q 2 How did theorists belonging to functionalism define psychology? How did functionalism influence psychology as the science of behavioral and mental processes?



Introduction
There are some school of thoughts in Psychology, among them, the functionalism school of thought has utmost importance. As It was the second school of thought. It plays a vital role in understanding the human mental and behavioral process. As a matter of fact, it is highly based upon the functioning of human behaviour that how a human behaviour functions in certain times and environment. For instance, Human’s mind functions are diverse in favorable and unfavorable conditions, in happiness and unhappiness tendencies. However, its influences was of outstanding importance due to the behaviour and mental process under the umbrella of theorists of this school of thoutht.


Major School of Thoughts
Basically, there are five major school of thoughts in Psychology, which are Structuralism, Psychoanalysis, Behaviourism, Humanism and Cognitive Psychology respectively. Every school of thought has its own importance as per its tendency and exclusive orientations. With the advancement in science the pace of school of thoughts have been increased and till today, many school of thoughts are working for the human behaviour and mental process to make it much more easier in order to study the human mind’ functions.

Definition of Functionalism
From the word ‘Functionalism, it is very easy to define it. As a matter of fact, human mind’s functions are many in different occasions in different nature. The function of human mind in every moment in a certain way is called functionalism…


Functionalism under the umbrella of theorists
-Functionalism was devised after the first school of thought
As a matter of fact, the first school of thought was of structuralism and it was based upon the structure of mind. This school of thought broken down the mental process in different components. However, later on this school of thought was highly criticized. It wad said that structuralism was highly related to the internal behaviour. Which is not observable and even can not measurable. Therefore, the Welhelm Wunt and his partner Titcher both were criticized and the other school of thought was introduced which was Functionalism School of thought. Thus, it can be said that the functional school of thought was formed in the reaction of structuralism.

-Functionalism is based upon human mental process
Actually functionalism school of thought was influenced by the Charles Darwen and William James. As Charles Darwin had introduced that how a human behaviour changed in different environment. He worked for the birds, animals, humans behaviour and their mental process. Apart from that he explained the functions of the human behaviour broadly. Therefore, the functionalism school of thought came into contact to the researchers. And they did research regarding the function of human behaviour.


-Functionalism and mental process
Nevertheless, the theorists of this school of thought were William James, John Dewey, Harvey and others who done their work regarding the function of human behaviour. According to the John, when people are in danger their minds functioning is much different as compare to happiness or in normal mood. Similarly, when people get education, then mind approach is increased and the function of mind goes much better as compare to earlier.

Influence of Functionalism
Functionalism school of thought has an outstanding importance; this school of thought was appreciated. Infact, rather than focusing on the element of conscience functionalism focused on the purpose of consciousness behaviour. It also exposes the different behaviour to the individual tendency. And it became beneficial in educating the people. It also
Analysis

Criticism on Functionalism School of thought
After some span of time, the functionalism school of thought was criticized. Because it just mainly dependent upon function of human mental. Which indeed, can not be analyzed externally. It needs internal structures of the mind to be understood. As some times, due to angerness into the mind, human behaviour becomes changed. That is why it was criticized by the many Psychologists. Amon the Psychologists, Wundut said about Functionalism.

“It is literature, It is beautiful, but it is not Psychology”.

CONCLUSION
To the sum up, Functionalism school of thoughts has an astonishing importance. It explained the functions of human mind generally. It was the second school of thought. In the beginning there was a little advancement in the technology that is why due to lack in scientific methods it was criticized.










Please comment on my attempt. Pin point my flaws and errors. The productive criticisms are appreciable.

Check it as soon as possible so that I can attempt another one.

Thanks in anticipation...

Members where are you, @very special, sadaf and others please comment on my attempt.....

dear, you have not attempted the question properly.for schools of thought,be very careful in selecting notes or book.whichever book or notes you are following is not covering up the topic properly and completely.write about introspection method as well.

[QUOTE=sadafnoorelahi;658932]dear, however,i strongly appreciate the "criticism on functionalism " part of the question.

you have not attempted the question properly.for schools of thought,be very careful in selecting notes or book.whichever book or notes you are following is not covering up the topic properly and completely.write about introspection method as well.

q 2 How did theorists belonging to functionalism define psychology? How did functionalism influence psychology as the science of behavioral and mental processes?

comments,criticism and corrections are strongly encouraged.exclusively,this is my version of the answer.sorry i stole your quote.
Introduction
The word psychology is derived from greek “psyche” meaning mind and “ologos” “study of”.Psychology ,today, is defined as “the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes”.

