Friday, March 29, 2024
05:59 PM (GMT +5)

Go Back   CSS Forums > CSS Optional subjects > Group VII > Sociology

Sociology Notes and Topics on Sociology

Reply Share Thread: Submit Thread to Facebook Facebook     Submit Thread to Twitter Twitter     Submit Thread to Google+ Google+    
 
LinkBack Thread Tools Search this Thread
  #11  
Old Monday, January 31, 2011
samra kanwal's Avatar
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Apr 2007
Posts: 385
Thanks: 46
Thanked 276 Times in 131 Posts
samra kanwal has a spectacular aura aboutsamra kanwal has a spectacular aura about
Default

Social Mobility

Introduction



Individuals are recognized in society through the statuses they occupy and the roles they enact.
The society as well as individuals is dynamic. Men are normally engaged in endless endeavor to enhance their statuses in society, move from lower position to higher position, secure superior job from an inferior one. For various reasons people of the higher status and position may be forced to come down to a lower status and position. Thus people in society continue to move up and down the status scale. This movement is called social mobility.

The study of social mobility is an important aspect of social stratification.Infact it is an inseparable aspect of social stratification system because the nature, form, range and degree of social mobility depends on the very nature of stratification system. Stratification system refers to the process of placing individuals in different layers or strata.

According to Wallace and Wallace social mobility is the movement of a person or persons from one social status to another.W.P Scott has defined sociology as the movement of an individual or group from one social class or social stratum to another.

Types of Social Mobility

Horizontal And Vertical Social Mobility

A distinction is made between horizontal and vertical social mobility. The former refers to change of occupational position or role of an individual or a group without involving any change in its position in the social hierarchy, the latter refers essentially to changes in the position of an individual or a group along the social hierarchy. When a rural laborer comes to the city and becomes an industrial worker or a manager takes a position in another company there are no significant changes in their position in the hierarchy. Those are the examples of horizontal mobility. Horizontal mobility is a change in position without the change in statue. It indicates a change in position within the range of the same status.

It is a movement from one status to its equalivalent.But if an industrial worker becomes a businessman or lawyer he has radically changed his position in the stratification system. This is an example of vertical mobility. Vertical mobility refers to a movement of an individual or people or groups from one status to another. It involves change within the lifetime of an individual to a higher or lower status than the person had to begin with.

Forms Of Vertical Social Mobility



The vertical mobility can take place in two ways - individuals and groups may improve their position in the hierarchy by moving upwards or their position might worsen and they may fall down the hierarchy
When individuals get into seats of political position; acquire money and exert influence over others because of their new status they are said to have achieved individual mobility.

Like individuals even groups also attain high social mobility. When a dalit from a village becomes an important official it is a case of upward mobility. On the other hand an aristocrat or a member of an upper class may be dispossessed of his wealth and he is forced to enter a manual occupation. This is an example of downward mobility.

Inter-Generational Social Mobility

Time factor is an important element in social mobility. On the basis of the time factor involved in social mobility there is another type of inter-generational mobility. It is a change in status from that which a child began within the parents, household to that of the child upon reaching adulthood. It refers to a change in the status of family members from one generation to the next.

For example a farmer's son becoming an officer. It is important because the amount of this mobility in a society tells us to what extent inequalities are passed on from one generation to the next. If there is very little inter-generational mobility .inequality is clearly deeply built into the society for people' life chances are being determined at the moment of birth. When there is a mobility people are clearly able to achieve new statuses through their own efforts, regardless of the circumstances of their birth.

Intra-Generational Mobility

Mobility taking place in personal terms within the lifespan of the same person is called intra-generational mobility. It refers to the advancement in one's social level during the course of one's lifetime. It may also be understood as a change in social status which occurs within a person's adult career. For example a person working as a supervisor in a factory becoming its assistant manager after getting promotion.

Structural mobility

Structural mobility is a kind of vertical mobility. Structural mobility refers to mobility which is brought about by changes in stratification hierarchy itself. It is a vertical movement of a specific group, class or occupation relative to others in the stratification system. It is a type of forced mobility for it takes place because of the structural changes and not because of individual attempts. For example historical circumstances or labor market changes may lead to the rise of decline of an occupational group within the social hierarchy. An influx of immigrants may also alter class alignments -especially if the new arrivals are disproportionately highly skilled or unskilled.



