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Theories by Khaldun
Assala-malikum all, mods, seniors n juniors!
Please share the links about Ibn-Khaldun theories; About " Evolutionary Theory given by Ibn-i-Khaldun. Social Solidarity Theory given by Ibn-Khaldun. Thx in Adv |
#2
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Quote:
http://www.khalidzaheer.com/essays/o..._khuldoon.html http://creative.sulekha.com/asabiya-...un_218488_blog http://cis-ca.org/voices/k/khaldun_mn.htm I hope this would suffice.
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Quote:
Ibn-Khaldun has described the process of evolution like other philosophers. According to him, the world of creation started out from 14 the minerals and progressed, in an ingenious, gradual manner, to plants and animals. The last stage of minerals is connected with the first stage of plants, such as herbs and seedless plants. The last stage of plants, such as palms and vines, is connected with the first stage of animals, such as snails and shellfish which have only the power of touch. The word "Connection" with regard to these created things means that the last stage of each group is fully prepared to become the first stage of the next group. The animal world then widens, its species become numerous, and, in a gradual process of creation, it finally leads to man, who is able to think and to reflect. The higher stage of man is reached from the world of the monkeys, in which both sagacity and perception are found, but which has not reached the stage of actual reflection and thinking. At this stage we come to the first stage of man after (the world of monkeys). This is as far as our (physical) observation extends (46). At another place Ibn Khaldun has given the detail of his evolutionary ideas. He has tried to explain links between inorganic matter, plants, animals and man. He thinks that the whole of existence in (all) its simple and composite worlds are arranged in a gradual order of ascent and descent, so that everything constitutes an uninterrupted continuum. The essence at the end of each particular stage of the worlds is by nature prepared to be transformed into the essence adjacent to them, either above or below them. This is the case with simple material elements; it is the case with palms and vines, (which constitutes) the last stage of plants, in their relation to snails and shellfish, (which constitute) the (lowest) stage of animals. It is also the case with monkeys, creatures combining in themselves cleverness and perception, in their relation to man, the being who has the ability to think and to reflect. The preparedness for (transformation) that exists on either side, at each stage of the worlds, is meant when (we speak about) their connection. Above the human world, there is a spiritual world. It is known to us by its influence upon us, in that it gives us the powers of perception and volition. The essences of that spiritual world are pure perception and absolute intellection. It is the worlds of the angels. It follows from all this that human soul must be prepared to exchange humanity for angelicity, in order actually to become part of the angelic species at any time, in a single instant. It will afterwards resume its humanity (47). I found this little piece of writing after a long search in books. This is 18 pages Research Article and the name is "Pre-Darwinian Muslim Scholars’ Views on Evolution " by DR MUHAMMAD SULTAN SHAH I hope it will help the aspirants. I am Sorry for the Unarranged format of the paras.Thanks |
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