Schools of thought
Different schools of thoughts have used different approaches to define psychology.the most prominent among them being structuralists, functionalists, behaviourists etc.

Functionalism
Functionalists emphasize on the function of mind and behaviour in adapting to the environment. american psychologists developed functionalism when they were oriented in the direction to develop a psychology which is “usable”.

Influence of functionalism on psychology
Functionalism school of thought derives its inspiration from Charles Darwin who defined psychology as the study of man’s adaption to environment through learning. the founders of functionalism school William james and dewey laid stress on study of what behaviour and mind can do. they conducted experiments to determine the adaptive role of mind and behaviour. instead of relying on the study of structure of mind.they conducted experiments to evaluate the adaptive role of learning,memory and problem solving to the environment.

Method of functionalism
Functionalists, like structuralists used introspection.in addition,they also used surveys and other experimental techniques. in introspection method, subjects are presented a certain stimulus and are asked to describe their feelings while trying to be as objective as possible.

Critical analysis
Functionalism school of thought is largely criticized for
• Its failure to explain consciousness
• Inability to evaluate body and mind relationship
• Use of introspection as the method lacks scientific basis
Wundt the founder of structuralism school of thought criticized the approach saying
“It is literature, It is beautiful, but it is not Psychology”.

Conclusion:
Different psychologists time and again have presented different approaches to define psychology.

@sadaf, very special a and other members

Please answer the folliwing questions which I have not understood clearly...Therefore, I have some confusions. Please answer these with examples..


Q.1: What is Conditions, its definition and examples?
Plus any two examples of classical and operant conditioning from every day life?

Q2: Difference between condition & learning? simple answer with no more than two three lines so that I can understand it..

Q:3: Difference between emotion and Motive (with examples)

Q:4: Difference between attitude and prejudice? (with examples)

Q:5: What is meaning of Stimulus and Introspection (let me know the meaning of these in urdu too, and where these words mostly are used in Psychology?


Sadaf specially I am looking forward you to answer these questions, as you are good at Psychology....Please answer these questions. These are very simple questions, but I want your answers, your views, in this way, my confidance level will be increased while attempting them.
Thanks in anticipation...

You are mashallah very crystal clear in your ideas and flow while attempting your answer... I have come to know that where I made mistakes, thanks for such a nice attempt... Your way of presentation is very nice, simple, clear and attractive as well. This is what I like to be clear in attempting. Just hit the question from head to tail. If I am checker you have 16 Marks... 4 Marks improvement is still needed, for example in your introduction and conclusion, you would have to summarize your answer. It is my way, may be I am derailed or mistaken. But your way is also a good one and clear to the point.

@sadaf and v special and others
Please attempt other questions, I shall also try to attempt all of these questions as much as I could.....

Thanks in anticipation...

@ All

Check following thread and follow the instructions. In future your chain posts will be deleted right away.

How to Quote/Multi-Quote?

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i believe it is conditioning and not condition dear.well. (if it is condition then do confirm it and please let me know too)

learning is relevant change in behaviour due to experience whereas conditioning is behaviour modification due to an association of desired behaviour with previously unrelated stimulus.

conditioning may be operent/instrumental or classical.

in classical conditioning "response to a stimulus due to an association with a stimulus capable of inducing the response" example of classical conditioning would be in clinical psychology where it might be used to develop detest for cigarette by associating it with something unpleasant, or simply advertisement. the way we attribute veet reminds us katrina kaif or jazz with ali zafar is classical conditioning.
operent conditioning directly involves a reinforcement (+ or -) such as we follow traffic rules because we are scared of challan or study so we get good marks and appreciation etc.

emotion and motive (both have similair latin origin)
emotion is a feeling which includes subjective evaluation,physiological processs and cognitive beliefs.e.g anger,happiness, sadness

motives: energiser which directs our behaviour towards a goal. primary motives (hunger,thirst,sex,pain and pleasure etc),secondary motives(achievement,selfactualization, power etc)

emotion is due to external feeling whereas motivation is due to an internal cause.
emotions can be motives but not all motives are emotions
emotion includes three components, physiological process,conscious experience, and behaviour but these are not elements for motives.