Systems of Social Mobility


Open And Closed Systems Of Mobility


A closed system of mobility is that where norms prescribe mobility.


hierarchy. It justifies the inequality in the distribution of means of production status symbols and power positions and discourages any attempt to change them. Any attempt to bring about changes in such a system or to promote mobility is permanently suppressed.

In such a system individuals are assigned their place in the social structure on the basis of ascriptive criteria like age, birth, sex.Considerations of functional suitability or ideological notions of equality of opportunity are irrelevant in deciding the positions of individuals to different statuses. However no system in reality is perfectly close. Even in the most rigid systems of stratification limited degree of mobility exists. Traditional caste system in India is an example of closed system.

In the open system the norms prescribed and encourage mobility. There are independent principles of ranking like status, class and power. In and open system individuals are assigned to different positions in the social structure on the basis of their merit or achievement.

Open systems mobility is generally characterized with occupational diversity, a flexible hierarchy, differentiated social structure and rapidity of change. In such systems the hold of ascription based corporate groups like caste, kinship or extended family etc declines. The dominant values in such a system emphasize on equality and freedom of the individual and on change and innovation.

City and village: Continuity and change in social mobility

More striking than new opportunities for group mobility within the traditional status hierarchy has been the appearance in recent decades of new status hierarchies-new arenas for status competition. They have emerged from the impact of urbanization and westernization but are not independent of the traditional social organization in which they are based.

Urbanism is nothing new in India but rapid urbanization is new. The emergency of industrial employment, of easy communication over long distances, of increasingly efficient distribution of goods and services and of more effective centralized administration has made urban living a more accessible alternative to more people in India than ever before.

Urban life affords a measure of independence from the ties and constraints of membership in rural based social groups by granting a degree of individual anonymity and mobility quite unattainable in rural communities.Caste, religion, ritual, tradition and the social controls implicit therein are not as rigid or pervasive in the city. People are increasingly able to seek status and other rewards on an individual or small family basis largely independent of caste or the other larger social entities of which they are also a part. They do this primarily by going to the city although the values of the city also extend into the country-side and have loosened the hold of tradition even there.


According to Harold Gould industrialization brought about the transfer of specialized occupations of all kinds from the context of the kin groups to factories organized on bureaucratic principles. This meant that occupational role and role occupant would be in principle separated and that the preponderant criteria for determining occupations would be performance qualities and that economic rewards and social mobility would constitute the principle standards for evaluating the worth or the status of any given role.

Traditional status -caste status does not disappear in the city. It remains important in the most private contexts; the family and neighborhood. Some neighborhoods essentially reproduce the village setting in personnel as well as social structure; others do not.

A very large proportion of city dwellers are in close touch with their native villages. Tradition and ascription are important in the city in those relationships upon which the day to day functioning and future composition of the family depends of which the epitome is marriage. In the city primary relationships occupy a diminishing proportion of most people's time, attention and energies.

Much of the individual's interaction takes place on the basis of particular or even fragmented roles. He can often behave in a way consistent with the requirements of the situation without reference to his group membership. He is even able to pass if that is his desire by learning the superficial symbols of the status such as that of white collar worker, student, middle class householder or professional. In these statuses skill in handling the language, in pursuing the occupation or success in acquiring money or an appropriate life style may be socially recognized and rewarded irrespective of caste and family.

Contemporary urban life has available more means to mobility and suggests to those who seek it a greater likelihood of success that the highly structured closely controlled traditional village setting. Mobility occurs in all settings. Some low status groups have been victims of technological displacement with the result that their economic, political and social statuses have declined.

They drift either into the status of rural landless laborers or into unskilled urban employment, both of which are overpopulated and underpaid. The result is underemployment, unemployment, poverty and

lack of opportunity for improvement. For examples: water carriers comprise a caste whose members have been displaced in many parts of Northern India with the advent of handpumps.In some instances new occupations have been created and with them opportunities for enhancement of economic and social status thus allowing certain mobility.
__________________
consistency is key to success.
Reply With Quote
The Following 3 Users Say Thank You to samra kanwal For This Useful Post:
anum balouch (Friday, December 13, 2013), M Zahid Gondal (Tuesday, March 05, 2013), silza (Sunday, September 30, 2012)
  #12  
Old Monday, January 31, 2011
samra kanwal's Avatar
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Apr 2007
Posts: 385
Thanks: 46
Thanked 276 Times in 131 Posts
samra kanwal has a spectacular aura aboutsamra kanwal has a spectacular aura about
Default

Marriage, Family and Kinship



Marriage Types and Norms

Marriage is one of the universal social institutions established to control and regulate the life of mankind. It is closely associated with the institution of family.Infact both the institutions are complementary to each other. It is an institution with different implications in different cultures.


