Originally Posted by Leo KIng

I have also heard the same by renowned English Professors that drawing maps or flow charts in essay paper is the huge blunder on the part of candidates. Even headings are not allowed in essay writing.

Originally Posted by adan zahra

yeah headings are not allowed, but i thought maps are something different

Originally Posted by Leo KIng

Headings as well as flow charts are strictly prohibited. But it doesn't mean that examiner will just fail you on the basis of maps. If your overall essay meets the rquirement of topic and you have justified your topic in a well manner, you will certainly get through it.
Best of luck.

Originally Posted by strategic

In my opinion you have done very well and you will secure good marks in essay. Now focus on rest of the papers

Originally Posted by ERUDITE5

My outline for global warming essay.

Introduction.
1. Global warming is a serious threat. It is, not only, a threat to humanity. It is also a threat to flora and fauna. It is the result of insatiable greed of man who has failed to exploit the nature appropriately.
2. The threat of global warming can be gauged by its manifestations which have become reality.
Thesis statement.
Through coherent and expansive environment policies the threat of global warming can be assauged.

Global warming has become a serious threat and following are it's manifestations:
1. Increase in earth average temperature since industrial revolution.
2. Melting of permafrost and glaciers which has endangered the lives of many creatures.
3. Acidification of oceans and the fate of coral reefs.
4. Rise in sea level.
5. Change in demography and topography.
6. Change in climate patterns and world has become prone to hurricanes and natural disasters.
7. It has resulted in drought and issue of water scarcity.
8. It has contributed in vector borne diseases.
9. Food insecurity.
10. Extinction of many species in arctic zone.

Causes of global warming.
1. Increase use of fossil fuels and rise in GHGs.
2. Solar activity.
3. Urban sprawling and increase in human population.
4. Economic nationalism.
5. Failure of the states to conform to international protocols
A. Kyoto protocol
B. Copenhagen
C. Rio conferences

Ways to counter the threat:
1. All the states should conform to the Paris accord.
2. Renewable resources should be employed.
3. Afforestation programmes should be initiated as in pakistan 2012 forest policy aims to prevent this issue.
4. Energy efficient vehicles to be made.
5. Car emission tax should be enforced.
6. Decisive rules to be made and global powers should actively participate.
7. The government should follow its climate policy 2013 in its true letter and spirit.
8. Civil societies and green political parties should actively participate.
9. Media and educational institutions should also take an active role.

Conclusion.

Originally Posted by Topgun

• Introduction
• Phenomenon of global warming:
1.Earth goes through a cycle of warming and cooling (Process of warming).
2. Pre-industrial era saw a balance of this cycle.
3. Industrial revolution followed by massive industrialization, over reliance on hydro-carbons, influx of greenhouse gasses as a result average global temperature started to increase. (Heat trapped by ghgs).
• (Threats) A. Implications for the natural systems
Rise in global average temperature resulting in:
1.Melting of ice caps (polar/glaciers)
2.Increse in sea level
3. Influx of cool water in seas, disruption of thermohaline(oceanic currents)
4. Abnormal weather events (Disruption in monsoon, rain patterns, LA NINA, EL NINO)
5. Drought ,depletion of water resources, ground water resources.
6. Changes in the chemistry of soil, moisture, ph value (perma frost etc).
7. Process of desertification.
8.ozone depletion
9.bio diversity.
• Social Implications(Threats)
Global warming acting as a root cause / catalyst for global turmoil.
1. Food insecurity(reasons mentioned above, examples quoted Darfur , south sudan,other).
2. Malnutrition
3. Spread of diseases (water Bourne diseases)
4. Spread of poverty , third world with weak economies , huge populations finding it difficult to deal with these crisis.
5. Mass migrations, (reasons mentioned above)(refugee, Tdps etc)(examples )
6.Pressure on urban areas, rise of slums
7.Human rights - marginalized segments getting exploited, spike in criminal activities,lack of jobs, non state actors , violence,terrorism.
8.Demographic change leading to violence(populist movements in europe)
9.Wars ,rising tensions(water war ,indo pak, Egypt ethopia sudan,turk,Iraq ,iran, Jordan Israel ets).
10.Economic impact(dilemma for poor nations who are facing the full brunt of global warming even though their share of emissions are negligible compared to developed world).

• Slow response :World has been slow to realize about the magnanimity of the issue owing to the fact that:
1. Changes due to global warming are intangible, human psychology – threats that are tangible such as terrorism get amplified , traditionally get more importance.(example of a case study conducted by PEW research was given).
2. Recent natural disasters a change in thinking was observed

• Great Awakening (Ways to counter it)
1. Global level initiatives.
a.UN led initiatives
Rio summit(including others)

Different accords copen hagen ,Kyoto ,bonn , paris (long list,I have forgotten the order ), carbon ratings , emission quota etc ,
MDG,SDG

2. State level initiatives.
Legislations,public-private partnerships
Renewable energy
Tax rebates
Conservation efforts
Shift in economic structure , right now consumerism which aids in warming(book reference)
Recycling
Public transport
Awareness campaigns
3. Individual level
Changing life style
Habbits
Preferences
4. Role of industry
5. Role of media
6. Research and development
Latest technologies/trends:
Eg(combined cycle plants, plasma reactors etc)
• Conclusion
various examples were quoted.(ipcc reports, country profile etc. Unfortunately I am finding it hard to recall them.)

Originally Posted by Bakr

How much did you score in this Essay?

Originally Posted by ERUDITE5

I have cleared the exam.

Originally Posted by Bakr

Wow man. Wonderful! Congratulations