or Geer)
2. The northern group: Canaanaean (Hebrew and Phoenician);
Asyrian and Babylonian; and Aramean, comprising Syriac, and many other dialects.
To investigate about the initial stages of Arabic language is not possible because when it came to be known to history, it has been entered into the period of development. Even the inscribed words on stones that were found in the peninsula are unable to inform about the initial stages of this language.

Development of Arabic:

On the basis of regional differences, Arabic language was divided in two forms:
1)Qahtanite
2)Adanaite
These two forms differ in style and diction from each other to the extent that Abu Umar bin Alaa said:
“Neither the language of Humair is ours, nor their diction”

Qahtanite form:

The Qahtanite form of Arabic, called Himyaritic, has almost
disappeared; and if still spoken, is to be found only among the
people of Mahrah, between Hadramaut and Uman. Inscriptions in the Himyaritic character are found on stones and columns in the ruins throughout Hadramaut and Yemen. This character the Arabs call al-khatt-al-musnad. Perhaps it is the language of the lost Arab tribes.

Adanite form:

On the contrary adanite form got the lead over Qahtanite form and later became the language of Quraish. The Quraysh dialect of the Northern Adnanite Arabic Language has, since the Muslim conquests, prevailed over all other forms of Arabic speech.

Role of markets and fairs in the development of Arabic:

People of Arabia used to hold fairs and markets in for financial purposes. In these fairs people from far off places came for business. Here Arabic language had an opportunity to develop through interaction of people of different regions. Competitions in poetry were also held in these fairs which also helped in the development of this language.

Impact of Islam on Arabic language:
Islam also made its contributions in the development of Arabic language and left an everlasting influence on it. Quran and Hadith made Arabic language more rich and expressive. The Holy Quran introduced new words in it e.g.
Al Qayam
Al Rakuh
Al Sajood
in the Arabic language. It became the language to communicate the divine message.

Conclusion:
The Arabic, until about the year 650 after Jesus, was the
speech of the Adnanite tribes. By the 8th Century – only 300 years after Arabic first developed as a unique language.It had become the official language of a vast world empire, spanning from Central Asia to the Atlantic Ocean to the Iberian Peninsula. In modern times, there are 12 different Arabic dialects spoken in 28 countries around the world.

Aoa, faiza you have answered this question in a totally different sense, because this question has been asked as "origin and development of modern arabic literature"
Can you please post answer of this question?
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Last edited by Kamran Chaudhary; Saturday, November 10, 2012 at 08:12 AM. Reason: Red fonts
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Old Friday, November 09, 2012
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Quote:
Originally Posted by salman habib View Post
Aoa, faiza you have answered this question in a totally different sense, because this question has been asked as "origin and development of modern arabic literature"
Can you please post answer of this question?
Salman Habib Bhai, please read the name of TOPIC first after that comment.
I requested her to answer some of the questions asked in previous papers

Quote:
Originally Posted by Fassi View Post
2011 – Write a comprehensive note on the origin and development of Arabic Language.
Where in this question the word "MODERN" is used.
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Last edited by Kamran Chaudhary; Saturday, November 10, 2012 at 08:13 AM. Reason: Red fonts
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