Geography Paper 1

Landforms

2014 - Explain the concept of fluvial cycle, and the sequential development of landforms.
2014-What is a glacier? Discuss the action of glacier as an agent of erosion and deposition and the resulting landforms.
2012-Present glaciated morphology through various stages.
2011- What are the erosional and depositional features of winds? Discuss any one group of features in detail.
2010- Describe landforms and evolution of landscapes of glaciation in the mid and high latitudes.
2009- Write in detail on the action of the river in its youth, maturity, and old age.
2009- "Wind produces a variety of interesting sequential landforms both erosional and depositional". Discuss.
2008- Karst topography is a distinctive type of terrrain resulting largest from erosion by groundwater and dissolve mineral matter can be deposited in a number of ways. Discuss with examples.
2008- "All landforms go through a cycle of youth, maturity and old oge". Discuss with example of different erosional and depositional agents.
2007- Discuss the origin and characteristics of the landforms produced by glaciers.
2007- Provide a brief account of fluvial cycle of erosion?
2006- Briefly explain the features associated with:
a. Submerged coastlines b. Emerged coastlines
2006- Outline the processes by which a river produces various Land features describing its mode of transportation.
2005- What do you know about major landforms? Describe the landforms produced by the glaciers?
2004- What do you know about Oceanic depositions? Discuss in detail.
2003- What is glaciation? Describe the land forms associated with glaciation in the highland areas.
2002- Describe the conditions essential for the development of Karst Topography, List the principal features of Karst region.
2002- Examine the evolution of AEOLIAN Land forms.
2001- Define glacier. How would you categorise them according to ihc mode of formation? Explain with the help of diagrams the characteristic, features of a glaciated region.
2000- Describe and explain the ways in which each of the following desert landforms originate:
(a) Mesa (b) Pedestal rock (c) Barchan (d) Playa (e) Wadi

Ocean Currents

2014-What are the factors and forces that determine the movement, direction an the nature of ocean currents? Describe in detail the currents of Atlantic Ocean bringing out their effects on surrounding lands.
2013- Ocean currents influence the climate,resources and economies of many countries.Elaborate this statement and give examples
2011- What are the Ocean’s movement s? Discuss the currents of Pacific Ocean.
2010- Show with an aid of a sketch map currents of the Indian ocean.bring out the influence of monsoon on currents of the North Indian ocean.
2009- Describe the factors contributing to the origin of ocean currents. Also describe the Ocean Currents of the Atlantic Ocean bringing about their effect on the surrounding area?
2008- Define and discuss the origin of Ocean Currents. Explain the oceanic current of Atlantic ocean.
2007- What are ocean currents? Discuss the different factors contributing in their occurrence and also describe their effect on the surrounding areas?
2006- Distinguish b/w North Indian Ocean and South Indian Ocean currents w.r.t specific controlling factor.
2005- What are the Ocean’s movements? Discuss the Currents of the Pacific Ocean.
2004- Give an account of the Indian Ocean Currents and explain their difference from other Ocean currents.
2002- [/B]Make a compartive study of the Gulf Stream and KUROSHIO current tinder the following heads:
(a) Origin (b) Characteristics (c) Course (d) Impact on economy
2001- What is meant by Ocean Currents? How the different types of Currents are caused? Highlight the currents of Atlantic Ocean with the help of a sketch map.

Climate

2014-Which prominent ares experience Mediterranean type of climate? Give the characteristics of this type along with associated economic activities?
2014-Enlist the various forms of precipitation and describe the circumstances which cause them,
2013-Discuss the silent features of monsoon type of climate.What impact does it have on millions living in the South Asia.?
2012-Discuss salient features of Western European type of climate with its impact on experiencing societies.
2011- Which prominent areas experience either of climate type? Give the characteristics of the climate type along with the associated economic activities; Desert type OR Monsoon type.
2010- Discuss mediterranean climatic region with its dominating characteristics.
2009- In what way does the wet, monsoon-dominated climate of southern Asiatic coasts (Am) differ from that close to the equator (aj). Discuss in detail.
2007- Which prominent areas experience either of the climate type? Give the characteristics of the climate type along with the associated economic activities. Mediterranean type or Monsoon type?
2006- How do the climate factors of precipitation and temperature influence the distribution of natural vegetation? Where can we find the tropical rainforest?
2004- Discuss Monsoon Climatic Region in detail.
2003- Discuss Mediterranean climate as under:
(a) Main characteristics (b) Regional variations.
2002- Examine the relation between the prevalent wind systems and ocean currents in either North Atlantic or North Pacific Oceans. Also suggest effects of the oceanic circulation described.
2000- Confining your attention to the northern hemisphere contrast the Cool Temperate West Marginal type of climate with the Cool Temperate East Marginal type and try to account for any similarities and differences.

