Public Relation


Every thing that is calculated to improve mutual understanding between organizations and to whom it contact with in and out side organization (stakeholders) is called public relation. Public relation department in an organization focuses on building a good image of department in general public and more specifically before the stockholders. It is basically an action to discover and eliminate sources of misunderstanding. Methods for removing confusion among the minds of people are adopted. Steps are taken to broaden sphere of influence of an organization by appropriate publicity, advertising, exhibition etc.
Every thing directed toward improving communication between people and organization can be regarded as public relation.

Public relation is not:

1. a barrier between the truth and public as advertisement some times becomes.
2. a propaganda to impose a point of view regardless of truth, ethics and the public good
3. Publicity aimed directly at achieving sales.
4. composed of stunts or gimmicks
5. unpaid advertising
6. merely press relation

Public relation in the central and local government is non political. It is to promote democracy and not to advance the policy of any party.

Practical application:

• as positive step to achieve good will
• as action to safeguard reputation
• for strengthening internal relationship of organization

Pre requisite of effective public relation:
Public relation is device to create and maintain effective relation between institutions and public.
Following are the imperatives of effective public relation:

• There should be full time department of PR.
• The PR Deptt. Should be aware of it environment and prevailing circumstances.
• The PR deptt. Should identify the audience clearly to whom message is to be given.
• Deptt. Should be aware of the problems and interest of public.
• PR Deptt. Should be objective and clear about their aims.
• Selection of best medium of mass communication
• Evaluate the results carefully
• Public relation officer shall be expert in his job i.e. well versed, vigilant and well educated.

Purposes of PR:

• To achieve good will
• To minimize the opposition
• To maintain the reputation
• To create mutual understanding

Functions:

1. organization management
2. relationship between an organization and public
3. Monitor inside and outside org.
4. Analysis of impact of organizational policies, procedures and actions on public.
5. adjust policies and procedures if in conflict with public interest
6. counsel management on establishment of new policies

SOURCES OF NEWS


Following are the sources of news:

1. Radio
2. TV
3. Correspondents
4. Reporters
5. News Agencies
6. Police Stations
7. Fire Brigade stations
8. Hospitals
9. Courts
10. Institutions
11. Press Interviews
12. Press conferences
13. Press release
14. Press Notes
15. Handouts

__________________
No matter how fast i run or how far i go it wont escape me, pain, misery, emptiness.

Mass communication


Introduction

Communication is the process of sharing our ideas, thoughts, and feelings with other people and having those ideas, thoughts, and feelings understood by the people we are talking with. When we communicate we speak, listen, and observe.

The way we communicate is a learned style. As children we learn from watching our parents and other adults communicate. As an adult we can learn to improve the way we communicate by observing others who communicate effectively, learning new skills, and practicing those skills.

Mass communication is a multi stage process by which an organization using technical devices or intermediate transmitters sends messages widely and rapidly to large, scattered, heterogeneous audience. The audience is unknown to sender and has limited opportunity to provide feedback.

Mass communication is made through mechanics or media involved. This is dissemination of ideas and thought but through mass media, media that targets large population.

Communication process

• Sender (encode) : Encodes message and send to other person
• Channel : The message passes through a medium
• Noise : disturbance created during communication process
• Message receiver ( decoder): person who receives message
• Feedback : reaction of receiver on getting message from sender

Means of Mass Communication:

· News paper
· Radio
· Television
· Internet
· Books
· Pamphlets
· Posters
· Neon sign board
· Cyber journalism
· SMS- news alert
· Mobile internet

Barriers of communication:

The message or the idea which is to be conveyed also must be in a language which is colloquial and understandable. Because if the message is misinterpreted communication would not be effective.

An effective communication barrier is one of the problems faced by many organizations. Many social psychologists opine that there is 50% to 70% loss of meaning while conveying the messages from a sender to a receiver. They estimate there are four basic places where communication could be interpreted wrongly. A few barriers of effective communication in an organization are given below.

Physical Barriers - One of the major barriers of communication in a workplace is the physical barrier. Physical barriers in an organization includes large working areas that are physically separated from others. Other distractions that could cause a physical barrier in an organization are the environment, background noise

Language - Inability to converse in a language that is known by both the sender and receiver is the greatest barrier to effective communication. When a person uses inappropriate words while conversing or writing, it could lead to misunderstanding between the sender and a receiver.

Emotions - Your emotions could be a barrier to communication if you are engrossed in your emotions for some reason. In such cases, you tend to have trouble listening to others or understanding the message conveyed to you. A few of the emotional interferences include hostility, anger, resentfulness and fear.

Lack of Subject Knowledge - If a person who sends a message lacks subject knowledge then he may not be able to convey his message clearly. The receiver could misunderstand his message, and this could lead to a barrier to effective communication.