Its purposes, functions and forms may differ from society to society but it is present everywhere as an institution. Westermarck in 'History of Human marriage' defines marriage as the more or less durable connection between male and female lasting beyond the mere act of propagation till after the birth of offspring. According to Malinowski marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children. Robert Lowie describes marriage as a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates. For Horton and Hunt marriage is the approved social pattern whereby two or more persons establish a family.

Types of marriages

Polygyny:

It is a form of marriage in which one man marries more than one woman at a given time. It is of two types --- Sororal polygyny and non sororal polygyny

Sororal polygyny:

It is a type of marriage in which the wives are invariably the sisters. It is often called sororate.

Non-sororal polygyny:

It is a type of marriage in which the wives are not related as sisters.

Polyandry:

It is the marriage of one woman with more than one man. It is less common than polygyny. It is of two types---- Fraternal Polyandry and non fraternal polyandry.

Fraternal polyandry:

When several brothers share the same wife the practice can be called alelphic or fraternal polyandry. This practice of being mate, actual or potential to one's husband's brothers is called levirate. It is prevalent among Todas.

[B] Non - fraternal polyandry: [/B]

In this type the husband need not have any close relationship prior to the marriage. The wife goes to spend some time with each husband. So long as a woman lives with one of her husbands; the others have no claim over her.


Monogamy:
It is a form of marriage in which one man marries one woman .It is the most common and acceptable form of marriage.

Serial monogamy:

In many societies individuals are permitted to marry again often on the death of the first spouse or after divorce but they cannot have more than one spouse at one and the same time.

Straight monogamy:



In this remarriage is not allowed.

Group Marriage:

It means the marriage of two or more women with two or more men. Here the husbands are common husbands and wives are common wives. Children are regarded as the children of the entire group as a whole.



Rules of Marriage

No society gives absolute freedom to its members to select their partners. Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice.

Endogamy:

It is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected within the group. It is marriage within the group and the group may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious group etc.We have caste endogamy, class endogamy, sub caste endogamy, race endogamy and tribal endogamy etc.In caste endogamy marriage has to take place within the caste. Brahmin has to marry a Brahmin. In sub caste endogamy it is limited to the sub caste groups.

Exogamy:

It is a rule of marriage in which an individual has to marry outside his own group. It prohibits marrying within the group. The so-called blood relatives shall neither have marital connections nor sexual contacts among themselves.

Forms of exogamy:

Gotra Exogamy:
The Hindu practice of one marrying outside one's own gotra.

Pravara Exogamy: Those who belong to the same pravara cannot marry among themselves.

Village Exogamy: Many Indian tribes like Naga,Garo,Munda etc have the practice of marrying outside their village.

Pinda Exogamy
: Those who belong to the same panda or sapinda( common parentage) cannot marry within themselves.


Isogamy: It is the marriage between two equals (status)

Anisogamy: It is an asymmetric marriage alliance between two individuals belonging to different social statuses. It is of two forms - Hypergamy and Hypogamy.

superior caste or family.

Hypogamy: It is the marriage of high caste man with a low caste woman.

Orthogamy: It is the marriage between selected groups.

Cerogamy: It is two or more men get married to two or more women.

Anuloma marriage: It is a marriage under which a man can marry from his own caste or from those below, but a woman can marry only in her caste or above.

Pratiloma marriage: It is a marriage of a woman to a man from a lower caste which is not permitted.


Muslim Marriage
In the Muslim community marriage is universal for it discourages celibacy. Muslims call their marriage Nikah. Marriage is regarded not as a religious sacrament but as a secular bond. The bridegroom makes a proposal to the bride just before the wedding ceremony in the presence of two witnesses and a maulavi or kazi.The proposal is called ijab and its acceptance is called qubul.