Maps & Projections

2014-What are weather Maps? Detail the features presented on these maps and bring out the important of such maps.
2013-What is meant by Map projection.?Discuss different types of Conical Projection and tell us about their merits and demerits.
2012-Illustrate and suggest merits of dot method while handling demographic data of Pakistan.
2011- What are topographical maps? Write in detail the feature presented on such maps.
2009- What is the distinction between large-scale, medium-scale and small-scale maps? Explain by giving examples.
2007- What are topographical maps? Write in detail on the features presented on such maps.
2006- Describe Map characteristics in detail with example of map design geared either to:
(A) Data communication or (B) Data analysis objectives.
2005- What are the major types of Map Projections under any major type, discuss their characteristics and uses.
2004- Explain the different methods of Thematic Maps. Discuss in detail any one method and its merits and demerits.
2003- Discuss the various types of ‘quantitative aerial maps’ based on statistical data and show how the use of colors adds to the clarity of distribution.
2003- Compare the usefulness of Simple Cylindrical, Cylindrical Equal Area and Cylindrical Orthomorphic Projections.
2002- What are AERIAL photographs? How arc these different from Toptgraphical Maps? Discuss their importance to map making.
2001- Differentiate the weather and topographical maps? Briefly express the various terms/features which arc associated with these maps.

The Rocks

2012-Bring out scientific definition of rock and highlight the process and degree of metamorphism with explicit examples.
2011- What are rocks? Classify rocks and discuss the formation and characteristics of any one type.
2010- Present the rock cycle in connection with its reincarnation.
2005- What is a rock? Classify rocks and discuss the formation and characteristics of any one type.
2004- What are Rocks? Discuss igneous rocks and compare and contrast the intrusive and extrusive rocks.
2000- Summarize with specific examples classification of rocks and show how different mode of origin affects the exploitation of mineral wealth.

The Earth

2013-How have earthquake waves helped the scientist to know about the interior of the Earth.?Give a detailed description of the earth's interior with the help of diagrams.
2011- Discuss the significance of the “Dee Double Prime” layer in the view of the fact that the Earth is a differential Planet.
2009- Describe the internal structure of the earth in detail giving dimentions, mineral composition and physical properties. What type of evidence is used to obtain this information? What tempratures and pressures may be expected at the earth's centre?
2008- The Earth is differential planet. Discuss critically.

Plate Tectonics

2013-Describe the young fold mountain building process with the help of moving Lithosphere Plate Theory.
2008- The theiory of Pleate Tectonics is a Unifying Theory. Disscuss Critically.
2008- Describe the relief of ocean floor and disscuss the significance of continental shelf.
2000- What do you understand by the plate theory? What has it to do with:
(a) the formation of mountains (b) earth quakes (c) volcanoes

Air-Masses

2008- Define Air masses. Give classification of Air Masses anf focus on the types which affect the weather of Pakistan.
2006- Explain original concept of air masses and present principal air masses.

Earthquake

2009- Write an essay on earthquake.
2006- Describe the ways in which earthquake can be managed. Use examples to support your answer.
2003- How are earthquakes caused? Describe the major earthquake zones.
2001- What are earthquakes? How closely are they connected with earth mo vements? Elaborate their effects and distributions in fhe main regions of the world.

Waves & Tides

2007- What causes the rise and fall of tides? What celestial bodies are most important in determining tides?
2003- How are tides caused? Describe the various types of tides.

Winds

2005-What are various types of local winds? Discuss in details the formation and characteristics of the Mountain and Valley winds.
2002- What do you known about the distribution of atmospheric pressure and the resulting wind system on the earth surface?
2001-There are certain winds which generated by terrestrial peculiarities and are named accordingly. Pin point/explain such winds (world-wide) with their properties and effects in me prevailing areas.

Cyclones

2004- Define Cyclones. How are the temperate Cyclones formed? Discuss the theory regarding their formation.
2002- Give a detailed account of the origin, life history, weather type and distribution of extra-tropical or frontal cyclone.

