All about Psychology
 

Assalam alaikum to all

I have received many mails and messages to start this thread, but before starting this thread, I want to make it clear that I do not know much about Psychology. I am just student like you all.

okay let's start

Whether one should opt Psychology or not, he/she must analyze following points.

Positive side:
scientific subject
very scoring as compared to other 200 marks papers.
very interesting
Improve your mental activity
Examiner has been asking simple, direct and lucid question since 2007.
Based on few schools of thought which are discussed again and again.
you will get few days gap during examination.

Negative side:
It is not so easy as it seems.
one should have taste for Psychology.
there is no any one-book therapy.
If you go through in past papers before 2007, every question is interdependent on its whole chapter.
there is no shortcut.
even at the day of paper, you cannot overcome your confusion.
Examiner can interrelate many things in just single question.
there are a few topics which are not written in any book even on internet.

abhi itne he yad arhe hai.

books
 

thanks,i was serching u nw,got u..plz tell me books for psychology which r the best in ur mind and u hv studeid? thanks

Sources for Psychology
 

There are long list of Psychology books in the market which can help you in many topic but not all.
So for Psychology, one has to keep in touch with at least two to three books.


Following are some recommended sources for Psychology.

1. Psychology and Life by Gerrig, J. Richard Zimbardo
2. Introduction to Psychology by Morgan and King
3. Psychology Themes and Variations 7th Edition by Wayne Weiten
4. Psychology the Science of Mind and Behavior by Richard Gross
5. Essentials of Understanding Psychology by Robert S. Fledman
6. Understanding Psychology by Morris and Maisto
7. Hillgard's Introduction to Psychology by Atkinson
8. The developing Child by Helen Bee
9. Life-Span Development by Santrock
10. Abnormal Psychology by Neil Davisson
11. General Psychology by S.K Mangal
12. Abnormal Psychology by S.K Mangal
13. Text book of Psychology by Sheher Bano
14. Psychological Process by Zarin Bukhari

Most Important Sources:
1. Free Senior Notes
2. Internet
3. Virtual University Notes


According to general survey, many senior suggests:

Psychology and Life by Gerrig, J. Richard Zimbardo
Introduction to Psychology by Morgan and King
Psychology the Science of Mind and Behavior by Richard Gross
Essentials of Understanding Psychology by Robert S. Fledman
Internet.

zimbardo and fieldman sufficient
 

dear u will hv studied,which one u prefer ,zimbardo or fieldmen... and what do u think these two r enough r still?

Important Topics Syllabus wise:

(Definition and scope of Psychology: Psychology as a science of behaviour, Schools and Systems of Psychology, Recent trends in Psychology)

This is called Introduction to Psychology.
[B]Psychology Definition
Schools and Systems of Psychology
Recent trends in Psychology
scope of Psychology[/B]

(Nervous System: Structure and functions of cells, Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Endocrine system)

this is called Bio-psychology.
[B]Neuron
Process of Conduction
CNS
PNS
ANS
Endocrine Gland[/B]

(Learning: Conditioning - classical and operant Reinforcement, Avoidance conditioning, Extinction, Discrimination learning, imprinting, Theories of learning, Verbal learning, Probability learning, Concept leaning, Perceptual learning, Transfer and interference, Motivational factors in learning, Readiness and individual differences in learning)

this is called Psychology of Learning.
[B]Learning definition
Conditioning - classical and operant(compare & contrast, and also application to life)
Reinforcement details
Shaping
Avoidance conditioning
Theories of learning
Motivational factors in learning[/B]


(Nature of motives and emotions: Homeostasis, Biogenic and social Motives, Measurement of human motivation. Theories of motivation - Maslow, Lewin and Freud, Theories of emotion Role of endocrine glands, frustration and conflict)

this is called Psychology of Motivation and Emotion.
[B]Motivation and Emotion definition and difference
Theories of motivation importantly Maslow, Lewin and Freud theories,
Biogenic and social Motives
Theories of Emotions[/B]

(Nature of perceptual organization Perception of distance, Movement, Space. Depth, colour, Perceptual constancy, Effect of learning and motivation on perception. Senses viz. vision hearing and other senses, Perception and sensation, Determinations of perception (Needs, attitudes, sets, values, personality traits, emotional states, suggestion etc.). )

This is called Psychology of Perception.
[B]Perception and Sensation definition
Special senses
Determinants of perception
Effect of learning and motivation on perception
Perceptual constancy[/B]

(Nature and determinants of personality Factors in development of personality, Theories of personality, trait and types, Freudain, Neo Freudain, Murry, Allport, Cauel, Types of personality tests and their rationale.)

this is called Personality Psychology.
[B]Personalty definition
Theories of personality
Factors(esp: social) in development of personality
Measurement of Personality
[/B]

(Socialization: Society and personality, Formation of opinions and attitudes, Prejudice.

