green boy. whatever i can understand from this information is that it is quite productive w.r.f to the question. kindly mention information with a little organization and some headings so i may know where you are suggesting change. thanks a lot for reading my answers and attempting to improve them. thanks again. i am learning theories. i have completed REBT, INSHAALLAH , i'll upload it soon.

jean piaget theory comprises of several structures and process ,

OVERVIEW
journey from start to the rule

when child born , only source of receiving information is world around it , whatever sees is equivalent to believes and trust whatever perceives. but , with the passage of time children usually interacts with the complex world , it induces changing in the cognition . this source of perception (seeing , perceiving ) is the cause of problem children faces , as the time passes , reality and the perception creates confusion in the mind .

structure and process

this theory is based upon series of stages and process , these stages are abrupt and discontinuous , and the changes are the structure as behavior .but conversely , these structure provides changes unless any discrepancy may occur .

the overall process of cognition is function of two things ,

intellectual changes , that are different in the successive stage ,
the internal changes ;lead to internal reorganizing of thoughts.
the basic building blocks of the cognition is the schemes . in this process , the repeated actions in the memory , which is generalized . along the vision perception some figurative aspect of thoughts preserves in mind , for example the particular animals analogues to the dog .
cognitive process identified by piaget

assimilation
when children experience is consistent with the incoming information . in the meanwhile , assimilation modifies the incoming information .

accommodation , when individual come across new information , this aspect changes the new information , the old perceived concept , knowledge modifies

example ,
when a child bought new computer , is it possible to learn the computer ? yes , child knows the plug insert into the switch board , similarly , computer will automatic on , this is the assimilation , when to learn the functioning of computer , child will take help from mate , teacher or others , it process is accommodation .

another example is related two concrete operational thought , when children is given to beakers , one is large size and the small diameter , another is small in length but wide in diameter , experimenter will put water and asks participant about the more water in the beaker . concrete operational observer will say the water quality is same due to different in dimension of beaker but water volume and quantity is same

formal operation thought , in this stage abstract reasoning improves , if child asks about the if A>B , B>C , THEREFORE , A IS GREATER THAN B AND C , formal operational will easily solve the problem verbally .

Broad approaches to the study of children?
Methods of studying infant behavior?

thanks a lot green boy. i was desperate to get examples to illustrate my point and didn't want to invent my own for the fear they may be wrong. thank you dear.

phenom
methods for studying infant behaviour
a) experimental method
b) observation method
c) cross sectional method
d)longitudinal method
e) cross sequential method
f) biographical method

i cannot attempt this question in detail. as i myself have copied it from a post from css forum. and i don't know how to provide the link of the forum thread.

green boy kindly evaluate my answers and suggest suitable improvements. @ all the rest criticism,suggestions,comments are strongly encouraged.

Q: 5 “Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a form of psychotherapy and a philosophy of living created by Albert Ellis in 1950’s.” In your opinion to what extent can it be judged successful in the contemporary psychotherapies?

Psychotherapy:
non-invasive technique which presumes that psychological disturbances are a consequence of faulty behaviour and though process.
Or
Curative technique employed to minimize psychological disturbance

R.E.B.T: rational emotional behaviour therapy was introduced by albert allis. The therapy is a cognitive, emotive behavioural therapy. It uses empirical-logico system and scientific approach to understanding that nothing in the world is all sacred. It aims to help an individual to start desiring and stop demanding. It helps the individual to attempt to change that he can and to put up with that he cannot change.
Basically, albert ellis identified that sometimes when individuals are upset they self talk using irrational statements. These statements do more harm than benefit.

ABC of R.E.B.T:
Albert ellis used the concept of ABC in R.E.B.T. A is the activating factor so it is an event or any triggering factor, B are the core beliefs and C stands for the emotional upsetting consequences. Albert ellis wanted the individuals to identify that their emotional upsetting situation was not a result of A, activating factor rather it was B, their beliefs that led them from A to C.
A---B--C---D----E
Where A is activating experience
B is core beliefs
C is distressful consequence
D is disputations
E stands for the outcome and termination of the process

Core beliefs:
Core beliefs are the guidelines, rules and policies that individuals follow in their life. These core beliefs are the cause of most emotional disturbances. Some of the core beliefs are
• I cannot make mistakes
• I cannot take responsibility
• Individuals need a higher authority to assist them always
• Nothing wrong can happen with me
• I can lead the whole life without confronting troubles and problems.