Stress - One of the major communication barriers faced by employees in most of the organization is stress. When a person is under immense stress, he may find it difficult to understand the message, leading to communication distortion. At the time of stress, our psychological frame of mind depends on our beliefs, experiences, goals and values. Thus, we fail to realize the essence of communication.

__________________
No matter how fast i run or how far i go it wont escape me, pain, misery, emptiness.

Magazine Journalism


Introduction

Magazine journalism uses the traditional journalism tools of interviews, background research and writing to produce articles for consumer and trade magazines. Magazine journalism differs from newspaper journalism in at least five ways.

Newspapers have a very broad audience with widely varying ages and interests confined to one metropolitan area. Magazines have a national audience who has a very specialized interest in one particular topic. Magazines are published monthly instead of daily. Therefore readers expect articles that are longer with much more in-depth analysis of issues and trends.

Magazine, a publication issued at regular intervals, usually weekly or monthly, containing articles stories , photographs, advertisement, and other features, with a page size that is usually smaller than that of a newspaper but larger that that of a book.

Magazine today is an important source of information. It performs entertainment function very well and builds the opinion of reader on the other hand.

Brief History:

· First magazine was “review” in 1704 written for nine years by Daniel defoe. It consisted of four pages three times a week.
· In 1709 “tattler “by Richard steel was published. It was edited by a fictitious editor called “isac Bickerstaff”.
· In 1711 “spectator” by joseph Addison was published.

In sub continent:

· First magazine published in 1870 was “hickey gazette” . the editor was james augustus hickey. It was an English magazine.
· After independence of Pakistan there was the birth of a new independent society in Pakistan.
· Journalism played up role in information of society.
· National press trust was created in 1963.
· Due to NPT declaration of magazine was difficult to obtain.
· General yahya relaxed restrictions but imposed later on.
· General ziaulhuq lifted restrictions for a short period.
· In 1988 interim government cancelled the press and publication ordinance and a new ordinance i.e. Registration of printing and press ordinance (RPPO) was made.
· RPPO is still running in Pakistan.

Types of Magazines:

Following are the most common types of magazines.

Magazines of general interest: these magazines cater the need of entire population and have large circulation. In Pakistan Lailo nihar, Zindagi, Urdu digest, Quomi Digest, Family, Akhbare jahan are the examples. The world famous reader digest is also in same category.

News Magazine: these are periodicals which are produced weekly or fortnightly. Articles on situation, politics, Economics, Religon, industry, sports etc are published e.g. Herald, Weekly Pulse, and Times.

High Class Magazines: These magazine are aimed at selected audience, they appeal to a particular class. These magazines are serious minded periodicals offering high level reporting with emphasis upon literacy, ethical, social, political or scientific problems.
Magazine of Men’s Interest: e.g. sports, love stories, fashion, photos

Technical Magazines: these magazines are for specialized sections of society i.e. engineering, medicine, gardening etc.

The House Magazine/ Journals: These are produced by companies, organizations etc and are distributed free of cost to employees, customers. The purpose behind is to present the products of a company. House journals are produced by the public relation department of any organization.

Literary Magazine: before partition there were literary men like sirsyed, laulana zafar ali khan, hasrat muhani, mulana Muhammad ali jauhar etc. they were poets, writers and literary figures. They published literary magazines but after publication of general magazine their popularity suffered. At present news papers of Pakistan publish their literary weekly. Magazines e.g. humayun, nairang-i- khayal, were very popular but they were closed. At present fanon, naqoosh, sawara, nia dur are famous.

Religious Magazine: tarjuman ul quran, turjuman ul hadith, iblagh, al Islam etc.

Film Magazine: Shama, Musawar, Nigar, Roman, Shabab, Mumtaz are examples.

Sports Magazine: cricketer, sports times etc

Magazine For Children: Phool, Taleem, Naunihal, bacho ka digest are examples.

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No matter how fast i run or how far i go it wont escape me, pain, misery, emptiness.

NEWS

Introduction:

News is a report of recent or current event or information published in newspaper or other periodicals.

“News may be defined as any accurate fact or idea that will interest a large number of readers”

Carl warren says that the word NEWS is not composed from the initials of compass points i.e. north, east, west and south. It is simply the plural of English word new.
Lord North says that if a dog bites man it is not news but if reverse happens than it is news.

Elements/ values of news OR Determinants of News:

Proximity:Proximity means nearness in space. The news which is closer to reader or receiver is more valuable than that whose origin is father. E.g. for people living in Lahore will value news from Lahore more than any other city.

Timeliness:It means nearness in time. An event occurring latestly is more valued than any other previous news. People are more interested in updates.

