Let's prepare Sociology
 

You can ask any question and post material related to sociology.

[QUOTE=Saba Arif;1093041]You can ask any question and post material related to sociology.[/QUOTE]

• Write a note in detail on "Evolutionary Theory" given by Ibn-i-Khaldun.
What points would you add in this. For me, i cant seem to go beyond 3 pages in this question. Anyone shed a light.

• Ibn e khaldun but not August Comte is the founder of sociology?
Secondly, elaborate a bit.
Thanks in anticipation!

Ibn-i Khaldun
 

[QUOTE=The dream of rain;1093048]• Write a note in detail on "Evolutionary Theory" given by Ibn-i-Khaldun.
What points would you add in this. For me, i cant seem to go beyond 3 pages in this question. Anyone shed a light.
[/QUOTE]

I don't think the evolutionary theory of Khaldun is relevant to sociology. Its mainly a biological concept. Ibni-Khaldun's most lasting contribution to the field of sociology was the concept of social solidarity. He termed it as Assabiyah and later Emile Durkheim also built on the same concept to explain what pushed people to comit suicide though durkhiem called a lack of this "social solidarity" as Anomie.

Here are a few more points on Asabiyah as explained by Khaldun. It is the emotions of similarity (bonds) which keeps the people of a group united to have common actions. Gives rise to tribes and clans. Asabiyah causes fall and rise of civilizations. All civilizations have a certain sense of Asabiyah from nomads to big empires. Asabiyah is the sense of unity, group consciousness, cohesion and shared purpose.

RURAL & URBAN SOLIDARITY:
RURAL (Bedouins): Strong Asabiyah, Blood relations and purity of lineage important, Brave and generous, live in deserts or mountains (in wild), have very basic needs, hard worker, rely on nature for livelihoods.
URBAN (Haziri): Less Asabiyah, Luxurious lives, more culturally inclined, always busy in race for money and power, less time for families, live in towns and cities.

Another lasting contribution of Ibn-i-khaldun was actually a practical application of the concept of assabiyah and it was his theories on social change. He believed that the rise and fall of civilizations are natural and cyclical and are directly linked to levels of Assabiyah. Other factors like religious, economical, political are responsible as well. Societies move from simple to complex. Corruption and hunger for wealth and power weaken asabiyah while religion and good leadership improve asabiyah.

Social change stages/cycle: evolution(40 years), development(40 years), decline(40 years). He believed that a total life cycle of a civilzation is 120 years but the time span is flexible.

A simple explanation of the stages: first there are smaller tribes with very strong assabiyah (the bedouins). They win some clan wars and start to integrate and soon cities form with central administration. City-dwellers (the haziris) have considerably less assabiyah and hence corruption and greed grow. They become disorganised. Slowly this civilization(A) that has risen to this point starts to crumble and a new group of tribes or a younger civilzation (B) comes (with stronger assabiyah) and defeats the original civilzation (A). In time the civilization (B) will also become lazy and weak and will fall as well. Hence the cycle continues.

Countless examples from history have backed up this theory like the mughals, the ottomons, even the romans.

Thoughts on 2019 sociology
 

Thoughts on this paper, members?
How do u perceive this 2019 sociology paper, shed a light.

PART — II

Q. No.2
There is continuous struggle between material and non-material cultures. In this process the non-material culture lag behind the material culture and create culture lag. As a sociologist give your opinion how to fill the gap.

Q. No. 3.
'Suicide varies inversely with the degree of integration of the social group of which the individuals forms a part'. In the light of this statement, discuss Emile Durkheim theory of egoistic, altruistic, anomie and fatalistic suicide.

Q. No. 4.
How culture ethnocentrism promotes social change and maintain social order. Comment?

Q. No. 5.
Auguste Comte gives three evolutionary dimensions of society; Theologian, metaphysic and positivistic. Explain each step with cogent examples.

Q. No. 6.
Discuss in detail that how unique culture ethos are impediments in the way of social change. Explain in detail the planned social change.

Q.No.7
Evaluate Karl Marx's contribution to the concept of Alienation. Discuss different types of Alienation given by him.