Goals of R.E.B.T
• To leave the client at the end of therapy with reduction in emotional distress
• To help the client face negative aspects, situations in the life

Principles of R.E.BT:

R.E.B.T basically works on the objective of leaving the client at the end of therapy in a situation where he can make free choices of his lifestyle and behaviour. In this case, the therapist disputes an individual’s irrational beliefs and emphasizes on taking control of his life

Techniques of R.E.B.T

Cognitive therapies
These therapies are aimed at distinguishing irrational beliefs from the rational beliefs. Therapist helps the patient to dispute his irrational beliefs .

Emotive therapies:
To further help the client to dispute his irraritional beliefs, emotive techniques are employed. This includes role playing. Sometimes the therapist sets examples. In other cases he even exaggerates the client’s characteristics. In role playing an individual acts out in order to overcome the distressful situation.

Another commonly employed emotive technique is shame attack. in this case shame associated with certain behaviors is attacked in order to make the person feel confident of his moves. Sometimes, therapist makes a humor of the situation in order to help the patient overcome the stressful situation in a light mood.

Behaviour techniques:
The behaviour techniques ,often used by the therapist include mind imaging, muscle relaxation, breathing exercises. Such measures can be conducive in overcoming the stressful situation.

R.E.B.T in modern times
R.E.B.T in recent times has been used to manage depression, anxiety disorder, general stress disorders. It has also been found to be useful in resolving marital problems. In addition, adolescents can also be cured by using the therapy. The major advantage of this therapy is that it is a quick therapy and can be used for individuals as well as groups.

Criticism of R.E.B.T
• The technique has been criticized for its harsh treatment of the patient
• Often, it is humiliating experience for the clients particularly in shame attacking technique
• It cannot be used for the cure of seriously mental ill patients
• It requires cooperation from the client

Conclusion: R.EB.T of albert ellis is an important psychotherapy. It employs cognitive, emotive and behavioural techniques. It stands out among other techniques as it is fast and often efficient. However, it has been criticized for its harsh treatment and often humiliating impact on the clients.
Q5 list various therapies used in psychogical treatment and write about any two in detail.

Q6. Define therapy. List various therapies used in psychology and write about any one briefly.

Therapy : it is defined as a curative technique
Or
It may be defined as a methods employed which are aimed at relieving physical and emotional pain.
There are many types of therapies
• Art therapy
• Expressive therapy
• Group therapy
• Family therapy
• Gestalt therapy
• Humanistic therapy
• Client centrred therapy
• Psychoanalytic therapy.

Psychoanalytic therapy
Introduction: the therapy was designed by Sigmund freud. This therapy is based on the assumption that many psychological disturbances are a result of childhood experiences, mostly sexual experiences. Often, individuals are unable to recall them as they are not a part of the conscious mind. Through extensive probing, freud was able to identify the issue and then help the patient in sorting out the conflict.

Techniques
a) Free association:
In this method, the patient is asked to lie down on the couch and allow his mind to wander off freely. He is them asked to speak out whatever comes to his mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

b) Resistence: freud observed that often individuals use resistence in the process of free association as a defense mechanism. he believed that the conflict was present beneath such a resistence. Therefore, he probed further.

c) Interpretation: often psychoanalytic therapy involves interpretation of dreams and free association. The therapist then tries to give meaning to the dream or the words to understand the issue.

d) Dream analysis: freud focused a lot on dream analysis. As he believed that dream were the royal road to unconscious. In dreams there are manifest and hidden content. Freud held the view that often repressed feelings are expressed through dreams. Therefore, analysis of dreams can be beneficial in the process.

e) Transference: the most sensitive and inevitable aspect of psychoanalysis is transference. This is the condition, when the client begins to identify the therapist as his family or friend and opens up himself. This transference is very important for the process of psychoanalysis. This may be positive or negative.

In positive transference, client develops a rapport with the therapist and confides on him. In negative transference, he becomes hostile and aggressive towards the therapist.
Transference is critical for the process for if it is from the patient to the therapist it is benefial for the process, but if it vice versa then it mars the essence of the process.

f) Catharsis: after the outburst, an individual feels relaxed. This relaxation is called as the catharsis and it is the end point of the process of psychoanalysis.

g) Termination: after catharsis, the conflict is resolved. This marks the termination of the psychoanalytic process.

Advantages of the process

• The conflict can be resolved resulting in the reduction of distress
• Often, a positive relationship is built between the therapist and the client.