It is necessary that both the proposal and its acceptance must take place at the same meeting to make it a sahi Nikah.It is a matter of tradition among the Muslims to have marriage among equals. Though there is no legal prohibition to contract marriage with a person of low status, such marriages are looked down upon.

The run-away marriages called kifa when the girls run away with boys and marry them on their own choice are not recognized. Marrying idolaters and slaves is also not approved. There is also provision of preferential system in mate selection. The parallel cousins and cross cousins are allowed to get married.

Marriage that is held contrary to the Islamic rules is called batil or invalid marriage.Meher or dower is a practice associated with Muslim marriage. It is a sum of money or other property which a wife is entitled to get from her husband in consideration of the marriage.

Muta is a special type of marriage for pleasure which is for a specified period only.Iddat is the period of seclusion for three menstrual periods for a woman after the death /divorce by her husband to ascertain whether she is pregnant or not. Only after this period she can remarry.

Muslim marriage can be dissolved in the following ways:

Divorce as per the Muslim law but without the intervention of the court: They are of two types-Kula where divorce is initiated at the instance of the wife and Mubarat where initiative may come either from the wife or from the husband.

Talaq represents one of the ways according to which a Muslim husband can give divorce to his wife as per the Muslim law by repeating the dismissal formula thrice. The talaq may be affected either orally by making some pronouncements or in writing by presenting talaqnama.

Divorce as recognized by Shariah Act 1937 provides for three forms of divorce:Illa,Zihar and Lian.There is also provision of divorce as per the Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act 1939.
__________________
consistency is key to success.
Reply With Quote
The Following 3 Users Say Thank You to samra kanwal For This Useful Post:
anum balouch (Friday, December 13, 2013), Farrah Zafar (Monday, January 31, 2011), M Zahid Gondal (Tuesday, March 05, 2013)
  #13  
Old Monday, January 31, 2011
samra kanwal's Avatar
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Apr 2007
Posts: 385
Thanks: 46
Thanked 276 Times in 131 Posts
samra kanwal has a spectacular aura aboutsamra kanwal has a spectacular aura about
Default

Family

The family forms the basic unit of social organization and it is difficult to imagine how human society could function without it. The family has been seen as a universal social institution an inevitable part of human society.

According to Burgess and Lock the family is a group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption constituting a single household interacting with each other in their respective social role of husband and wife, mother and father, brother and sister creating a common culture.

G.P Murdock defines the family as a social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one or more children own or adopted of the sexually co-habiting adults.

Nimkoff says that family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without child or of a man or woman alone with children. According to Maclver family is a group defined by sex relationships sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children.Kingsley Davis describes family as a group of persons whose relations to one another are based upon consanguinity and who are therefore kin to one another.

Malinowski opined that the family is the institution within which the cultural traditions of a society is handed over to a newer generation. This indispensable function could not be filled unless the relations to parents and children were relations reciprocally of authority and respect. According to Talcott Parsons families are factories which produce human personalities.


Main characteristics of family


Universality:


There is no human society in which some form of the family does not appear.Malinowski writes the typical family a group consisting of mother, father and their progeny is found in all communities,savage,barbarians and civilized. The irresistible sex need, the urge for reproduction and the common economic needs have contributed to this universality



emotional basis:

The family is grounded in emotions and sentiments. It is based on our impulses of mating, procreation, maternal devotion, fraternal love and parental care. It is built upon sentiments of love, affection, sympathy, cooperation and friendship.

Limited size:

The family is smaller in size. As a primary group its size is necessarily limited. It is a smallest social unit.

Formative influence:

The family welds an environment which surrounds trains and educates the child. It shapes the personality and moulds the character of its members. It emotionally conditions the child.

Nuclear position in the social structure:


The family is the nucleus of all other social organizations. The whole social structure is built of family units.

Responsibility of the members:

The members of the family has certain responsibilities, duties and obligations.Maclver points out that in times of crisis men may work and fight and die for their country but they toil for their families all their lives.

Social regulation:

The family is guarded both by social taboos and by legal regulations. The society takes precaution to safeguard this organization from any possible breakdown.

Types and forms of the family

On the basis of marriage, family has been classified into three major types:

• Polygamous or polygynous family

• Polyandrous family On the basis of the nature of residence family can be classified into three main forms.

