Assala-malikum all, mods, seniors n juniors!

Please share the links about Ibn-Khaldun theories;

About " Evolutionary Theory given by Ibn-i-Khaldun.

Social Solidarity Theory given by Ibn-Khaldun.

Thx in Adv

http://www.khalidzaheer.com/essays/o..._khuldoon.html

http://creative.sulekha.com/asabiya-...un_218488_blog

http://cis-ca.org/voices/k/khaldun_mn.htm


I hope this would suffice.

__________________
Ahmad Shakeel Babar
.
"If you really want to achieve something the whole universe conspires for you to get your dream realized."

Ibn-Khaldun (732-808/1332-1406)
Ibn-Khaldun has described the process of evolution like other
philosophers. According to him, the world of creation started out from
14
the minerals and progressed, in an ingenious, gradual manner, to
plants and animals. The last stage of minerals is connected with the
first stage of plants, such as herbs and seedless plants. The last stage
of plants, such as palms and vines, is connected with the first stage of
animals, such as snails and shellfish which have only the power of
touch. The word "Connection" with regard to these created things
means that the last stage of each group is fully prepared to become the
first stage of the next group.
The animal world then widens, its species become numerous,
and, in a gradual process of creation, it finally leads to man, who is
able to think and to reflect. The higher stage of man is reached from
the world of the monkeys, in which both sagacity and perception are
found, but which has not reached the stage of actual reflection and
thinking. At this stage we come to the first stage of man after (the
world of monkeys). This is as far as our (physical) observation
extends (46).
At another place Ibn Khaldun has given the detail of his
evolutionary ideas. He has tried to explain links between inorganic
matter, plants, animals and man. He thinks that the whole of existence
in (all) its simple and composite worlds are arranged in a gradual
order of ascent and descent, so that everything constitutes an
uninterrupted continuum. The essence at the end of each particular
stage of the worlds is by nature prepared to be transformed into the
essence adjacent to them, either above or below them. This is the case
with simple material elements; it is the case with palms and vines,
(which constitutes) the last stage of plants, in their relation to snails
and shellfish, (which constitute) the (lowest) stage of animals. It is
also the case with monkeys, creatures combining in themselves
cleverness and perception, in their relation to man, the being who has
the ability to think and to reflect. The preparedness for
(transformation) that exists on either side, at each stage of the worlds,
is meant when (we speak about) their connection.
Above the human world, there is a spiritual world. It is known
to us by its influence upon us, in that it gives us the powers of
perception and volition. The essences of that spiritual world are pure
perception and absolute intellection. It is the worlds of the angels.
It follows from all this that human soul must be prepared to
exchange humanity for angelicity, in order actually to become part of
the angelic species at any time, in a single instant. It will afterwards
resume its humanity (47).


I found this little piece of writing after a long search in books.
This is 18 pages Research Article and the name is "Pre-Darwinian Muslim Scholars’ Views on Evolution " by DR MUHAMMAD SULTAN SHAH

I hope it will help the aspirants. I am Sorry for the Unarranged format of the paras.Thanks