#31
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Q:3-Write down the structure and function of CNS and PNS? (20 Marks)
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#32
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aoa,
thanks shakeel.As you mentioned that the question going to be attempted in this thread will be related to past papers.so i just want to give a suggestion that whatever question you people attempt,please mention past paper year as 2000,2002 for our convenience. thanks @ sara waiting for your notes when will you send me? |
#33
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Spot on, it is a nice attempt. Suggestions 1-You missed a lot of things not only old psyho trends but also new trends which had to be sketched. I meant attempt your answer on the verge. 2-At your part you have done every thing you could. In Next answer you need to hit the nail on the head. 3-Your efforts are definitely remarkable. You are like an orator. I like your style. And your way of presentation is amazing! Keep it up and Good Luck for your next attempt. You have attained 16/20 ALLAH BLESS YOU. Quote:
You have attained 12/20 ALLAH BLESS YOU. Quote:
Amazing! Sara, today you have made me very happy. Keep it up, you are going well. Day by Day your expressions are going impressive. You have attained 18/20 ALLAH BLESS YOU. |
#34
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After reading your attempts. Even My concepts have been cleared.
Keep doing this practice. You people are going outstandingly. Here we go for marking: shakeel gori 17/20 ssara 19/20 sabaparvezz 10/20 Best of luck for your coming attempt. |
#35
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Shakeel this is an astonishing attempt. There are some things like current trends and some old trends which you have not mentioned. I have attempted the question please look at that and compare it with your answer. Moreover, your this attempt is very good. And one thing more that is, try to make your own examples regarding the topics. So that examiner can understand clearly. I wish you best of luck for your upcoming attempt. I give you 16/20 Thanks..... Regards..... |
#36
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Dear sabaparvezz first of all you are welcomed here for discussing and attempting the answers. your this answer is not bad. Dear first study your topic and then attempt it. Moreover, your effort is good. I give you 10/20 Marks. Regards...... |
#37
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@dear sara and Shahreena..
Thanx for evaluating my attempt. I will try my best to utilize those suggestions in my next attempt which you people have given me. I acknowledge that my this attempt was missing many essential points. Actually, I had a lot of other work to do which made me less apt to pay focus on preparing that topic. Besides, due to lack of time, I wrote the whole topic very quickly which consequently made me unable to write as effectively as I should have. I am thankful to you people for pointing out my mistakes and making me realize about what was lacking in my attempt.. @dear tobabar Thanx for checking our attempts and giving us marks. We shall be happy if your also send your attempt. @Saba.. Your attempt is good. It is your first attempt therefore, the mistakes you did make a little difference. What you really need is to keep up sending your attempts with same enthusiasm. We shall try our best to co-operate with you. sara and shareena have given you worthy suggestions. Moreover, I am also going to recommend you few things: be clear in your approach, read as much as you can from different sources before attempting the topic, be careful about your grammar, and make outline of the topic before attempting it so that you can easily write down all essential points. I am giving you 11/20.. Notwithstanding the mistakes you did, it is highly commedable that you have done hardwork to attempt this topic. I assure you that if you remain in touch with us and constantly send your attempts, you will astonishingly improve your skills. DO NEVER FEEL ANY HESITATION IN DISPATCHING YOUR WRITTEN WORK HERE. Keep it in mind that we all are learners. I and other members have learnt many things from you. So, we shall surely be happy in helping you to our utmost. @Sara You are doing as usual: outstanding. Your topic made me to realize many shortcomings in mine. There was an organisation in you effort. Almost every thought was clear and understandable. You are imporving yourself rapidly. I hope that if you keep up edeavouring in the same way, you will be able to achieve you target. I will just urge you to never abandon your work. Your efforts are the source of encouragement for others. However, I would just tell you that somewhere in your writing I found some grammar mistakes. It can be presumed that these might be due to typing. Whatsoever, your expressions are gradually becoming eloquent with every new attempt. Just keep it up. I am giving you 18/20.. |
#38
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Q:3-Write down the structure and function of CNS and PNS? (20 Marks)
1--Introduction.. Nervous system is consist of interconnected organ system that co-ordinates actions. It is responsible for controlling behaviour and adjusting organisms with their respective environments. Since humans at their most basic level are biological beings, many psychologists believe that the true knowledge of human behaviour cannot be had without having full understanding of nervous system. In view of this fact, the primary concern of almost every psychologist is same: to study the basis of brain and other parts of nervous system. 2--Structure and function of nervous system.. For the sake of better understanding the whole nervous system has been divided into three parts: neurons, central nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system. Although they are interconnected with each other--and perhaps different names of the same system-- for exclusively elaborating their functions and structure they are separately mentioned: @Neurons. Neurons are the fundamental elements of nervous system. They are the communicator of different messages in body. Basically, they are cells but the function which they play is essentially different from other cells. They have an ability of communicating with each other. As mentioned, they carry electrochemical messages within body; so in simple, we can say that they connect the all organs of body with brain. Each neuron is made up of axon, dendrite and cell body. The axon is a rod like structure through which electrical messages pass. The dendrites are the first site of receiving message from the neighbouring neuron which conveys it to the axon. the cell body is the part which plays essential role in keeping neurons alive: metabolism, protection from pathogenic invasion and so forth. As soon as any change occurs in any part of the body, neurons carry signals to the brain which subsequently sends messages for appropriate response. However, one thing should be noted that they alone are not responsible for communication within body. Endocrine system which releases harmones has also the same function of carrying messages from body to brain and vice versa.. Nervous system has been divided into two parts: central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. @Central nervous system. Central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord. We shall disucss them separately. Brain. Brain