Magnitude:Magnitude means that how many people are affected from an event. The greater magnitude means highly valued news as it effects higher number of people. E.g. Earthquake, Assassination of benazir etc.

Significance:It debates on importance of the event which becomes news. It focuses on the consequences of a happening e.g. great medical discovery, national decisions (operation in swat) etc.

Policy:Newspaper owner decides about the policy of news. He decides that what types of news will be published in that newspaper. Therefore the policy effects in determining news. E.g. pro labor or antilabour, pro government or anti government.

conflict:In human life conflicts takes place and they become news. Election, sports, man vs. man conflict news and stories are much important and are placed on front page.

Famous and important places:News about famous places are valued more e.g. place like London, Karachi, Tokyo, Paris are important when determining a news.

Oddity: (The quality of being strange)Oddity plays important role for news determining. More oddity mean more value of news e.g. Lord North says that if a dog bites man it is not news but if reverse happens than it is news.

Suspense:Suspense is essential for news e.g. what will be the result of conflict between government and opposition e.g. condition after governor raj in Punjab in 2009.

Important Personality:News about important personalities like any celebrity is valued and this factor determines news.

__________________
No matter how fast i run or how far i go it wont escape me, pain, misery, emptiness.

Press council ordinance 2002

General Pervaiz Musharaf in October 2002 promulgated the press council ordinance which provides for a press council for Pakistan professedly aimed at:

· Improving professional standards of all journalists.
· To insure press freedom in the country.
· The council allows for a mechanism to register complaints by the public in violation of an ethical code of practice.
The law states that the code which deals with such weighty issues as morality, plagiarism, fairness etc will let journalists perform their duty with responsibility. The council will be an independent entity.

Functions:

1. Preserve press freedoms by maintaining high professional and ethical standards of newspaper and news agencies.
2. Helping newspaper and news agencies to maintain independence.
3. Revise, update, enforce and implement the code for newspapers, news agencies, editors, journalists and publisher.
4. Receive complaints about violation of codes by newspaper, editors, and journalist.
5. Appoint inquiry commission to decide complaint.
6. Receive complaints by newspaper or journalists against government officials or organizations including political parties for hindering functions of press.

Composition:

The council comprises of 19 members.

Conclusion:

In Pakistan a voluntary code of ethics was adopted in 1972 by general assembly of the committee of the press and hence there was no reason a new code was required.

__________________
No matter how fast i run or how far i go it wont escape me, pain, misery, emptiness.

Global Village


Global Village is a term closely associated with Marshall McLuhan, popularized in his books The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962) and Understanding Media (1964). McLuhan describes how the globe has been contracted into a village by electric technology and the instantaneous movement of information from every quarter to every point at the same time. In bringing all social and political functions together in a sudden implosion, electric speed has heightened human awareness of responsibility to an intense degree.

Today, the term "Global Village" is mostly used as a metaphor to describe the Internet and World Wide Web. On the Internet, physical distance is even less of a hindrance to the real-time communicative activities of people, and therefore social spheres are greatly expanded by the openness of the web and the ease at which people can search for online communities and interact with others that share the same interests and concerns.

Therefore, this technology fosters the idea of a conglomerate yet unified global community.Due to the enhanced speed of communication online and the ability of people to read about, spread, and react to global news very rapidly, McLuhan says this forces us to become more involved with one another from countries around the world and be more aware of our global responsibilities. Similarly, web-connected computers enable people to link their web sites together. This new reality has implications for forming new sociological structures within the context of culture.

There is some disagreement in the consideration of the Internet as promoting the idea of a global village. Modern theorist Glenn Willmott says McLuhan's idea of the Global Village is a clichéd phrase that does not take into account the corruption of the Internet by government and corporate censorship and control over information on the web (news and entertainment information in particular).

The notion of the digital divide also signifies why the idea of global village is the problem is because we have more technical things these days. The idea of a Global Village is problematic; not all people are connected to the Internet equally (notably the economically disadvantaged) and those that lack web access are excluded from global news and participating in online communities, then modern communication technology does not truly promote a Global Village as McLuhan described it for all people.

Communication media can also be used to divide people within the sphere of online communities. For example, scholars Marshall Van Alstyne and Erik Brynjolfsson offer a contrasting view in their paper, "Electronic Communities: Global Village or Cyberbalkans?" They say that although modern communication technologies have the potential to create the unified communities reminiscent of McLuhan's idea of the Global Village, they also threaten to balkanize or fragment communities by allowing people to easily segregate themselves into geographic and special interest groups.

__________________
No matter how fast i run or how far i go it wont escape me, pain, misery, emptiness.

Freedom of the press


Freedom of the press consists of constitutional or statutory protections pertaining to the media and published materials.

