Advertising:
Advertising is a paid communication through medium in which the sponsor is identified and the message is controlled. Variations include publicity, public relations, product placement, sponsorship, underwriting, and sales.
Most advertising tries to persuade or influence consumer to do. Something though in some cases it is merely to make consumers aware of product or company.Message is conveyed through different types of media.Advertising makes message reach large audience of potential consumers. Advertising is a form of mass communication therefore it is non- personal.

• successful marketing/advertising campaign:

Not every business qualifies for mass media advertising like TV, radio or major city newspapers because their market segment does not make that a worthwhile expenditure. For example, a business that specializes in a small segment of the population and only has one location in a large Metro market would find usually find it cost-prohibitive to advertise heavily on TV or in newspaper display ads. This would especially apply to a business with a small mark-up on their products or one that has many competitors within that market area. A better choice might be on-site promotion or direct mail to select customers.

• Developing Advertising Plan

1.Determine who and where your most likely customers are.

2. Determine the best ways to get your message to your prospects.

3. Determine the most economical ways to transmit that message.

4. Create effective materials for the medium or media that you intend to use.

5. Evaluate the effectiveness of your advertising

• PR tools/duties of a pr officer in organization

Public Relation could be defined as, 'It is a deliberate, sustained and planned effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between organization and its pubic'.

Public relations and publicity are not synonymous but many PR campaigns include provisions for publicity. Publicity is the spreading of information to gain public awareness for a product, person, service, cause or organization, and can be seen as a result of effective PR planning.

Public relation officer can have a strong impact on public awareness at a much lower cost than advertising. The company does not pay for the space or time in the media. Rather it pays for a staff to develop and circulate information and to manage events. If the company develops an interesting story, it could be picked up by several different media, having the same effect as it is.

Public relation officer have professional use of several tools. Major roles are Officer find or create favourable news about the company and its products or people. Sometime news stories occur naturally, and some times its products or peoples relation person can suggest events or activities that would create news.

Public Relations or (PR) Officers use all forms of media to promote, build and maintain an organisation's image and reputation. Reputation and image are based on what an organisation does, what an organization says and what others say about it. PR aims to manage reputation in order to gain understanding and support, and to influence opinion and behaviour.

PR officers can work for voluntary organisations, public bodies and businesses any organisation that has a reputation to manage. PR officers can work in an organisation's in-house public relations department or in a consultancy where they serve a number of clients. Public relations overlaps with other fields including corporate communications, public affairs, investor relations, or media relations so PR officers may be known by various other job titles depending on the employer.

• Programme planning:

analysing problems and opportunities; defining goals; recommending and planning activities and measuring results; liaising with management and clients throughout.

• Writing and editing:

since public relations often involves trying to reach large groups of people, the method most often used is the printed word. PR officers work on shareholder reports, annual reports, press releases, articles and features, speeches, booklets, newsletters.

• Media relations:

developing and maintaining a good working contact with the media. This involves applying knowledge of how local and national papers, magazines, radio and television work as well as the special interests of journalists.

• Corporate identity:

developing and maintaining an organisation's identity via corporate advertising, presenting the company's name and reputation rather than its products.

• Speaking:

communicating effectively with individuals and groups at events ranging from small meetings to presentations, speeches, trade fairs, and other special events.

• Production:

brochures, reports, film and multi-media programmes are important means of communication. PR officers also coordinate studio or location photography.

• Special events:

news conferences, exhibitions, facility celebrations, open days, competitions and award programmes are all used to gain the attention of specific groups. PR officers are often called on to plan and execute large events for their companies or clients.

• Research and evaluation:

the first activity undertaken by a public relations practitioner is usually analysis and fact gathering. A PR programme should be evaluated as a continuing process and measurement is used to decide future strategy.