is the command centre of entire body. As far as its basic structure and functions are concerned, it would not be wrong to say that nothing may be more miraculous in this world than brain. It consists of billions of neurons. Although, it has happened very recently that the scientists are able to understand the basic structure and chemistry of brain through modern equipments, the functions brain plays in our life are in our knowledge for a long time. It helps the body to respond to the information it receives from senses and other parts of body. On the basis of its functions brain is divided into several parts each of which plays a specific role. For example, hypothalamus regulates hunger and thirst. At the same time, it also helps body to maintain its temperature within suitable limits. Limbic system, another part of brain, is responsible for various emotional responses and consolidation of memory. In short, every specific area of brain has a particular function in regulating our behaviour. For elaborating more the role of brain in our life we can take an example. When a light of specific colour strikes with our eye, we cannot see it. Thereafter it reaches to our retina, we still cannot see it. Light passes through nerve cells, and even at that stage we don't see the light. It is only when it reaches to the brain which interprets it and gives us concious signal, that we are able to see it. Our every move, action, emotion, thought, sensation, perception depends on the co-ordination of brain. Spinal cord. Second part of central nervous system is spinal cord. It is a bundle of neurons that stems (leaves) from brain and runs down the length of the back. The primary function of spinal cord is that it serves as a channel between brain and the rest of the body. It connects all the body parts with brain except the parts above the neck. Messages from various organs first reach to the spinal cord which then transport those messages to the brain. The brain decides a particular response and then sends that signal to the concerned part of the body through spinal cord. The proof of this fact can be ascertained when in certain accidents spinal cord gets injured which results in the inactivity of lower part of the body to function (to move). It happens simply because owing to injury spinal cord becomes unable to serve as a connector between brain and specific body part. However, the spinal cord is not just a communication channel. It also controls some simple behaviours on its own, without any help from the brain. In such cases, an immediate response is required so it does act on its own without taking any help from brain. For example, when we unintentionally touch a hot object, the sudden act of pulling back the hand is govern by spinal cord. Such responses are known reflex actions. While concluding the discussion about spinal cord, it is appropriate to keep in mind that after brain it is most important part of nervous system. @Peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system consists of all the parts of nervous system other than brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system connects the sense organs, muscles, glands and other organs with central nervous system (i.e with brain and spinal cord). The major role in peripheral system is of neurons which communicates signals to the spinal cord, or in few instances directly to the brain. These neurons are of two kinds. Those which sends messages from body to brain are sensory neurons(also called afferent). Those neurons which carry commands of brain to specific body parts are motor neurons (efferent). The peripheral nervous system is divided into somatic and autonomic divisions. somatic division involves in the control of voluntary movements such as muscle contraction, eye movements, and so forth. The autonomic division controls the organs which function involuntary without our awareness and are responsible to keep us alive such as heart, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, glands and other likewise organs. The autonmic system is furthr divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic. For making a distinguish between the two, it is adequate if we see that how the autonomic division of peripheral nervous system works in emergencies. When we encounter any threat or emergency situation, the very first response is of sympthetic division of autonomic nervous system. Its activation increases the heart beat, expands vessels, accelerates blood flow, enlarges the size of pupil (thus makes us more watchful) etc. These are the changes whcih are brought about by the activation of sympathetic division. These changes help us a lot to deal with emergency situations. When the negative situation passes away, the parasympthetic division starts its function. It sends signals to the excited body organs to come into their original state. From the last statement we can conclude that the parasympathetic division of autonomic division remains in play when the situations are ordinary. It overseas the various body fucntions which comes under its purview. Only in the emergencies the sympathetic division comes into play to enable us to deal with the emergency situation. 3--Conclusion. From the above discussion, the role of nervous system in regulating our various body functions is almost clear. It does not only control those body functions which keep us alive, but also responsible for our emotions, thoughts, actions, hopes and aspirations. The branch of science which studies the basic elements of nervous system and their connection with human behaviour is known as neuroscience. With the help of modern equipment, the psychologist are now more able to understand the basic structure of nervous system and thus have produced many drugs to cure various psychological disorders having biological causes. The neuroscientists are making rapid progress in understandig human brain. But we know that much is still remaining to uncover, for the human brain is most complex and astonishing object of the world. All respected members are requested to assess my attempt. |
The Following User Says Thank You to shakeel ghori For This Useful Post: | ||
Waqas77 (Tuesday, October 09, 2012) |
#39
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i have appeared for css 2012 and had opted psychology as my optional. My psychology papers went well. Just a friendly advise to people who are active on this thread. In paper you would be pressed for time as 35 min per question is not a lot of time. Therefore, try to curtail the length of your answer. Your attempt is good but you will not be able to write all that detail in 35 mins.
Regards, Aamir |
The Following 2 Users Say Thank You to aamir042 For This Useful Post: | ||
sara bhittani (Friday, September 21, 2012), sidra siyal (Sunday, December 02, 2012) |
#40
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@Dear amir
Thanx for your kind suggestion. We too know that, within that span of time which will be available during solving paper, one will not be able to write the whole of his ideas. But here we are just trying to improve our concepts and written skills. So, considering time is unimportant for us. We just try to define what ever we can. The length of our topic certainly will not be so, in examination. In exams one needs to be specific and straightforward. What is to write and what not is the matter of one's justification; and of wisdom of course. |
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