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  #131  
Old Saturday, November 23, 2013
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Dear all
Please give your respective understanding on the concepts of development, maturation and growth. Also developmental stages with respect to nature-nurture theory as it has repeatedly come in past papers.

Thanks in anticipation
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  #132  
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Reeba Khan View Post
@ sadaf ,Nisma

Do you guys have any idea about which topics to be covered from Sheher Bano's book for paper 2?
I'm specifically asking about Bano's book as I'm already done with Feldman..
Please I need your guidance
Try analyzing past papers, then, once you open the book you will know which topics to cover.
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  #133  
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Reeba Khan View Post
@ sadaf ,Nisma

Do you guys have any idea about which topics to be covered from Sheher Bano's book for paper 2?
I'm specifically asking about Bano's book as I'm already done with Feldman..
Please I need your guidance
dear i don't have that book with me. i sold it off.so sorry can't help you in this matter.

phenom it is simply behavioural school of thought. as they say subject matter of psychology is behaviour.

i try my best to help you people but you people don't comment on my efforts.........
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  #134  
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sadafnoorelahi

I don't know what to say.. I am learning from you
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  #135  
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Originally Posted by sadafnoorelahi View Post
green boy kindly evaluate my answers and suggest suitable improvements. @ all the rest criticism,suggestions,comments are strongly encouraged.

Q: 5 “Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a form of psychotherapy and a philosophy of living created by Albert Ellis in 1950’s.” In your opinion to what extent can it be judged successful in the contemporary psychotherapies?

Psychotherapy:
non-invasive technique which presumes that psychological disturbances are a consequence of faulty behaviour and though process.
Or
Curative technique employed to minimize psychological disturbance

R.E.B.T: rational emotional behaviour therapy was introduced by albert allis. The therapy is a cognitive, emotive behavioural therapy. It uses empirical-logico system and scientific approach to understanding that nothing in the world is all sacred. It aims to help an individual to start desiring and stop demanding. It helps the individual to attempt to change that he can and to put up with that he cannot change.
Basically, albert ellis identified that sometimes when individuals are upset they self talk using irrational statements. These statements do more harm than benefit.

ABC of R.E.B.T:
Albert ellis used the concept of ABC in R.E.B.T. A is the activating factor so it is an event or any triggering factor, B are the core beliefs and C stands for the emotional upsetting consequences. Albert ellis wanted the individuals to identify that their emotional upsetting situation was not a result of A, activating factor rather it was B, their beliefs that led them from A to C.
A---B--C---D----E
Where A is activating experience
B is core beliefs
C is distressful consequence
D is disputations
E stands for the outcome and termination of the process

Core beliefs:
Core beliefs are the guidelines, rules and policies that individuals follow in their life. These core beliefs are the cause of most emotional disturbances. Some of the core beliefs are
• I cannot make mistakes
• I cannot take responsibility
• Individuals need a higher authority to assist them always
• Nothing wrong can happen with me
• I can lead the whole life without confronting troubles and problems.

Goals of R.E.B.T
• To leave the client at the end of therapy with reduction in emotional distress
• To help the client face negative aspects, situations in the life

Principles of R.E.BT:

R.E.B.T basically works on the objective of leaving the client at the end of therapy in a situation where he can make free choices of his lifestyle and behaviour. In this case, the therapist disputes an individual’s irrational beliefs and emphasizes on taking control of his life

Techniques of R.E.B.T

Cognitive therapies
These therapies are aimed at distinguishing irrational beliefs from the rational beliefs. Therapist helps the patient to dispute his irrational beliefs .

Emotive therapies:
To further help the client to dispute his irraritional beliefs, emotive techniques are employed. This includes role playing. Sometimes the therapist sets examples. In other cases he even exaggerates the client’s characteristics. In role playing an individual acts out in order to overcome the distressful situation.

Another commonly employed emotive technique is shame attack. in this case shame associated with certain behaviors is attacked in order to make the person feel confident of his moves. Sometimes, therapist makes a humor of the situation in order to help the patient overcome the stressful situation in a light mood.

Behaviour techniques:
The behaviour techniques ,often used by the therapist include mind imaging, muscle relaxation, breathing exercises. Such measures can be conducive in overcoming the stressful situation.

R.E.B.T in modern times
R.E.B.T in recent times has been used to manage depression, anxiety disorder, general stress disorders. It has also been found to be useful in resolving marital problems. In addition, adolescents can also be cured by using the therapy. The major advantage of this therapy is that it is a quick therapy and can be used for individuals as well as groups.