Q. No.-8:
Write notes on the following (10 each)
a) Research proposal on Afghan war syndrome and its impacts on the economy of Pakistan.
b) The role of religious leaders in the integration of Pakistani society.

can anyone plz share or explain how to answer the question where they asked for research proposal in sociology exam?
i am an mphil scholar and finding this confusing because we used to write papers or articles there used to be some literature, definition (with citations), how can one write these in the a
nswer here in paper.
if someone can share some solved answer that will be more than great.

[QUOTE=AishAnwar;1115483]can anyone plz share or explain how to answer the question where they asked for research proposal in sociology exam?
i am an mphil scholar and finding this confusing because we used to write papers or articles there used to be some literature, definition (with citations), how can one write these in the a
nswer here in paper.
if someone can share some solved answer that will be more than great.[/QUOTE]

First, be specific when you are asking question about sociological research, because sometimes they ask about research methods, research design or devising specific plan to study.
Now for your question, sociological research involves certain steps, similar to your Mphil research plan, suchas: selecting a topic, defining the problem, reviewing the literature, making hypothesis, selecting a research method, collecting data and so on...
This is usually the way how sociological research is conducted. There can be other ways to answer depending on the question. Take a look at the past papers.

Hope it helps!

P.S. This present thread is inactive. Next time use this thread (below) for queries. Its active one:
[url]http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/group-vii/sociology/127859-sociology-practice-ce2021.html[/url]

[QUOTE=The dream of rain;1093048]• Write a note in detail on "Evolutionary Theory" given by Ibn-i-Khaldun.
What points would you add in this. For me, i cant seem to go beyond 3 pages in this question. Anyone shed a light.

• Ibn e khaldun but not August Comte is the founder of sociology?
Secondly, elaborate a bit.
Thanks in anticipation![/QUOTE]

Ibn-Khaldun (732-808/1332-1406)
Ibn-Khaldun has described the process of evolution like other
philosophers. According to him, the world of creation started out from
14
the minerals and progressed, in an ingenious, gradual manner, to
plants and animals. The last stage of minerals is connected with the
first stage of plants, such as herbs and seedless plants. The last stage
of plants, such as palms and vines, is connected with the first stage of
animals, such as snails and shellfish which have only the power of
touch. The word "Connection" with regard to these created things
means that the last stage of each group is fully prepared to become the
first stage of the next group.
The animal world then widens, its species become numerous,
and, in a gradual process of creation, it finally leads to man, who is
able to think and to reflect. The higher stage of man is reached from
the world of the monkeys, in which both sagacity and perception are
found, but which has not reached the stage of actual reflection and
thinking. At this stage we come to the first stage of man after (the
world of monkeys). This is as far as our (physical) observation
extends (46).
At another place Ibn Khaldun has given the detail of his
evolutionary ideas. He has tried to explain links between inorganic
matter, plants, animals and man. He thinks that the whole of existence
in (all) its simple and composite worlds are arranged in a gradual
order of ascent and descent, so that everything constitutes an
uninterrupted continuum. The essence at the end of each particular
stage of the worlds is by nature prepared to be transformed into the
essence adjacent to them, either above or below them. This is the case
with simple material elements; it is the case with palms and vines,
(which constitutes) the last stage of plants, in their relation to snails
and shellfish, (which constitute) the (lowest) stage of animals. It is
also the case with monkeys, creatures combining in themselves
cleverness and perception, in their relation to man, the being who has
the ability to think and to reflect. The preparedness for
(transformation) that exists on either side, at each stage of the worlds,
is meant when (we speak about) their connection.
Above the human world, there is a spiritual world. It is known
to us by its influence upon us, in that it gives us the powers of
perception and volition. The essences of that spiritual world are pure
perception and absolute intellection. It is the worlds of the angels.
It follows from all this that human soul must be prepared to
exchange humanity for angelicity, in order actually to become part of
the angelic species at any time, in a single instant. It will afterwards
resume its humanity (47).


I found this little piece of writing after a long search in books.
This is 18 pages Research Article and the name is "Pre-Darwinian Muslim Scholars’ Views on Evolution " by DR MUHAMMAD SULTAN SHAH

I hope it will help the aspirants. I am Sorry for the Unarranged format of the paras.Thanks