Miscellaneous

2013-Differentiate between weathering, mass wasting and erosion. Give a detailed classification of mass wasting types and their areas of occurrence.
2012-Introduce Atlantic Ocean with its flows configuration as a unique phenomena.
2010- Define mass wasting and explain mass wasting in detail.
2010- Identify the geographic patterns of evapotranspiration.Examine the factors contributing to expanding deserts around the globe.
2007- Write an essay on the heating and cooling of the surface of the earth.
2005- Describe in details the distribution of salinity in the Oceans.
2005- Define insulations, discuss the distribution of temperature on the surface of Earth and reasons for its variation.
2005- What are various types of local winds? Discuss in details the formation and characteristics of the Mountain and Valley winds.
2002- What do you known about the distribution of atmospheric pressure and the resulting wind system on the earth surface?
2001- There are certain winds which generated by terrestrial peculiarities and are named accordingly. Pin point/explain such winds (world-wide) with their properties and effects in me prevailing areas.
2001- What are main characteristics of thunderstorm? How arc they classified? Also explain their zonal distribution.
2000- Distinguish between rock weathering and erosion. Show how processes of weathering in cool humid climate, differ from those in hot arid region. You may take examples from any part of the world.

Short Notes

2014- The Jet stream
2014-Global radiation and heat balance
2014-Topographical Maps
2013- Tropical Cyclones
2013-Tides
2013-Rock cycle
2013-Aerial photographs
2012-Tectonic Plates
2012- Block mountains.
2012-International dateline
2012-Isostasy
2011- Air masses
2011- Earthquake waves
2011- Monsoons
2011- Maps Projections
2010- Choice of projections
2010- Synoptic charts
2010- Planetary winds
2010- Trends in january isotherm
2004- Conical Projection
2004- Atoll Formation
2004- Yardang
2004- Horse Latitudes
2004- Cycle of Erosion
2003- Cyclonic Storms
2003- Continental Shelf
2003- Sand Dunes
2003- Pie Diagrams
2003- Alnino current
2002- Tides
2002- Conventional Signs
2002- Alluvial Fax
2002- Air Mass
2001- Geysers
2001- Bonne's Modified Conical Projection
2001- Adveclion Tog
2001- Artesian wells
2000- Modern Cartography
2000- Observation of weather phenomenon
2000- Uses and limitations of Mercator’s Projection
2000-Distribution maps and their techniques

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Geography Paper 2

Environmentalism and Possibilism

2011- Discuss man-environment relationship in the light of Determinism and Possibilism.
2009- What do you understand by the term possibilism? How far has man changed the environment in his favour? Give examples.
2006- Suggest ways in which:
a. The natural environment affects human activities;
b. Human activities affect the natural environment.
2005- Discuss man-environmental relationship in the light of Physical Determinism and Possibilism.
2004- Give a lucid comparison between Environmental Determinism and Possibilism.
2003- Critically examine the concept of Environmental Determinism.

Population

2014-Describe the factors that affect the density of population in any region. In the light of these factors, discuss briefly the density of population if SOUTH ASIA.
2013-Which factors effect the distribution of population in the world? Elaborate
2012- A population map of Asia shows that most people live on or near the river basins and coasts. Give reasons for this distribution.
2010- Present the spatial distribution of population over the globe.
2009- "South Asia has many places where people are few and few places where people are very many". Discuss.
2008- Critically examine the Malthusian view of population growth. How does high rate of population adversely effect the economic and social development of any country? Discuss with special reference to India.
2008- To what extent can the major features of the world population distribution be understood in term of physical environment? Discuss with special reference to South Asia.
2007- What is meant by “population growth”? Compare the pattern of population growth between the more developed countries (MDC’S) and less developed countries (LDC’S) since 1950?
2005- The River basins and Coastal Plains of South Asia are reckoned as one of the densely populated areas of the world. Discuss.
2003- Bring out the salient features of population of South Asia under the following heading:
(a) Population Distribution
(b) Population Growth
(c) Employment
2002- Explain process of demographic transition comparing the % areas and populations of either Canada or the United States of America (USA).
2001- Divide the world into Population Resource regions and describe the major characteristics of any one region.
2000- Enumerate the salient features of Population Distribution in “SOUTH EAST ASIA”.

Migration

2009- Write down the various kinds of migration and describe the effects of intra-urban migration.
2007- “An age old phenomenon, forced migration across international borders has become exceedingly widespread during the recent past”. Discuss?
2004- Discuss critically Types of Migration.