attitudes/prejudice abhe cover nai kya can't help u much in that regard.

introspection is a method used in structuralism and functionalism and some other schools as well.in this method any stimulus is show to the subject and he is asked to describe it trying his best to remain objective.
stimulus is anything which may evoke a response such as temperature,light, punch,slap .anything dear.
definitions you can get from anywhere.i just wanted to clarify the topics.

still if you have any queries,please do tell me.i am willing to help as much as i can.it will be mutually beneficial.

q.7 Define personality. Discuss the Factors in development of personality.(2011)
Introduction

The word personality is derived from latin words”per and snare” meaning “sound through”.it also has a greek origin from “persona” referring to “mask” or “veil” that greek actors often used.

Factors involved in development of personality
No two psychologists belonging to a school of thought can properly define personality or the relevance of factors in the development and grooming of personalities.while psychoanalysts emphasize on the role of childhood experience, behaviours stress upon overt behaviour. humanists focus on the importance of present situations and cognitive psychologists believe mental processes determine personalities.

Genetic factors
According to researchers, genetic factors have the largest contribution to an individual’s personality.genetics is the branch dealing with the study of hereditary characteristics I;e transfer of traits from parents to ofsprings. gene is the basic unit of inheritance. biochemistry of gene, recessiveness and dominance all play an important role in the development of personalities. Studies conducted have confirmed that individuals with criminal genetic makeup have more tendency to develop into criminal personalities.

Environmental factors
Some researchers emphasize that environmental factors are probably the major determinant of an individual’s personality. they negate the importance of genes or any other factor in the development of personality. environment may include both internal and external environment. internal environment basically refers to the environmental conditions and individual may encounter inside the womb of his mother whereas external factors will include the factors in external world.
External environmental factors Internal environmental factors
Peer pressure Nutritional health
[COLOR="rgb(139, 0, 0)"]Social groups[/COLOR] [COLOR="rgb(255, 0, 255)"]Psychological health[/COLOR]
[COLOR="rgb(139, 0, 0)"]Family environment[/COLOR] [COLOR="rgb(255, 0, 255)"]Physical health[/COLOR]
[COLOR="rgb(139, 0, 0)"]School,institutions[/COLOR] [COLOR="rgb(255, 0, 255)"] Biotic factors (oxygen,temperature etc)[/COLOR]

Be careful the environment you choose for it will shape you; be careful the friends you choose for you will become like them.
W. Clement Stone

Biological factors
Personality development and grooming is largely influenced by a number of biological factors including the hormones produced in the mind.insulin which plays a primary role as glucose regulator also ensures regulation of general activities, prolactin produced after child birth is also responsible for motherly feeling in women. Thyroid gland produces thyroxin and regulates general metabolic activities however undersecretion may result in production of lethargic, fatigued and dull personalities.

Cognitive factors
Certain researches lay a stress upon the importance of cognitions in the development of personality. Cognitive factors include thinking, attitudes, stereotypes etc .according to them, personality is the the result of uniqueness of cognitions. to them,the most important factor leading to personality development is the person himself/herself.
“Man is what he believes – believe in yourself”

Psychosocial factors
In addition to the above mentioned factors, a number of other factors also leave an indelible mark on an individual’s personality. For e.g achievement in life may cause a usually shy person to become more confident. Or any traumatic experience may cause any person to become more withdrawn and reserved.

Conclusion
Psychologists have suggested the role of number of factors in the development of personality. the fact remains, although none of the psychologists denies the importance of any of the aforementioned factors in the development of personality, they differ in the way they view the relevance of the factors.

q.7 Define personality. Discuss the Factors in development of personality.(2011)


INTRODUCTION
Personality has been one of the interesting topics when it comes to discuss among the psychologists. Every school of thought has its own tendency and way of explanation about the personality and its factors. Every school of thought presents his own views and definition. For instance, psychoanalysts give importance to childhood, the humanists ponder the contemporary conditions regarding behaviour. To the same token, cognitivists are engulfed by mental process whereas behaviorists consider observable behaviour significance.

