Settlement

[alihashmatkhoso]

Settlement


A place where many people settle or reside together is known as settlement. A village for instance is a settlement. Many rural or agriculture settlements are remains small ones and have not grown into large towns or cities. Towns and cities are large settlements.


Factors which leads to formation settlements

There are a number of factors which leads to formation of settlements and their growth into towns. Among them two are most important;
• One of the town and other is general position.

A settlement may be situated on the mouth of a river or areas of firm ground in the midst of marshy areas or an area which lie on the clutch of floods or an island and so on.
This may be nearness to water supply, the firmness of the ground, the ease with which the settlement cold be defended or the presence or nearness to deposits of coal or the other minerals.


Rural settlement


• Shelter ranks high on the list of human needs. Throughout the world, the coldest regions as well as in the warmest, in the rainiest area as well as deserts, people built dwellings that are the focal points of their daily lives.
• These dwellings that have several functions and protections against cold and other climatic severities.
• In residential quarters people find privacy, a certain degree of comfort.
• A house reveals much about a region and culture
• In layout and function of houses, we get an impression of social value and economic needs.

The material use in the construction of dwellings reflect local availability
And purpose.
• In cold area of northern Europe, the long cabin developed with thick walls and pitched roof withstand cold and heavy snowfalls.
• In tropical areas, cold weather is not a problem and we will find leaves, branches and matting used in the construction of dwellings.
• In the US Midwest, for example, individual farmhouse lies quite far apart in what we call a dispersal settlement pattern.

When houses are grouped together in tiny clusters we call villages. Their spatial arrangement has also enormous to identify the prevailing culture just by looking at the ground plan of village.

In such different regions as Eastern Europe, western Nigeria, and northern Spain, the houses of older villages are not regularly arranged but are closely clustered together.


Changing Residential Traditions

Although cultural traditions promote continuity and performance in building types and styles, time does bring change, in certain parts of the world-areas.

Four Groups of Dwelling

1. Unchanged traditional.
2. Modified traditional.
3. Modernized traditional.
4. Modern


Unchanged-Traditional Dwelling
Unchanged traditional dwelling are those in which layout, construction and appearance have not been significantly altered by extreme influences.
• Such as the domestic architecture that gives character to distinctive cultural land in China and other places immune to foreign influences.
• These range from wood formed , mat-walled , thatch-roofed to rough stone structure in native American Ares, also include are mud-walled houses in china, log cabins in northern Europe and cloths tent in North Africa.

Modified Traditional-Dwelling

Modified traditional dwelling refer to dwelling for which change has come in the form of new building materials or with the addition of elements that do not fundamentally alter their original structure or layout.

Modifications
• The use of iron panels as a roof material has diffused too many areas of the world and has affecting housing everywhere.
• The shuttered wall opening for the escape of the smoke and air circulation
• The raised floor without changing basic structure.
• Walls made of sun-dried bricks
While these did not materially change the appearance of traditional dwellings, they did result in better protection and greater durability



Modernized-Traditional Dwellings

In this case modernized takes place over tradition. Not only material used in building is changed but also the floor plain and general layout as well.

• Like in the former European colonies, the specialized facilities concept has altered the old combined pattern giving rise to a blend of modern and traditional building material and style.


Modern Dwellings

This category of settlement absorbed all the concept of practicality, comfort, protection, luxury and no doubt quite different from traditional pattern in many ways.
This pattern is well-equipped with plumbing and electrical system, temperature and humidity control mechanism, kitchen and bathroom facilities and other automated apparatus.
Landscape of Rural Settlement Across the World

Rural dwellings could be studied from the viewpoint of their physical structure, degree of their complexity and the materials from they are constructed


(a) Primary Wood

Houses made principally of wood still shoe some regional association with the world distribution of forest. The walls may be constructed of wooden planks and boards. The roof normally made of wood with protective layer of trapper or tiles.
• In South Africa wood is primary material for houses.
• Eurasia that extend from central Scandinavia and Eastern Europe trough Russia to pacific coast including Korea and Japan. Are some examples.

(b) Bricks

Where wood is not so readily available, houses are likely to be built of bricks. Arid regions such dwellings are adequate protection against heat and cold. However in rainy days this arrangement proves house of card and play havoc with rural life. Sun-dried bricks are widely used as building material.
• It is main component of traditional dwellings not only in the middle east and the Arab culture realm generally but also much of middle and south America some areas of Africa and northern India and Pakistan.
• It is also prevalent in china.
• The fired brick has become a major element of modern construction of the world.


(c) Natural Stone

Houses are also built of natural stone, house builders pile up rough stones without mortar, fill the remaining opening with mud and fashion a thatched roof.
• Traditional European homes are example of natural stone

(d)Wattle
These dwellings are built of combination of wood (poles and stick)
• Regions; Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, south of china and east India,) some parts of Africa and South America.

(d) grass and Bush

The equatorial rainforest areas and subtropical drier zones lay the low latitude regions where grass and brush form the principle building material.

Village characteristics

Rural settlement, in any case tends to be comparatively small. People who live in them either form the surrounding land or provide services to those who do the forming, thus rural settlement has close contact with the farmland. The livelihood of rural inhabitant directly, or indirectly on the cultivation of nearly embarked the forming.
The villages display an enormous variety of sizes and spatial firms. Their unifying quality of their agricultural organization, villages are likely to include a place of worship, a school, a small clinic, and public gathering place.




Urban places


The distinction between hamlets and towns, villages and cities is also not easy to define. The problem of definition arises because town and cities and cities may differ from rural centers in so many ways.
Urban settlement not only bigger and densely populated but also has a larger range of industrial, administrative and government functions and responsibilities as well.

• Rapid urban growth us a dominant factor of developed economies.
• Urban growth and urbanization are supplementary and complementary with each other.

History of urbanization

• The concept of urbanization is spread from tigris-euphrate’s basin.
By the middle of third millennium (600to500bp)
• About 2500 years ago urbanization flourishing in the several other parts o f the world, was begun in Asia and Meso America.

• With the Muslim influence across the globe from 8th to 14th, century AD. Cities like ghazni Baghdad, Cairo, Cordova, shone brilliant stars on the cultural horizon of the world.

• In West Africa, were flourishing along with Sothern margin of Sahara.

• The roman-European urban tradition were weakened the Muslim invasion awakened Europe from deep slumber and brought into action.


Present pattern of world urbanization

The present map of the world moving upward rapidly towards the urbanization. The remarkable developed countries taking 70% of population of urbanized.
• Today Russia’s population is 75% urbanized. The progress of urbanization in South America is also obvious.
• The Middle East and the urban peninsula are quite urbanized. Urbanization in south Asia is low.
• Southeast Asia has a distinction of incorporating the only country in the world that is Singapore.

Internal structure of towns

Each city is an individual place with its own site and situation, its own history of development and change and its own activities.
These express them slaves of the physical structure of town, comprising road and street pattern, location as well as nature of different kind of facilities: retail stores, whole sell warehouses, industrial plants, offices, residence, railroads, airports, and parks.

To generalize about these common elements, we use three well known theories.

• The concentric ring model
• Central board district
• Wholesale, light manufacturing..
• Low-class residential.
• Middle-class residential.
• High-class residential.

• Sector model

• CBD
• Wholesale, light manufacturing.
• Low-class residential.
• Middle-class residential.
• High-class residential.
• Heavy manufacturing.
• Outlaying business.
• Residential suburb.
• Industrial suburb.
• Commuter’s zone.


Multiple Nuclei model

• CBD
• Wholesale, light manufacturing.
• High-class residential.
• Middle-class residential.
• Low-class residential.
• Commuter’s zone.