Culture and Diffusion

2009- What is meant by cultural diffusion? How is the culture of an area affected by landscape?

Settlements

2009- How did settlements originate in the world? Describe the central place theory.
2004- Classify settlements on the basis of from and size.

Urbanization

2014- Discuus the major factors responsible for increasing urbanization? Highlight the main problems from this increase facing by these urban centres at present.
2011- Define urbanization. Give a critical assessment of the process of urbanization in Pakistan.
2007- Define “urbanization”. Give a critical assessment of the process of urbanization in Pakistan since its inception?
2000- What are the major factors responsible for increasing urbanization? Highlight the main problems from this increase facing by these urban centers.
2001- Explain urbanization. Give a brief history and present pattern of world urbanization.

World Economies and Activities

2008- “Economic activities can be classified into five groups and highly developed economics can be identified on the basis of their economic activities”. Discuss critically.
2007- Delineate the hierarchy of economic activities. Give a detailed account of any ONE of the secondary activities in the world?
2006- Summarize Western Europe’s historic contribution to the development of the present world economy.
2002- Write a comprehensive note on world economic activities, their geographic,'significance, extent and recent globalizing trends
2001- Differentiate between various types of Economic Activities. Describe the world patterns of any one activity with special reference to Pakistan.

Farming

2014-Briefly mention the types of FARMING, and discuss the role of HUMAN and ECONOMIC factors influencing the agriculture.
2012-Certain Australian Farms are specialized in dairy farming and others in beef production. Give a reasoned account of the distribution of these industries and illustrate by a sketch map.
2010- Discuss grain farming in South Asia. Did you notice agriculture change in the region recently?
2003- How does subsistence farming effect differ from Extensive Herding? Make a Comparative analysis.
2000-Explain different farming types such as subsistence farming, dry farming, terrace farming and mixed farming.

Crops (Cereal and non-cereal)

2014-Physical requirements for the Cultivation of rice. Discuss in detail its production in ASIA.
2012-Name the chief agricultural products of South Asia and indicate the chief producing areas on a sketch map.
2010- Explain Geographical requirements, distribution and production of cotton in South Asia.
2007- Describe in detail the production and trade of rice in the world with specific reference to south Asia?
2000- Write short Geographical notes on the production, trade and distribution of any TWO of the following products; (a) Cotton, (b) Sugar cane, (c) Rubber, (d) Coffee.

Fishing

2004- Explain the physical and economic factors which control the distribution of Fisheries in the world.

Forestry

2008- Give an account of major forests types of Pakistan. What are the factors involved in deforestation of Pakistan?
2004- Give a comparison between tropical forests and Temperate forests.

Industries

2014-write a comprehensive note on IRON and STEEL industry of GERMANY and JAPAN.
2013-What is the importance of iron and steel industry? How it plays a major role in the development of any country?
2010- Describe Industrial Revoution. how far it has helped in economic development as well as increasing economy disparity in the world?
2008- Explain the role of cotton textile industry in the economy of Pakistan.
2006- Bring out the importance of the manufacturing belt of USA. What effects does the Appalachia area have on the rest of the country?
2005- Give an account of the major industries of South Asia based on Non-Metallic minerals.
2004- "Development of industries and agriculture depend on each other". Discuss with reference to Pakistan.
2000- Analyze the location of Iron and Steel industry in the U.S.A and U.K.

Resources

2010- Define Resources. Give most workable classification of resources citing explicit examples
2009- "Economic geography is the study of location, distribution and use of scarce resources". Discuss.
2002- Discuss ancient, river based regional structure of South Asia with special access to its resource realm.

Water Resources

2013- Fresh water shortage is a future threat for Pakistan. Discuss
2011- To what extent are water resources likely to act as a limit to economic development in Pakistan? Elaborate your answer with a futuristic outlook.
2011- “The twentieth century witnessed the war for oil. The twenty-first century will witness the war for water”. Discuss the statement with special reference to Indo-Pak scenario.
2008- “The twentieth century witnessed the war for oil. The twenty-first century will witness the war for water”. Discuss Critically.
2006- To what extent are water resources likely to act as a limit to economic development in Pakistan? Elaborate your answer with optimistic outlook.
2001- Enumerate the Salient features of the "Indus Water Treaty".