Criticism of R.E.B.T
• The technique has been criticized for its harsh treatment of the patient
• Often, it is humiliating experience for the clients particularly in shame attacking technique
• It cannot be used for the cure of seriously mental ill patients
• It requires cooperation from the client

Conclusion: R.EB.T of albert ellis is an important psychotherapy. It employs cognitive, emotive and behavioural techniques. It stands out among other techniques as it is fast and often efficient. However, it has been criticized for its harsh treatment and often humiliating impact on the clients.
Q5 list various therapies used in psychogical treatment and write about any two in detail.

Q6. Define therapy. List various therapies used in psychology and write about any one briefly.

Therapy : it is defined as a curative technique
Or
It may be defined as a methods employed which are aimed at relieving physical and emotional pain.
There are many types of therapies
• Art therapy
• Expressive therapy
• Group therapy
• Family therapy
• Gestalt therapy
• Humanistic therapy
• Client centrred therapy
• Psychoanalytic therapy.

Psychoanalytic therapy
Introduction: the therapy was designed by Sigmund freud. This therapy is based on the assumption that many psychological disturbances are a result of childhood experiences, mostly sexual experiences. Often, individuals are unable to recall them as they are not a part of the conscious mind. Through extensive probing, freud was able to identify the issue and then help the patient in sorting out the conflict.

Techniques
a) Free association:
In this method, the patient is asked to lie down on the couch and allow his mind to wander off freely. He is them asked to speak out whatever comes to his mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

b) Resistence: freud observed that often individuals use resistence in the process of free association as a defense mechanism. he believed that the conflict was present beneath such a resistence. Therefore, he probed further.

c) Interpretation: often psychoanalytic therapy involves interpretation of dreams and free association. The therapist then tries to give meaning to the dream or the words to understand the issue.

d) Dream analysis: freud focused a lot on dream analysis. As he believed that dream were the royal road to unconscious. In dreams there are manifest and hidden content. Freud held the view that often repressed feelings are expressed through dreams. Therefore, analysis of dreams can be beneficial in the process.

e) Transference: the most sensitive and inevitable aspect of psychoanalysis is transference. This is the condition, when the client begins to identify the therapist as his family or friend and opens up himself. This transference is very important for the process of psychoanalysis. This may be positive or negative.

In positive transference, client develops a rapport with the therapist and confides on him. In negative transference, he becomes hostile and aggressive towards the therapist.
Transference is critical for the process for if it is from the patient to the therapist it is benefial for the process, but if it vice versa then it mars the essence of the process.

f) Catharsis: after the outburst, an individual feels relaxed. This relaxation is called as the catharsis and it is the end point of the process of psychoanalysis.

g) Termination: after catharsis, the conflict is resolved. This marks the termination of the psychoanalytic process.

Advantages of the process

• The conflict can be resolved resulting in the reduction of distress
• Often, a positive relationship is built between the therapist and the client.

Criticism
Psychoanalytic method has been criticized for being very lengthy. Sometimes, the conflict may be resolved in a little time, but in other cases it may extend to weeks, months and even years. As a result, the process becomes expensive as well.
In addition, its efficiency has also been under criticism naom Chomsky has condemned the process for lacking scientific basis.
rebt clearly distinguish between the behavioral problems and emotional problems , undesirable situations , unfavorable treatment and flawed behavior are the practical problems , while anxiety , hostility , procrastination is teh emotional problem ,

when some one identifies which factor is distorting the emotions and action ,then it is easy to purge it

MUST #1 (DEMAND ON YOURSELF ) , " I AM INTELLIGENT , I HAVE TO PROVE , OTHERWISE WORTH LESS " FAIL IN ACCOMPLISHMENT CAUSES ANXIETY , DEPRESSION AND LACK OF ASSERTIVENESS
MUST # 2 (DEMANDS ON OTHERS) " HE NEED TO TREAT ME GENEROUSLY , KIND AND LOVING ." FAIL TO ACHIEVE CAUSE HOSTILITY , VIOLENCE AND RESENTMENT

MUST #3 (DEMAND ON SITUATION) " LIFE IS ALL FREE OF HASSEL , BED OF ROSES , AND CHARM " FAIL TO ACHIEVE RESULT HOPELESSNESS ,PROCRASTINATION AND ADDICTION

BUT THE ALTERNATE PREFER WILL BE AS
PREFER #1 : I WILL ACHIEVE MY GOAL , BUT IN FAILURE ACCEPT GRACEFULLY OR TRY AGAIN

PREFER # 2 OTHER WILL TAKE CARE ME , BUT I M NOT ALL UNIVERSE , I M PART OF UNIVERSE AND NO CONTROL ON OTHERS

PREFER # 3 I ACCEPT HARSH REALITIES OF LIFE , AND FACE SITUATION AS A FIGHTER ..