There are diverse factors in developmenting of personality, which are as under:-

GENETIC FACTOR.
Gene is one the most important factors in developing a personality. According to psychologists, the most first and foremost factor is gene, which helps in understanding the development of personality. Genetically, people are more or less similar to their ancestors due to transmission of traits or gene from one generation to the next through the process of reproduction. In this regard, Biochemistry has proved that a person belonging to a terrorists, criminal or extremists family backgrounded, mostly is evolved in such bad deeds. Apart from that Genetical Science has also proved this thing to the great extent scientifically. Therefore, it can be said that the gene factor has utmost importance to boost ones personality. Hence it can be said that the genetic factor plays a vital role for the development of our personality. If some ones grandfather was fond of wine, fond of women or fond of killing people. Indeed, his coming generation would be like him. They will kill people; exploit the society in a bad manner and so on.


BIOLOGICAL FACTOR
After Genetic factor, there is turn of Biological Factor. It plays a vital role in creating development of human behaviour. It has outstanding importance and a great role in personality development. As per current scientist, hormones are in the body which enhance the role of development in human body and behaviour. Sexually development takes place in this regard. For instance, right after 15 years male’s moustache develop. Similarly, in age of 12 year, female’s breast began to develop. In addition to this, chemicals in our brain and hormonal secretions from the glands of our body control begaviour and existed tendency permanent and impermanent personal traits. As hormones develop in body, and Apart from that insulin also plays commendable role to develop personality.

Cognitive Factor
As far as cognitive factor is concerted, it is regarding to think about ourselves and about others. Apart from that creativity, uniqueness hopes and conception are the factors which play pretty nice role in grooming the personality.

Environmental Factor
According to the Behaviorists, the environment is a teacher which teaches us in development our personality. Besides, they do not believe in heredity or gene factors. They emphasis upon the environment and circumstances. In addition to this, this school of that has divided the environment into two categories.
1. Internal Environment
It is an environment in mother’s womb. The complexities while giving birth her baby, affects the baby in many perspective. Beside this, also mother’s nutrition, her condition of mind and thinking play vital role in the development of baby and its personality.

2. External Environment.
The most second one important factor of it is the external environment. It consists the family, neighbors, school, and religious places which affect every individual and the personality grooms to the great extent due to environment.

In this regard sociologists say: “No one is criminal, but environment and injustices makes him/her criminal”.

SOME OTHER FACTORS
Last but not the least these, there are some other factors which play remarkable role in the development of grooming ones personality. For instance, some one is fall in love, and if he/she is failed in love then he will be dishurt and his personality grooming will disturbed. Similarly, if some one has archived a great goal in his/her life, then his confidence level will increase. And his personality, indeed, will be going high figh to the rocket speed. An instance can be taken from CSS examination, most of the people could not get through but a little number of candidates manage to make it in their attempts and they are considered all in all in and intelligent people.

CONCLUSION
To the sum up, it is safe to conclude that every school of thought has its own tendency to determine the role of various factors in the development and grooming of our personality. However, the factors which have played vital role from womb to death of people are Genetic, Biological, Cognitive, environment and some other. These factors are, indeed, playing amazing role in the development and grooming our personality to the great extent.





Sadaf, special one and others, please pin point my mistakes, assess my attempt, productive suggestions...

@Sadaf,,,,, pleas assess mine, your attempt is nice one. As I said earlier mine is little different in presenting the answer. I use essay style intro to conclusion. Please suggest me whehter this style is good or the ordinary style is better one to attempt. Without Intro and conclusion...

Looking forward a productive response...

Thanks in anticipation...

dear stimulus us cheez ko boltay hain jis per insan respond ya react keray jaisay kay temperature zyada ya kum ho tu hum respond krtay hain bright light eyes per dalain tu hum respond kertay hain

introspection main hum kisi insan ko stimulus detay hain aur boltay hain k objectively feelings describe keray jaisay kay hum pen dain aur bolain kay feelings batao laikin objectively.
hopefully ab ap ko yeh samjh a gya ho ga.

personality kay question main intro acha hai.genetics dear not genetical science.
biological factor main ap ka concept theek nai hai.its not about bodily changes dear it's about personality development and grooming.environment acha cover kya hai.

i am not sure if introductioon and conclusion of optional subjects should also be attempted in essay style or not.the books i use don't do this.so i don't follow it either.hopefully,koi aur bhi is baray main views dai ga.

which book is better to cover the part of industrial psychology?
fieldman is being hard enough

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