NOTE: (i) Attempt FIVE questions in all including question No. 8 which is compulsory. All questions carry EQUAL marks.
(ii) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the attempted question will not be considered
(iii) Candidate must draw two straight lines (==================) at the end to separate each question attempted in Answer Books.

1. When and how the Plate Tectonic Theory was established? Describe various layers of Earth with their characteristics.

2. How many kinds of Geomorphic Cycles are possible? Discuss process of chemical weathering in detail.

3. Describe various kinds of primary sedimentary structures and their role in identification of top and bottom of a Bed surface.

4. What is the importance of Fossils in Geology? Describe various processes of fossilization.

5. Enlist generalized succession of Paleozoic Era found in Salt Range and discuss the regional Unconformities established in Indus Basin of Pakistan.

6. Describe various Crystal System briefly and give examples of two minerals at least for each system.

7. Differentiate between Plutonic and volcanic rocks in detail and give examples of rocks from Pakistan and at least five for each kind.


8. Define/Describe briefly the following terms:

1. Index fossil
2. Detachment fault
3. Braided river
4. Uniformitarianism
5. Isostacy
6. Asthenosphere
7. Mass wasting
8. Stratigraphic code
9. Lithification
10. Textual maturity
11. Abyssal plain
12. Type locality
13. Travertine
14. Coquina
15. Nonconformity
16. Kirana group
17. Diaper fold
18. Deltas
19. Steno’s law
20. Complete the following chemical equation: 2KAISi3O8 + Carbonic acid + Water = _________ + _________ +_________ +_________

NOTE: (i) Attempt FIVE questions in all including question No. 8 which is compulsory. All questions carry EQUAL marks.
(ii) Extra attempt of any question or any part of the attempted question will not be considered
(iii) Candidate must draw two straight lines (==================) at the end to separate each question attempted in Answer Books.

1. Describe the factors controlling organic productivity of organic mass. Discuss the mechanism of oil trapping.

2. Discuss the efficiency of expulsion and also discuss how this expulsion (primary migration) does occur form source rocks?

3. Describe the process of Magmatic concentration during formation of mineral Deposits.

4. Discuss with reference to geographical distribution, economic value and kind of occurrences, various metallic ores and minerals from Pakistan.

5. What geological factors are considered for the sites of Bridges especially in Hilly areas and what consideration should be taken into account for its long life?

6. How photo geology and remote sensing does help in mineral exploration?

7. Why we have more water logging in Sindh region and also discuss various kinds of Aquifer found in this region.


8. Define/Describe briefly the following terms:

1. Carbon cycle
2. Lipids
3. Seismograph
4. Bacterial degration
5. Rotary drilling
6. Wire line logging
7. Anthracite coal
8. Drape structure
9. S&P Waves
10. Auger boring
11. Spillways
12. Rotational slides
13. Borehole deflection
14. Limonite
15. Geophone
16. Collector well for water
17. Water reservoir
18. Metallogeny
19. Coefficient of permeability
20. Dolomitization

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