THIS WILL REDUCE THE ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF THIS ILLNESS AND CONTEMPORARY WORLD
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  #136  
Old Sunday, November 24, 2013
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comments, criticism and suggestions are strongly encouraged.

q.3 Discuss different viewpoints regarding abnormality.

Abnormality is defined as psychopathalogical and abnormal behaviour

Introduction
Abnormality is defined as deviation from the standard norms. abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology which deals with the abnormal behaviour. basically abnormality is a characteristic assigned to those with rare and dysfunctional conditions.

It is characterized by
a) Disability: it refers to general inability to perform some important functions of life. Not all disorders lead to disability but in certain cases, it impairs the ability of people to perform normal functions.

b) Distress: a behaviour is defined as a abnormal if it causes distress to the individual. For e.g individuals in depression and anxiety disorder experience extreme distress. However, this is not a defining factor. There are many disorder which do not lead to distress. For e.g if someone suffers from anti-social behaviour disorder, he does not experiences mental agony and distress.


c) Dysfunctional: a well known psychologist defined abnormality as a “harmful dysfunction”. this function has both subjective and objective connotation. Subjective is being harmful which is a relative terminology, whereas in objective sense it refers to the inability of an individual to perform acts he is normally used to performing.

d) Violation of norms : another way abnormality may be defined is, as a violation of norms. For e.g individuals suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder perform any task repeatedly. Similarly, schizophrenics talk to imaginary people, this too is a violation of norms.

Viewpoints related to abnormality
i) Biological: abnormality may e caused by biological causes, namely
• Genetic
• Neurotransmitter imbalance
• Injury/trauma

ii) Cognitive: sometimes abnormality is a result of improper cognitions i.e thinking , reasoning etc. such a situation is averted by the cognitive psychologists be helping the patient to think in a rational manner. In number of cases, it is paired up with behavioural therapy.

iii) Behavioural: according to behaviourists, abnormality is a result of faulty learning. According to the behaviourist therapist certain methods such as aversive techniques and conditioning may be used to improve behaviour.
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  #137  
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Quote:
Originally Posted by greenboy View Post
rebt clearly distinguish between the behavioral problems and emotional problems , undesirable situations , unfavorable treatment and flawed behavior are the practical problems , while anxiety , hostility , procrastination is teh emotional problem ,

when some one identifies which factor is distorting the emotions and action ,then it is easy to purge it

must #1 (demand on yourself ) , " i am intelligent , i have to prove , otherwise worth less " fail in accomplishment causes anxiety , depression and lack of assertiveness
must # 2 (demands on others) " he need to treat me generously , kind and loving ." fail to achieve cause hostility , violence and resentment

must #3 (demand on situation) " life is all free of hassel , bed of roses , and charm " fail to achieve result hopelessness ,procrastination and addiction

but the alternate prefer will be as
prefer #1 : I will achieve my goal , but in failure accept gracefully or try again

prefer # 2 other will take care me , but i m not all universe , i m part of universe and no control on others

prefer # 3 i accept harsh realities of life , and face situation as a fighter ..

This will reduce the associated problems in the context of this illness and contemporary world
rebt practice in contemporary wrld
rebt practice is based upon rebt theory , wher it has abc form, it refers to health promotion ,human optimization , prevention of clinicalproblems, treatment of mental disorders . The practice of the rebt immersed in psychotheraphy and clinical assessment which include ( clinical assessment , clinical conceptualization , theraputic relationship

the rebt is classified into three distinct clases of techniques , to address the problemat a , different tproblem solving techniques , decision making , social skill development , special problem solving method , while to deasl the problemat c , the spmtomatic techniques , hyponosis , muscle relaxation , ediation (mindfulness) which others coping techniques to address teh problem , in clinical problemtechniques c is targeted without concious affecting , 3) to etio ,pathogentically change , change dysfunctonal conequences into functional consequences , changing the peroblem from specific to general through (disputation , reframing) ,this cognitive restructing is logical , empiriacl , spiritual , metaphorical and behavioral , (fundamentalto not only change conscious but also unconscious beliefs )

i have figure but could not paste , due to un copy of the picture , so i will try to paste if possible , kindly evaluate these points in rebt , thanks

Last edited by greenboy; Sunday, November 24, 2013 at 09:59 AM. Reason: TRY TO ADJUST POINTS IN REBT TOPIC, THANKS
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  #138  
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@ green boy. kindly evaluate my abnormality question as well. additional viewpoints will be much appreciated
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Originally Posted by sadafnoorelahi View Post
comments, criticism and suggestions are strongly encouraged.

q.3 discuss different viewpoints regarding abnormality.

abnormality is defined as psychopathalogical and abnormal behaviour

introduction
abnormality is defined as deviation from the standard norms. Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology which deals with the abnormal behaviour. Basically abnormality is a characteristic assigned to those with rare and dysfunctional conditions.

