NOTE: Attempt any five questions including Question No. 8 which is compulsory. All questions carry equal marks.

1. Logic deals with arguments and inferences. Discuss

2. What is syllogism? Explain rules of valid syllogism.

3. How are ambiguity and emotive use of language impediments in clear thinking? Discuss.

4. What is a fallacy? Briefly explain various logical fallacies.

5. What is the value of use of symbols in logic? Explain.

6. What is the name of scientific theory? Discuss in detail the scientific method.

7. Briefly examine Muslim’s contribution in logic with special reference to Abn Tamiya.


8. Write only the correct answer in the Answer Book. Do not reproduce the questions.

(1) Which of the following two arguments characterize deductive reasoning?
(a) If all the premises are true, conclusion must be true.
(b) If all the premises are true, the conclusion is only probably true.

(2) Is the conclusion of the following arguments true or false?
(a) All diamonds are hard? (true)
(b) Some diamonds are gems? (true)
(c) All gems are hard? (true/false)

(3) Write down a conditional (hypothetical) statement, identifying clearly which of the parts is called the antecedent and which the consequence.

(4) What the following forms of arguments signify? Either I plead guilty or I plead not guilty, if I plead guilty them, I must pay a fine 100 rupees for an offence I did not commit. If I plead not guilty, then, I must spend the whole day in court.
(a) Reduction ad absurdum
(b) The Dilemma
(c) Categorical syllogism
(d) None of these

(5) An argument based upon a comparison between objects of two different types is called:
(a) Induction by simple enumeration
(b) Analogy
(c) Casual argument
(d) Colligation of facts
(e) None of these

(6) What type of definition is this?
“A politician is one who takes interest in politics.”
(a) Wide
(b) Circular
(c) Narrow
(d) Metaphorical
(e) None of these

(7) If two statements are related, in such a way that if one of them is true, the other must be false and vice verse, what type of relation holds between the two?
(a) Contradiction
(b) Contrariness
(c) Implication
(d) None of these

(8) When a hypothesis explains an event with reference to its cause, it is called:
(a) Working Hypothesis
(b) Descriptive Hypothesis
(c) Explanatory Hypothesis
(d) Legitimate Hypothesis
(e) None of these

(9) Name any two Muslim Logicians, who, it is claimed, have refuted Greek logic.

(10) Name any two modern Logicians.

NOTE: Attempt any five questions including Question No. 8 which is compulsory. All questions carry equal marks.

1. Critically examine verifiability criterion of meaning as expounded by logical positivism.

2. “Existence precedes essence,” claimed J. P. Sartre. Discuss in the context of 20th century existentialist thought.

3. State and explain dialectical materialism as a philosophy theory.

4. Explain and assess Al-Farabi’s doctrine of form.

5. Briefly explain the salient features of Ibn Sina’s philosophy.

6. Explain and evaluate the main points of difference between the Mutazilites and Asharites.

7. Elucidate and assess Iqbal’s position on Sufism.


8. Write only the correct answer in the Answer Book. Do not reproduce the questions.

(1) The decision that only what is mental exists and the physical things are manifestation of mind is called:
(a) Vitalism
(b) Neo-Platonism
(c) Idealism
(d) Existential
(e) None of these

(2) A theory of justification according to which a belief may be accepted as true if it work, is:
(a) Programmatic theory of truth
(b) Coherence theory of truth
(c) Rationalism
(d) None of these

(3) Esse est Percipi (to be is to be perceived) is the basis of philosophy of:
(a) Jean Paul Sortee
(b) Rene Descartes
(c) George Berkeley
(d) David Hume
(e) None of these

(4) One of the following books was written by the famous existentialist Martin Heidegger, which one?
(a) Being and Time
(b) Being and Nothingness
(c) Either
(d) The Rebel
(e) None of these

(5) The statement that “History is the result of productive activity in interplay with social relationship” defines the term.
(a) Dialectical process
(b) Productive relations
(c) Historical process
(d) Class Struggle
(e) None of these

(6) Exponents of which of the following schools of Muslim theology were considered “rationalists par excellence”?
(a) Mutazilism
(b) Asharism
(c) Sufism
(d) None of these

(7) Who declared Alchemy as imposture?
(a) Al Kindi
(b) Al Farabi
(c) Al Ghazali
(d) Ibn Sina
(e) None of these

(8) Who wrote “Muqaddimah”, the epoch making book on History?
(a) Al-Farabi
(b) Ibn Sina
(c) Ibn Rushd
(d) Ibn Khaldoon
(e) None of these

(9) Who started the famous periodical Tahdhibal Akhlaq?
(a) Shah Wali Ullah
(b) Ahmed Sirhandi
(c) Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan
(d) Iqbal
(e) None of these

(10) “Development of Metaphyscial in Persia” was Iqbal’s:
(a) Collection of lectures
(b) A book written in Persian language.
(c) Ph.D Thesis
(d) Un-published research pages
(e) None of these

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