• Family of matrilocal residence

• Family of patrilocal residence

• Family of changing residence

On the basis of ancestry or descent family can be classified into two main types

• Matrilineal family

• Patrilineal family

On the basis of size or structure and the depth of generations family can be classified into two main types.

• Nuclear or the single unit family

• Joint family

On the basis of the nature of relations among the family members the family can be classified into two main types.

• The conjugal family which consists of adult members among there exists sex relationship.

• Consanguine family which consists of members among whom there exists blood relationship- brother and sister, father and son etc
__________________
consistency is key to success.
Reply With Quote
The Following 3 Users Say Thank You to samra kanwal For This Useful Post:
anum balouch (Friday, December 13, 2013), Farrah Zafar (Monday, January 31, 2011), M Zahid Gondal (Tuesday, March 05, 2013)
  #14  
Old Monday, January 31, 2011
samra kanwal's Avatar
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Apr 2007
Posts: 385
Thanks: 46
Thanked 276 Times in 131 Posts
samra kanwal has a spectacular aura aboutsamra kanwal has a spectacular aura about
Default

Kinship

Kinship is the relation by the bond of blood, marriage and includes kindered ones. It represents one of the basic social institutions. Kinship is universal and in most societies plays a significant role in the socialization of individuals and the maintenance of group solidarity. It is very important in primitive societies and extends its influence on almost all their activities.A.R Radcliffe Brown defines kinship as a system of dynamic relations between person and person in a community, the behavior of any two persons in any of these relations being regulated in some way and to a greater or less extent by social usage.

Affinal and Consanguineous kinship

Relation by the bond of blood is called consanguineous kinship such as parents and their children and between children of same parents. Thus son, daughter, brother, sister, paternal uncle etc are consanguineous kin. Each of these is related through blood. Kinship due to marriage is affinal kinship. New relations are created when marriage takes place. Not only man establishes relationship with the girl and the members of her but also family members of both the man and the woman get bound among themselves. Kinship includes Agnates (sapindas, sagotras); cognates (from mother's side) and bandhus (atamabandhus, pitrubandhus, and matrubandhus).

Descent

A descent group is any social group in which membership depends on common descent from a real or mythical ancestor. Thus a lineage is a unilineal descent group in which membership may rest either on matrilineal descent (patrilineage) or on matrilineal descent (matrilineage). In a cognatic descent, all descendants of an ancestor\ancestress enjoy membership of a common descent group by virtue of any combination of male or female linkages. However, cognatic descent is sometimes used synonymously with either 'bilateral' or 'consanguine descent.

A clan is a unilineal descent groups the members of which may claim either partilineal (Patriclan) or matrilineal descent (Matriclan) from a founder, but do not know the genealogical ties with the ancestor\ancestress. A phratry is a grouping of clans which are related by traditions of common descent. Mythical ancestors are thus common in clans and phratries. Totemic clans, in which membership is periodically reinforced by common rituals such as sacred meals, have been of special interest to social anthropologists and sociologists of religion. Where the descent groups of a society are organized into two main divisions, these are known as moieties (halves). The analysis of descent groups is crucial for any anthropological study of pre-industrial society, but in most Western industrial societies the principle of descent is not prominent and descent groups are uncommon.


Primary, secondary and tertiary kins

Primary kins:

Every individual who belong to a nuclear family finds his primary kins within the family. There are 8 primary kins- husband-wife, father-son, mother-son, father-daughter, mother-daughter, younger brother-elder brother, younger sister-elder sister and brother-sister.
Secondary kins:

Outside the nuclear family the individual can have 33 types of secondary relatives. For example mother's brother, brother's wife, sister's husband, father's brother.

Tertiary kins:

Tertiary kins refer to the secondary kins of our primary kins.For example wife's brother's son, sister's husband's brother and so on. There are 151 types of tertiary kins.

Kinship Usages:

Kinship usages or the rules of kinship are significant in understanding kinship system. They serve two main purposes:

• They create groups or special groupings or kin. For example- family extended family, clan etc.

• Kinship rules govern the role of relationships among the kins.