Criticism
Psychoanalytic method has been criticized for being very lengthy. Sometimes, the conflict may be resolved in a little time, but in other cases it may extend to weeks, months and even years. As a result, the process becomes expensive as well.
In addition, its efficiency has also been under criticism naom Chomsky has condemned the process for lacking scientific basis.

the research methodology is the important aspect of the development psychology . but before going into the depth , some important terms regarding the research is important .
validity : usually , it is asked a common question whether this research is valid or not , basically , it is said and question about the particular or specific aspect of the validity , there are different types of validity .
statistical conclusion validity

internal validity
external validity
construct validity

statistical conclusion validity
it estimates that the given statistical background is align with the research and outcome . it is the inference to infer that given reasonable to presume the covariance between the given alpha level and variance obtained , this will affects the result in the later stage or beginning ,
example
when selecting a group of large people ( definitely large chances of error ) in case of small group the experimenter will suffer to obtain better conclusion

internal validity
in the research internal validity threaten the causal and affect relationship . whether two selecting variable produces equivalent result ,
for example
if in experiment two conditions pre test , post test and experiment treatment . the condition of the research varies in the environment varies due to weather or any un desire element , this is internal validity
construct validity
this is regarding the measurement that is construct , whether i am measuring the construct variables , as the two variables a and b are equivalent or causal , since a drug a produce an effect to reduce depression , then x variable will come to produce anxiety , this will alter the outcome .

external validity
as the given result be generalized , this circumstances measures in the experiment of the different disease , a man suffers from lung disease with age , well this can be generalized to woman also .

a grade school child achieves good marks and the education , this analogues to the other school child .
types of research method
observational method

this method is principal to the data collecting from the given situation and formed the result , well in this method categorize the case study and survey method

case study
it is the extensive study focuses on particular individual , which requires data collection and the and some times interview from the client , it will be qualitative or quantitative , former will be freud analysis (psychoanalytical ) regarding individual patient while in the study of primates ethological , the amount of time animal engaged in the behavior

surveys
some times questionnaires are asked about the particular situation to know about the opinion of the separate case .
construct validity is another factors regarding the case of the qualitative , so this is alternative .

co rrelational research , it is the linear relationship between the co variables , cigarette smoking and the various lungs diseases ,this is measured and quite matchable , in this techniques simply put observation in the paper and takes outcome , but others parameters like the quantity of smoke , number of smokes is not considerate ,

example
in clinical treatment , neurotransmitter of epinephrine and serotonin causes the depression in the person , but it is confounded whether there excess, deficiency causes particular disease . so causal relationship is not established , and what is the receptors quantity during particular disease .

another study , regarding violence in the children of seeing fighting movies , cartoon or play , some children are allowed free to act in these circumstances , observers will find some kicks , punch , knocks or other features .
true experiment
some parameters in the true experiment

control group which is withheld from change conditions , this behaves well and free from any influence

experiment group or treatment group this groups receive the treatment in the controlled condition ,

independent variable , the particular variable free to act and can be changed

dependent variable
measurable variable in the experiment , while manipulating the former

random assignment , select the unsorted and unspecified person or entity from the group to get the two groups .

in experiment two groups , and the independent variable changes and measure the dependent variable , how change or any effect come in to play

wolfer designed experiment in which systematic preparation of the children to assign with the specific influence in the depression , two groups random controlled and the experiment will put in two rooms , never interact and meet ,
1) child with jolly nature and good friendship may feel less anxiety
2) so careful separate group
3) why choose this ?
because with out control group no change can measure ,
this concludes systematic preparation reduces the anxiety in the hospitalized children

quasi experiment in which no care has been taken , naturally formed or pre existing groups , old age and young meets to take the result of habit and lunge disease, definitely , young will suffer less and teh old age people will have large influence in the problems .
it could also be a generalized factor of youth age smoking of the old people ,

I'm new in this field,
i want to ask a Question
What is the difference between Psychology school of thoughts and Perspective?

yes , school of thought and perspective is sub branch of different school , every psychological problems explain different accordingly to the school .

for example

according to functionalism , building block of the thought can express by introspection conversely , behaviorism stresses overt behavior is observable and there is no need to introspection , while psycho dynamics says , conscious and sub conscious is responsible for thoughts (regressive ) or any sub conscious

in nut shell , every school is valid and codify in daily life and disorders , but when expalining conditioning behaviorism or this perspective is give more importance than the others one.

Can we say that Perspectives are evolved from School of thoughts and when a psychologist do research on any issue he/she relate all perspectives to issue in other words he/she views that issue in all perspectives to find a result because these perspectives are evolved from school of thoughts (theories) and during research all schools have become involved indirectly.
Please correct me if i'm wrong.

yes , school of thought (any) is the foundation in psychology, condition , reinforcement is the best explain in context of behaviorism, psychological therapies are outcome of humanistic, psycho dynamics consequences, social abnormality is explained by psycho dynamics , behavior and industrial psychology , emotions by behavior , psycho dynamics, i think you get the points,