It is characterized by
a) disability: It refers to general inability to perform some important functions of life. Not all disorders lead to disability but in certain cases, it impairs the ability of people to perform normal functions.

B) distress: a behaviour is defined as a abnormal if it causes distress to the individual. For e.g individuals in depression and anxiety disorder experience extreme distress. However, this is not a defining factor. There are many disorder which do not lead to distress. For e.g if someone suffers from anti-social behaviour disorder, he does not experiences mental agony and distress.


C) dysfunctional: a well known psychologist defined abnormality as a “harmful dysfunction”. This function has both subjective and objective connotation. Subjective is being harmful which is a relative terminology, whereas in objective sense it refers to the inability of an individual to perform acts he is normally used to performing.

D) violation of norms : another way abnormality may be defined is, as a violation of norms. For e.g individuals suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder perform any task repeatedly. Similarly, schizophrenics talk to imaginary people, this too is a violation of norms.

Viewpoints related to abnormality
i) biological: abnormality may e caused by biological causes, namely
• genetic
• neurotransmitter imbalance
• injury/trauma

ii) cognitive: sometimes abnormality is a result of improper cognitions i.e thinking , reasoning etc. Such a situation is averted by the cognitive psychologists be helping the patient to think in a rational manner. In number of cases, it is paired up with behavioural therapy.

Iii) behavioural: according to behaviourists, abnormality is a result of faulty learning. According to the behaviourist therapist certain methods such as aversive techniques and conditioning may be used to improve behaviour.
popualr view or social view of abnormality

social norms ( distinguishing between right andwrong )

violation of social norms is the un written rule that are not acceptable to the social group . In this practice behavioral is incomprehensive and threaten to the social groip

for example in the eatern europe people stands close to the stranger , pitch , voice , and talks while in uk , this is abnormal .
According to definiation , the degree to which norm is violated and thea ssociation of the particular norms to the societuy.

Limitation ,this cocept is relative and change with the time ,as it i prctice currentlya cceptable to the peopel but later it may not be acceptable due to its change
example
in two century ago in europen society peole beat the chikd due to noise , violate of code , but now it is child abuse , so take into consider this concept

statistical frequency

in this teh trait , think ,behavior that is rare and unsual statistical . One thing that is regarded a intelligence . The personal that is mental retarded above and below teh optimized and average level of intelligence ,
in contratry , thsi is not true the person with the aveage iiq is regarded as intelligence in teh society ,
surely , thsi has limitatin and eth concept of desirability and undersablityis understand

example te left handed children is regarded as te abnormal , it is oposite to teh siciety and also rare ,but in truely , no body clasify it abnormal , so the comcept of abnormality is deviant and exception exsist.

Failure to function adequately

under thsi concept the persoanl is frequently unable to cope with the day to dya demand , thsi lead to eth failure of every day routines ,
sagleman classify following failure to function frequently

maaadptiveness (self danger)

un predictable , vividness

discofort to observer

violation of social norm and standard
thsi stil ahs limitation , teh behavioal is help ful as it is describe that the iobseesive compulsive individual with eth continue hand washing gives comfort

secondly , the individual with teh malaadtiveness ahs eth good practice
smolking
alcohloic activity
deviation from the set mental health

in society theset characteristices are part of the personality and psychology , but in few cases violation may occur

these are

recogzing about self

grwoth and development

about environment

reality of peception

independence and autonomy
but if the mastery of evnvironment is unable to acomplish , still individual set inthe environment nad adjust .
So it has also limitaion
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Originally Posted by sadafnoorelahi View Post
@ green boy. Kindly evaluate my abnormality question as well. Additional viewpoints will be much appreciated
@ sadaf , as you observe fpsc has gone against the mill , the result and the paper of css-2013 is eye opening , therefore , i request from you , kindly , tell the topics specially with reference to psychology paper (incumbent ) .according to my view , paper and marking criteria wil tough , without mercy . Kindly , post teh questin te most predictable in exam.thanks.

Last edited by greenboy; Sunday, November 24, 2013 at 09:27 PM. Reason: SORRY SUGGEST TEH IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ,THANKS,
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