Kinship usage provides guidelines for interaction among persons in these social groupings. It defines proper and acceptable role relationships. Thus it acts as a regulator of social life. Some of these relationships are: avoidance, teknonymy, avunculate, amitate, couvades and joking relationship.
__________________
consistency is key to success.
Reply With Quote
The Following 5 Users Say Thank You to samra kanwal For This Useful Post:
anum balouch (Friday, December 13, 2013), Farrah Zafar (Monday, January 31, 2011), Hamidullah Gul (Tuesday, December 06, 2011), M Zahid Gondal (Tuesday, March 05, 2013), mohsin sain (Thursday, January 26, 2012)
  #15  
Old Monday, January 31, 2011
samra kanwal's Avatar
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Apr 2007
Posts: 385
Thanks: 46
Thanked 276 Times in 131 Posts
samra kanwal has a spectacular aura aboutsamra kanwal has a spectacular aura about
Default

Things to Remember

• A person referred to as the parent of his or her child indicates the practice of Teknonymy.
• Rivers has given the explanation of kinship terms referring to social usages which are antecedent to their use.
• The residence rule which gives choice to the newly -weds to live with the parents of either the groom or the bride is known as biolocal.
• When both patrilineal and matrilineal rules apply jointly it is called double descent.
• Rivers has defined the clan as an exogamous division of tribe.
• Social recognition is important in determining consanguineous kinship.
• In double descent system one inherits fathers' patrilineal relatives and mother's matrilineal relatives.
• Maclver said that kinship creates society and society creates the state.
• Weiser stressed that clan is usually associated with totemism.
• Levi Strauss has regarded preferential mating as a device for strengthening group solidarity.
• Westermarck has written the history of human marriage.
• Westermarck has listed various causes of polygyny including variety of women.
• Murdock has distinguished between the family of orientation and the family of procreation.
• Morgan suggested historical evolution of the form of marriage and family.
• Tribes such as Mundas and Nagas do not permit marriage between persons from the same village.
• According to Westermarck marriage is itself rooted in the family rather than family in marriage.
• According to D.N Majumdar the Hindu society presently recognizes only two forms of marriage the Brahma and Asura.
• A Tarawad splits into smaller units called Tavazhis.
• When one becomes the member of the consanguineal relatives of both father and mother, it is known as bilateral descent.
• The rule of residence generally followed in India is patrilocal.
• When not mutual, a joking relationship assumes the form of social control.
• Where father's sister is given more respect than the mother the relationship is called amitate.
• Neolocal rule of residence is generally followed in western countries.
• People bond together in groups based on reproduction refers to kinship.
• Experimental marriage is known as privileged relationship.
• Marriage of one man with a woman and her several sisters are called sororal polygamy.
• The marriage of a Hindu is illegal if his or her spouse is alive. This restriction is according to Hindu Marriage Act.
• Marriage of a man of high caste with a woman of lower caste is called Anuloma marriage.
• Levi Strauss believed that no society was perfectly unilineal.
• Radcliff Brown introduced the term lineage group to designate the living members of a group.
• Morgan believed the earliest form of kin group to be the clan.
• Rivers has listed belief in common descent and possession of a common totem as characterizing a clan.
• Murdock has called the clan a compromise kin group.
• Radcliffe Brown defines sib as a consanguineous group not sharing a common residence.
• Horton and Hunt described the marriage as the approved social pattern whereby two or more persons establish a family.
• A nomenclature of the family function is symbolic of system to reckoning descent.
__________________
consistency is key to success.
Reply With Quote
The Following 7 Users Say Thank You to samra kanwal For This Useful Post:
ahmed470 (Tuesday, February 01, 2011), anum balouch (Friday, December 13, 2013), Hamidullah Gul (Tuesday, December 06, 2011), M Zahid Gondal (Tuesday, March 05, 2013), Malik Ubaidullah (Wednesday, February 20, 2013), shahzad123 (Tuesday, December 06, 2011), SuperNova (Saturday, December 20, 2014)
  #16  
Old Monday, January 31, 2011
samra kanwal's Avatar
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Apr 2007
Posts: 385
Thanks: 46
Thanked 276 Times in 131 Posts
samra kanwal has a spectacular aura aboutsamra kanwal has a spectacular aura about
Default