Power Resources

2009-Assess the power resources of SOUTH ASIA
2009- Give an account of power resources of south asia with special reference to pakistan.
2001- Analyze the Power Resource of "SOUTH ASIA".

Oil Crises and Politics

2006- Compare the advantages and disadvantages of dependence on oil production by countries of SW Asia and North Africa.
2005- Give an account of the Petroleum production in Middle East.’ Also throw light on its economic and political importance.

Agriculture and its problems

2012- Account for the recent floods in the Indus basin and its impact on agricultural lands and their productivity.
2011- “Agriculture is the linchpin of the economy of South Asia”. Discuss critically with special reference to Pakistan.
2005- ‘Agriculture sector is the linchpin of the economy of South Asia.’ Discuss in detail with special reference to Pakistan.
2003- Why is irrigation necessary in Pakistan? Describe the irrigational methods practiced in the Western Highlands of Pakistan?
2000- Discuss the problems of “Water Logging” and “Salinity” especially in Pakistan. Explain the important remedial measures to be taken to control this problem.

Transportation and Communication

2008- “Our Planet has shrunk as a result of modern “revolution” in transport and communication”. Discuss with reference to South Asia and with special focus on Pakistan.
2005- Explain the importance of the means of transportation in the development of a region. Also throw light on Pakistan’s transportation Network.

Relationship between MDC’S and LDC’S

2001- Enumerate the Politico-economic relationship between the developed countries and the
less developed countries.
2007- Write an analytical essay on the politico-economic relationship between MDC’S and LDC’S?

Environmental hazards

2000- Discuss the Environmental hazards facing at present to this World. What adverse affects are being visualized from this problem?
2002- "Geographers have to rethink their approach to regional studies in the light of increasing environmental stress from local to international levels." Assess this statement.

Miscellaneous

2014 -Development of industries and agriculture depends upon each other. Discuss with reference to Pakistan.
2013 -Draw a map of Pakistan and show physical features in it.
2013 -Is there any relation between the 'Holy Quran and Geography? explain your ideas in detail.
2012 -Describe the appearance and mode of living of the following African peoples and name the regions where they live TODAY.

1. Bushmen 2. Berbers 3. Pigmies

2012-In what ways does the import and export trade of Pakistan differ from that of her western neighbours?
2011- Discuss the Crises of numbers in South Asia with special reference to Dilemma in Pakistan.
2010- Bring out the importance of Pakistan in the current geo-polity pertinent to Global Affairs.
2006- Compare different urban and rural landscapes with which you are familiar.
2006- Compare the economic and social geographies of the Central Asian countries.
2004- Discuss how far climate relates to topography, with reference to Pakistan.
2003- Discuss the role of socio-economic and physical factors in the development of hydroelectricity.
2003- Describe the physiographic features of the following areas of Pakistan:
(a) Mountainous North
(b) Intermontane Plains
(c) Pleistocene terraces (bars)
2002- Bring out the importance of geographic differences within Western European region and Eastern European, the Baikans and the former Soviet Union region.
2002- In what ways does regional knowledge actually lead to improve self and mutual understanding of people and places in Pakistan?

Short Notes

2013 - The green Revolution
2013 - The Golden Corridor
2013 - Energy crisis in Pakistan.
2013 - Causes of rural-urban migration in the world.
2012-Manufacturing industries in China
2012-Fisheries in Japan
2012-Rural to Urban Migration in Pakistan
2012- Recent Trends in International Relations within SAARC
2011- Petroleum production in Middle East
2011- Tourism in Pakistan
2011- Cultural Diffusion
2011- Migration
2010- World's major fishing grounds
2010- Trade patterns in China
2010- Singapore--Her Economic success
2010- Urbanization in Latin America.
2007- Possibilism.
2007- Population/Resource regions
2007- Shifting cultivation
2007- Tourism in Pakistan
2007- Pakistan’s strategic Importance
2005- Strategic importance of Pakistan
2005- Gwadar Port
2005- International Trade Pattern
2005- Environmental and Economic importance of Forests
2003- SAARC
2003- OPEC
2003- European Union
2002- Economies of the oil producers in Arab South West Asia.
2002- Geopolitical role of the Central Asian Countries.
2002- Urban landscape of Latin America
2002- Future of the ASEAN countries.
2001- Wheat in Temperate Grassland
2001-Rice in Monsoon Asia
2001- Iron and Steel Industry of Japan
2001- Environmentalism