Structure and Functions of Group, Role status relations, Group norms, Group solidarity, Intergroup tension, International tension.)

This is called Social Psychology.
[B]Socialization
Attitudes
Prejudice
Formation of opinions
Group
Group norms
Group solidarity
Group Dynamics
International tension[/B]

(Meaning, phases and characteristics of Growth, development and Maturation, Methods of developmental psychology, Biological and socio cultural factors, Importance of Developmental psychology, Broad approaches to the study of children.

Pre-natal development and infancy: Genetic Factors, Hereditary transmission and chromosomal abnormality, Stages. Developmental irregularities, Psychological and physical characteristics of the infant. Methods of studying infant behaviour.

Physical, motor and sensory development. Perceptual development, Intellectual development: Development of logical thought in early childhood. Development of concepts. Creativity. Emotional Development; patterns, characteristics. Some common emotional patterns.)

this is called Developmental Psychology.

[B]Developmental psychology definition
Importance of Developmental psychology
Methods of developmental psychology
Growth
Development
Maturation
Biological and socio cultural factors,
Stages of Development[/B]

[B]Genetic Factors
Hereditary transmission
chromosomal abnormality(causes, consequences, how to cope it)
Developmental irregularities
Pre-natal development
Infancy development[/B]

[B]Physical development
Motor development
Sensory development
Perceptual development
Social development
Personality development
Emotion development
Cognitive development
Intellectual development
Logical thoughts development
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Information processing theory[/B]

(Concept of abnormality popular and scientific. Goals of Clinical Diagnosis. Personality Assessments, Behavioural Assessment. Nature of Clinical Judgement. Sources of information in clinical diagosis, Assessments of organisations, institutions and environment, Professional issues, The nature of professional preparation for clinical psychological work, ethical standards and legal issues.

Psychoneurotic disorders, Psychosis, Character disorders, Psychosomatic disorders

Biological and sociological factors in maladjustments and crime, Juvenile delinquency, drug addiction, alcoholic and sex offences - characteristics causation and treatment.)

this is called abnormal Psychology.

[B]Concept of abnormality
ethical standards and legal issues
Sources of information in clinical diagnosis(also called tools and techniques)
Criteria for Abnormal behavior
Personality Assessments[/B]


[B]Psychoneurotic disorders
Psychosis
Character disorders
Psychosomatic disorder
Biological and sociological theories of Schizophrenia[/B]

[B]Maladjustments, crime, Juvenile delinquency, drug addiction (Responsible Biological and sociological factors, solution) [/B]

(Therapies Somatic therapies, environmental therapies, psycho analytic, phenomenological, existential, Gestalt, rational - emotive and cognitive Therapies, Behaviour therapy and behaviour modification, Group therapies.)

This is clinical Psychology.
[B]Therapy definition
Psycho analytic Therapy
Behaviour therapy
Implication Behaviour therapy to behaviour modification
Cognitive Therapy
Rational - emotive therapy and cognitive therapy of depression(compare & contrast)
Humanistic existential therapy
Gestalt therapy
Somatic therapy
Environmental therapy[/B]

Intelligence: Its nature and assessment, Mental retardation.

this is called Psychology of Intelligence.
[B]Intelligence definition
Intelligence assessment
IQ and EQ
mental retardation
Intelligence assessment of mental retarded children
how to cope mental retardation[/B]

(Industry Nature of the work situations work, vocation, personality and society. Working environment. Works methods and modern approaches. Work efficiency. Group dynamics Work incentives, Job satisfaction)

this is called Organizational Psychology.

[B]Job satisfaction
Work incentives
Group dynamics
Role of Industrial Psychologist
Role of Psychology in Industry Setting[/B]

[QUOTE=Dr Nasim;235200]dear u will hv studied,which one u prefer ,zimbardo or fieldmen... and what do u think these two r enough r still?[/QUOTE]

Brother
I would prefer Zimbardo. Learning and disorders are very nicely written in Zimbardo.
Zimbardo is better than Feldman.
Both can cover much course but not all.

Dr. janxab
 

i opt psychology and i covered most of the topics...bt i need ur help regarding developmental psychology...i know wat it really means bt i need notes becz its quite lengthy topic and i don't know how to squeeze it ...

[QUOTE=Yousafzaii;235220]i opt psychology and i covered most of the topics...bt i need ur help regarding developmental psychology...i know wat it really means bt i need notes becz its quite lengthy topic and i don't know how to squeeze it ...[/QUOTE]


Brother,
I have followed above recommended books. I have made only outline notes. I do not have comprehensive detailed notes. If you have any query, you can ask here. I can assist you in this. I hope, that will be proved beneficial for you.