CAN anybody convert the above all notes in PDF form and then post to this forum??
__________________
consistency is key to success.
Reply With Quote
The Following 3 Users Say Thank You to samra kanwal For This Useful Post:
Malik Ubaidullah (Wednesday, February 20, 2013), successor (Tuesday, December 06, 2011), uroojz (Monday, February 14, 2011)
  #17  
Old Tuesday, February 01, 2011
ahmed470's Avatar
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Dec 2009
Location: Lahore/Islamabad
Posts: 124
Thanks: 130
Thanked 306 Times in 45 Posts
ahmed470 will become famous soon enough
Default

These are just the notes posted by Samra Kanwal. All credits goes to her. I just compiled them in a single pdf file.
Sociology Notes
and if the above link doesnt work then try
Sociology - notes.pdf
__________________
A clean dwelling place is the sign of a disturbed mind.
Reply With Quote
The Following 8 Users Say Thank You to ahmed470 For This Useful Post:
anum balouch (Friday, December 13, 2013), mohsin sain (Thursday, January 26, 2012), samra kanwal (Wednesday, February 02, 2011), shahzad123 (Tuesday, December 06, 2011), successor (Tuesday, December 06, 2011), SuperNova (Saturday, December 20, 2014), syeda bia (Thursday, March 21, 2013), uroojz (Monday, February 14, 2011)
  #18  
Old Tuesday, February 08, 2011
Mehrankhan's Avatar
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Aug 2010
Location: Hyderabad
Posts: 228
Thanks: 48
Thanked 102 Times in 67 Posts
Mehrankhan will become famous soon enough
Default

Salam,, can you people arrange solved mcqs at one place of sociology?
Reply With Quote
  #19  
Old Tuesday, February 08, 2011
samra kanwal's Avatar
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Apr 2007
Posts: 385
Thanks: 46
Thanked 276 Times in 131 Posts
samra kanwal has a spectacular aura aboutsamra kanwal has a spectacular aura about
Default

Quote:
Originally Posted by Mehrankhan View Post
Salam,, can you people arrange solved mcqs at one place of sociology?
read it out

http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optio...cal-terms.html

http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optio...bjectives.html
__________________
consistency is key to success.
Reply With Quote
The Following 6 Users Say Thank You to samra kanwal For This Useful Post:
ahmed470 (Wednesday, February 09, 2011), engraj (Wednesday, February 20, 2013), Roha Mustafa (Wednesday, December 21, 2011), romeo tango (Monday, February 18, 2013), shahzad123 (Tuesday, December 06, 2011), successor (Tuesday, December 06, 2011)
  #20  
Old Tuesday, February 08, 2011
YOUNIS MARRI's Avatar
Senior Member
 
Join Date: Mar 2010
Location: MARRI Tribal Agency KOHLU
Posts: 219
Thanks: 43
Thanked 257 Times in 117 Posts
YOUNIS MARRI will become famous soon enough
Default

nice work samra, keep it up, now do same for journalism
__________________
"MAST TAUKALI ae DUA"
Reply With Quote
Reply

Thread Tools Search this Thread
Search this Thread:

Advanced Search

Posting Rules
You may not post new threads
You may not post replies
You may not post attachments
You may not edit your posts

BB code is On
Smilies are On
[IMG] code is On
HTML code is Off
Trackbacks are On
Pingbacks are On
Refbacks are On


Similar Threads
Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post
What Sociology is...? Miss_Naqvi Sociology 2 Tuesday, March 30, 2021 10:30 AM
Sociology Notes Ahmed Ali Shah Sociology 3 Tuesday, October 17, 2017 11:01 PM
Sociology Notes moonsalpha Sociology 8 Thursday, May 05, 2016 01:20 AM
Social Studies an overview Naseer Ahmed Chandio Sociology 1 Thursday, August 26, 2010 09:19 PM


CSS Forum on Facebook Follow CSS Forum on Twitter

Disclaimer: All messages made available as part of this discussion group (including any bulletin boards and chat rooms) and any opinions, advice, statements or other information contained in any messages posted or transmitted by any third party are the responsibility of the author of that message and not of CSSForum.com.pk (unless CSSForum.com.pk is specifically identified as the author of the message). The fact that a particular message is posted on or transmitted using this web site does not mean that CSSForum has endorsed that message in any way or verified the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any message. We encourage visitors to the forum to report any objectionable message in site feedback. This forum is not monitored 24/7.

Sponsors: ArgusVision   vBulletin, Copyright ©2000 - 2024, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.