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#1
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Methods to study infant behavior? What was the answer?
AOA
All the forum members What is the answer of Question Number 3 of Paper-II Psychology 2013 Regarding Methods of study of Infant Behavior? Plz reply |
#2
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Observation.
Cross sectional and longitudinal technique can be applied for observation method. - Interview/questionnaire. Infant's parents are asked questions about their infant's behavior.
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I am a great believer in luck and I find the harder I work, the more I have of it . |
#3
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1)habituation
2)foot-kick method 3) amplitude sucking method 4) head turn method
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''Surely with every hardship there is relief'' (The Holy Quran 94:6) |
The Following 2 Users Say Thank You to nice051 For This Useful Post: | ||
Chintoo2010 (Monday, March 04, 2013), Iqra jamshaid khan (Sunday, March 03, 2013) |
#4
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Jean piaget!
Was not it jean piaget's theory of infant beahaviour ?
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subha ho bagh mein shabnam perti hai faqat is liye k patta patta kere zikr-e-KHUDA ba-wuzu ho ker |
#5
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Experimental Method
Observational Method Combining Experimentation and Observation Longitudinal Method Cross Sectional Method Accelerated Longitudinal/Cross-Sequential Method Case Study Method Interview Method The Correlational Method Biographical Method |
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azure (Tuesday, March 12, 2013) |
#6
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• METHODS OF studying infant behaviour
• Experimental Method • In such methods, researchers control conditions so as to rule out all other influences, except the one being studied. • Example is the famous experiment of John Watson with Little Albert. • It starts with the formulation of a hypothesis (a proposition that can be supported or disapproved by the observation of known facts) • Advantages: Control and Precision • Disadvantages: results may not always apply to everyday settings; lab settings can’t fathom all the cause-and effect relationships present in the real world; topics like child abuse etc can’t be studied in lab settings. Observational Method • Naturalistic Observation – a method of collecting data in which researchers carefully observe and record naturally occurring beh in everyday settings. • An example is the famous study of Jane Goodall’s study of chimpanzee social beh. • Researchers go to homes, schools, playgrounds etc to watch and record the everyday beh of children and adults. Can study conflict in families through such method. • Researchers try to be precise and systematic in recording their observations; try to keep their observations in quantitative form. • Advantages: can describe human beh in real-life situation; very useful for studying social relevant issues. • Disadvantages: can’t tell us why a certain beh occurs; suffers from the danger of observer bias. Combining Experimentation and Observation • Some researchers prefer combining experimentation and observation. • Example: – Observation: Tendency of baby animals to cling to their mothers is a genetically based beh and baby animals cling to their mothers because they feed their babies. – Experiment: Harry Harlow conducted the famous experiment to test this observation. He found that baby-monkeys separated from their real mothers will cling to a soft terrycloth “surrogate mother” that does not dispense food in preference to a wire “surrogate mother” that does dispense food. Harlow’s experiment showed that feeding by a mother is not necessary to the formation of a baby’s attachment. • Longitudinal Method • A study of the same group of subjects over a number of weeks, months or years. • The aim is usually to measure the degree to which a certain potentially influential factor affects people over a relatively long period of time. • Example: – Studying the case of early day care – i.e. whether entering full time day care as a very young baby in any way effects the quality of a child’s development. – In such case, a longitudinal study would be conducted in which the researchers would select 2 groups of babies: one being placed in day care and the other being raised at homes. Both would be similar in family background. Researchers would study both these groups over a certain period of time, e.g. 14 years. • Advantages: scientific, precise, detailed observations. • Disadvantages: time-taking, costly. • Cross Sectional Method • A study in which researchers compare groups of people of different ages at the same time. • Advantages: cheap, less time needed • Disadvantages: is limited in results; although they show what children of different ages are like, they are not good at showing the process of development • Example: – Studying the case of early day care – i.e. whether entering full time day care as a very young baby in any way effects the quality of a child’s development. – In Cross-sectional Method, a sample of children ranging in age from 1-14 yrs shall be selected – half placed in day care and other half raised at homes. Again the families shall be matched. Assessment and comparison of children looked after in day care vs. home in 1-yr group, 2-yr group, 3-yr group and so on. • Accelerated Longitudinal/Cross Sequential Method • A type of longitudinal study in which researchers study several different age groupings simultaneously and follow them over a specified period of time. • Example: – In the same previously mentioned example of day care, when this method shall be applied, the researchers shall begin studying groups of 1-, 4-, 7-, and 10 yrs old and follow each of them for 4 years. Hence the developmental span of 14 yrs would be covered in a much shorter time. • Case Study Method • The researcher undertakes a study of behaviour of one person or a few persons in depth. • A favorite method employed by Sigmund Freud. • Advantages: detailed descriptive info useful for forming a hypothesis is received. • Disadvantages: observer bias; might not be representative of the larger population; time-consuming; expensive. • Interview Method • Asking questions from subject with the purpose of getting information from the person being interviewed. • Often done in a clinical setting. • Might be structured or unstructured. • Advantages: good in gathering information, focused approach, helps in diagnosis of problems. • Disadvantages: interviewer bias; unreliable; cannot be generalised; can’t be used in case of infants. • Biographical Method • Method of studying developmental changes that tries to reconstruct an individual’s past. • The researcher starts with a group of 70 yrs old and follows their life backwards. • Researcher tries to reconstruct their subject’s past by interviewing them and consulting other sources. • Advantages: detailed insight into the development process chnage according to infants |
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