@ dr janxeb
 

Hi dr.janxeb
i wanted to discuss some brief issues with u - can u plzz give me ur email or copntact? my email address is girl.cutiee at hotmail - i would be thankful to u - i wont bother u much juz few things for which i need clarification - because mai prep kar rahi thi and i have some weird prbz - thanks :sad

Chapter-wise Solution

Introduction to Psychology

[B]Earlier Schools of thought:[/B]
Structuralism
Functionalism
Behaviorism
Gestalt Psychology
Psycho-dynamic Psychology

[B]Recent Schools of thought[/B]
Cognitive Psychology
Humanistic Psychology
Bio-Psychology

[B]Recent Trends/Perspectives/Approaches[/B]
Biological trend
Psycho-dynamic trend
Behavioristic trend
Humanistic trend
Cognitive trend
Sociocultural trend
evolutionary trend

[B]Scope of Psychology[/B]
Biological Psychology
Personality Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Psychology of Creativity
Abnormal Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Child Psychology
Health Psychology
Social psychology
Educational Psychology
Industrial/ Organization Psychology

and many more....

[QUOTE=haniii;235376]Hi dr.janxeb
i wanted to discuss some brief issues with u - can u plzz give me ur email or copntact? my email address is girl.cutiee at hotmail - i would be thankful to u - i wont bother u much juz few things for which i need clarification - because mai prep kar rahi thi and i have some weird prbz - thanks :sad[/QUOTE]

Assalam Alaikum
I send an e-mail at your address. Kindly check it. By the way I would love to discuss your issues at this forum, because others can also be benefited in this way.

Solution to problematic topics of Learning

Theories of learning
there is long list of theories of learning but following are the most important.
Classical conditioning--- Pavlov and J.B Watson
Operant conditioning--- B.F Skinner
Learning theory of Thorndike---- Connectionism
Social learning theory--- Albert Bandura
Sign learning---E. Tolman
Experiential learning--- Carl Roger
Social developmental theory--- L. Vygosky


Influence f Motivational factors on learning
Strength of motivation
Intention to learn
Reward vs punishment
Stress

Avoidance learning
i. Discriminated avoidance conditioning
ii. free operant avoidance conditioning

Solution to problematic topics of Motivation

[B]Theories of Motivation[/B]
Instinct theory
Drive reduction theory
Arousal theory/Optional level theory
Incentive theory
Cognitive theory of Motivation
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
Psychodynamic theory (Freud)
Field theory (Kurt Lewin)

[B]Motives:[/B]
i. Primary/unlearned/physiological/biological motives:
Hunger
Thirst
Sleep
Sex
Excretion
Pain
Air
Warmth & cold
etc

ii. Secondary/learnt/psychological/sociogenic motives:
Need for achievement
Need for curiosity
Need for appraisal
Need for affiliation
Need for power
etc

[B]Theories of Emotions:[/B]
Most important
James Lange theory
Canon Bard theory
Schacter Singer theory/Cognitive labeling therory/Two factor
Other
Cognitve appraisal theory--Richard Lazarus
Cognitive theory--Magda Arnold
Opponent process theory--Solomon & lolent
Activation theory-- Lindsley
Theory of emotion-- Albert Ellis

Solution to problematic topics of Perception

[B]Special senses[/B]
The Sense of Sight
The Sense of Smell
The Sense of Sound
The Sense of Taste
The Sense of Touch

[B]Determinants/Factors of perception[/B]
i. Objective factors
Intensity
Size
Movement
Novelty
Duration
Distinct & Striking
Repetition
Abrupt change
etc

ii. Subjective factors
Needs or Motives
Values or Interests
Preparatory sets
Personality
Cognitive style
Past experience
Age
Social & cultural influence
etc

[B]Effect of learning and motivation on perception[/B]
Observation
Imitation
Learned Prejudiced attitude
Learned perceptual constancy
Depends upon motives what he wants to see
etc

[B]Perceptual constancy[/B]
Size constancy
Shape constancy
Color constancy
Brightness constancy

Salaam
 

@Dr janxeb
mi ve a bit difficulty in measurement of emotions ,being a qualitative trait it can not b measured rather it is ranked na,,i dont know whether m right or wrong so
guide me

[QUOTE=lizaaudacious;236146]@Dr janxeb
mi ve a bit difficulty in measurement of emotions ,being a qualitative trait it can not b measured rather it is ranked na,,i dont know whether m right or wrong so
guide me[/QUOTE]

Brother
we can measure emotions. Autonomic nervous system causes physiologic reaction like increase heart rate, muscle twitching and tendon tense, dilation of pupil, dilation and constriction of vascular system, release of adrenaline and nor adrenaline from adrenal gland and much more. These all can be measured with the help of pupilometrics, Galvanic skin scale, electromyography, hormonal test ECG,EEG etc.

Zimbardo
 

Ive got Zimbardo 14th edition, nw i hear abt 17th edition, can 14th ed do fr me

for disorders u people must read the neal and daivison book of abnormal psychology