__________________
Then let these shivers go on fire...
And these screams go blind...
And you go sore in the eyes your life is an abyss...
Where your shadow reached before You.

i just read the abbreviation of UPI as united press of india

from journalism from A to Z

what if both are correct which one to write kindly mention your source as well

@ SAZ
i dnt know exactly the source of my notes in which i studied that UPI stands for united press international. Anyways www.upi.com and wikipedia show UPI to stand for united press international.As u hav also studied that UPI stands for united press of India in another book and as i believe that the websites which i hav mentioned are no authentic source regarding journalism so i think at this juncture someone who has access to any authentic source of journalism whose reference can be in cited should come up to our rescue and solve the riddle.

__________________
Dr. Hassan Mabroor

Hameed Nizami was the first editor of Nawai Waqt and not Majeed Nizami !

UPI stands for United Press International that dates back to 1907. There is no such thing as United Press of India. Journalism from A to Z has got it wrong.

Yea Dr. Göbbels was a banker before and then took interest in politics, he used to write lot of features in newspaper. Then met with Hitler and inspired from his views and personality joined the National party (Nazi). After the suicide of the the führer (Hitler), the command of the third Reich passed on to Dr. Göbbels.

hi.
part I question number xiii

UPI is an abbreviation of:
united press of indonesia
united press of india
united press international
none of these

now both the options second and third are right UPI stands for both now how to answer this question?

Dear Brother! I think the first editor of daily Nawa-e-waqt was Hameed Nizami.correct me if i am wrong.....
Thanks

Select the best option/answer and fill in the appropriate box on the Answer Sheet. (20)

i. What is “Lithography”?

a. A method of Printing
b. A system of local bodies
c. Circulation of Newspapers
d. None of these.

ii. What is “Dummy”?

a. Dead body of an animal
b. Make-up of newspaper
c. Front Page of Newspaper
d. None of these

iii. What is by line?

a. A railway track
b. Text written on lines
c. Reporter’s name printed with story
d. None of these

iv. Intra-Personal Communication is:

a. Communication with personal friend
b. With Public
c. With self
d. With family

v. What is ABC?

a. American Business Circle
b. American Business Corporation
c. Audit Bureau of Circulation
d. None of these

vi. Who was the first Editor of daily “Nwa-e-Waqt?”

a. Majeed Nizami
b. Mujeeb Nizami
c. Hameed Nizami
d. None of these

vii. When Television Transmission was started in Pakistan?

a. 1970
b. 1964
c. 1990
d. 1962

viii. The Subject allotted to a newspaper reporter is called:

a. Creed
b. Beat
c. Embargo
d. Feature

ix. A journalist who is not attached with any newspaper is called:

a. Retainer
b. Correspondent
c. Free Lancer
d. Stinger

x. Identification Mark written on the top of news story page is called:

a. Credit Line
b. Slug Line
c. Embargo
d. Tip

xi. Dr. Gobbles is known as father of:

a. Advertising
b. Public Relation
c. Propaganda
d. None of these

xii. The communication based on purchased time or space is called:

a. Publicity
b. Advertising
c. Propaganda
d. None of these

xiii. UPI is the abbreviation of:

a. United Press of Indonesia
b. United Press of India
c. United Press International
d. None of these

xiv. The news that appears two or three days before an event is called:

a. Follow up
b. Lead story
c. Curtain raiser
d. None of these

xv. Press and Publication Ordinance was introduced in:

a. 1963
b. 1965
c. 1995
d. None of these

xvi. Communication without words:

a. Visual communication
b. Non-Verbal communication
c. Mass communication
d. None of these

xvii. Tabloid newspaper is of small size with:

a. 3 columns applied to newspapers of page size approx 16x11 inches, if u google it there are 3 , 7, columns.
b. 4 columns
c. 5 columns
d. None of these

xviii. The reading of the script to check the errors is called:

a. Composing
b. Proof-reading
c. Editing
d. None of these

xix. A brief introduction of a photograph is called:

a. Embargo
b. Credit line
c. Caption
d. None of these

xx. OB stands for:

a. Open Box
b. Outdoor Broadcast
c. Official Beat
d. None of these