With respect to governmental information, any government distinguishes which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public based on classification of information as sensitive, classified or secret and being otherwise protected from disclosure due to relevance of the information to protecting the national interest. Many governments are also subject to sunshine laws or freedom of information legislation that are used to define the ambit of national interest.

"I fear the newspapers more than a hundred thousand bayonets."

— Napoleon Bonaparte

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers"

Without liberty of the press, there can be no free access to public information and the public opinion to which all free men are entitled. In a democratic society unless the press itself enjoys freedom it cannot defend and protect the rights and liberties of the citizens. Only free press can perform sacred task of fourth estate. Freedom of the press cannot be used as a license against any one.

Howsoever free the press may be it cannot be allowed the freedom to call in question the integrity of the judges of high court and Supreme Court or to defame them. Our constitution under article 19 has recognized the freedom of expression and speech of the citizens, which is the basis of freedom of the press, but this right is subject to any restriction imposed by law in the interest of glory of Islam or integrity or security of Pakistan, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality, contempt of court, defamation an incitement to an office.

There has been a demand in Pakistan that such an amendment should be made in constitution so that in future no government is able to clamp censorship on the press.

There is no doubt that censorship on the press violates the freedom of speech and expression of the citizens. It violates the citizen’s rights to free flow of communication. Censorship is not justified except in times of war or internal insurrection.

__________________
No matter how fast i run or how far i go it wont escape me, pain, misery, emptiness.

Ethics of Journalism

American society of newspaper editors (ASNE) prescribed the following canons of journalism in 1923 which are as follows.

1. Responsibility:

The journalist should be a responsible man and perform his duties responsibly.

2.Freedom Of Press:

Freedom Of press shall not be used as a weapon against any one. Journalist shall report the news in its true sense and shall not try to make someone’s image.


3. Independence:

The policy of a newspaper should be independent and shall not favour any political or administrative figure. There shall be no bias and prejudices against any one.


4. Sincerity, Truthfulness And Accuracy:


5. Impartiality:

The newspaper editor shall show impartiality. He shall stand neutral in all cases.

6.Fair play:

The journalist shall show a fair play. They shall not misuse their position and shall work in the best interest of society.

7.Decency:

The journalist shall not give detail of any unethical crime.

__________________
No matter how fast i run or how far i go it wont escape me, pain, misery, emptiness.

Development made in pakistani journalism

Pakistani society, since freedom, is striving toward progress. A society and press are interrelated. Pakistani journalism particularly urdu journalism has made much progress in last decades. The developments are:

Supply of NEWS:

Previously news reached late to office but nowadays it reaches in time. Installation of teleprinters has given much help in this regard. News is also gathered from radio and TV. Newspapers have their correspondents at different locations around the world who gather information and send it to office. Now days fax machines are used. Direct to home DTH technology is also available. Internet serves this purpose very well. Reports use mobiles. Live telecast is very easy nowadays.

Makeup:

Make up is process of assembling a page or the art of putting effectively and artistically matters on the page. Before partition the make up of the news papers was meeting standards. Imroze, jang, Nawa-e-waqt, Express now come with modern make up. Make up effects audience and increases the circulation of newspaper.

Changes in the topics of editorial:

Previously the editorials were political in nature only. Now editorials are written on economic, social and cultural problems as well. Editorial is the soul of newspaper. The columns and opinions are also important.

The Authenticity of language:

Before partition journalists of urdu like zafar ali khan, hasrat mohani and abdul kalam azad were poet, writer and journalist at the same time so there was no professionalism. Now we have journalists with masters degree in journalism from universities. They are now trained professionals.

The taste of the reader:Today newspapers are written keeping in view taste of readers.

Special Edition:Every newspaper today publish special edition on subjects of wide area i.e political, education, literacy, films etc.

• Use of Computers
• Humorous Columns: are also given place in newspapers nowdays.
• Pictures: pictorial journalism is a product of 20th century. Pictures attract reader and give more clarity of subject.
• Progress in printing: offset type has bee adopted instead of lithoprinting which brought revolution. Rotary machines have been installed which print from 20 to 25 copies at the same time. Now whole newspaper along with picture is printed at the same time.
• Increase in circulation: there is marked increase in circulation of newspaper in Pakistan as compared to past.
• Reference sections established at newspaper office:
• Chains of Newspapers: A paper is published from several cities at same time e.g Jang is published from Karachi, Quetta, Lahore, Rawalpindi and London. Fax made this task easy.
• Increase in advertisement:
• Mutual Competition Between Newspapers:
• Sunday Magazine:
• Yellow Journalism: William Hearst was the founder of yellow journalism. Sensational news and stories are published in news papers to attract more people.

__________________
No matter how fast i run or how far i go it wont escape me, pain, misery, emptiness.