Summary of important articles
 

[FONT="Arial Black"]OBAMA’S AF-PAK STRATEGY[/FONT]

Obama underlined [FONT="Arial Black"]three core elements of new Afghan strategy [/FONT]“a military effort to create the condition for the transition, a civilian surge that reinforces positive action and an effective partnership with Pakistan”. He said “Pakistani people must know, America will remain strong supporter of Pakistan security and prosperity long after the guns had fallen silent.”

[FONT="Arial Black"]London conference [/FONT]held on Jan 28 in the aftermath with objective of renewing international commitment “to help Afghanistan emerge as secure, prosperous and democratic nation” by enabling its leadership “to secure, stabilize and develop Afghanistan” through “increase regional cooperation and more effective international partnership”.

Appointment of judges
 

[FONT="Arial Black"]APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES[/FONT]

The Constitute of the state consists of three elements, the text of the constitution, constitutional conventions and supreme courts interpretation.
[FONT="Arial Black"]ARTICLE 177[/FONT] holds that a judge of the Supreme Court would be appointed by President with consultation of CJ.

[FONT="Arial Black"]AL JIHAD Case [/FONT]Supreme Court interpreted the word “consultation” in a way that it became synonym of “advice” which is binding on president. Al Jihad case settled some more issues; No ad hoc judge shall be appointed in SC while there is a permanent position is vacant, most senior judge of a high court has legitimate expectancy to be considered for appointment of CJ, Any appointment in Supreme judiciary without consultation of consultees –CJP- shall be ultra vires of the constitution.

Indian constitution, from which many parts of constitution of 1973 has been taken; article 124 says that President shall always consult chief justice on appointment of judges while some other –Judges- can also be consulted.

New organ transplantation law
 

Senate has taken up a bill of Human Organ and Tissue Transplantation adopted by NA in Nov 09, in med Feb, 2010. Under this bill, Organ from unrelated donor can be taken under stringent conditions. Financial transactions and foreigner’s plantations would be prohibited

Military coup in nigeria
 

Nigerian military has overthrown the Nigerian government and made up a Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy [FONT="Arial Black"](SCRD) on Feb 19, 2010[/FONT]. President Mamadou Tandja was taken captive.

[FONT="Arial Black"]UNSTABILITY:[/FONT] Tandja dissolved parliament last year and extended his rule through referendum. In June he dissolved constitutional court who ruled against him. October elections were boycotted by opposition and wide criticism worldwide. He has been ruling uranium-rich Niger since 1999.

Nigeria is a Muslim western European country, uranium rich, French language, sought independence from France in 1960.

Falkland Island tension between Argentina and UK
 

[FONT="Arial Black"]FALKLAND ISLANDS [/FONT]

Falkland Islands is a self governing territory of UK having its own Falkland Islands Defense Military, presence of UK Military is also there, is located in South Atlantic Ocean, in south of South Africa & south-west of Africa. Catholic country with 12,137 km2 of area and population of 3140, per capita income is $25,000.

[FONT="Arial Black"]HISTORY[/FONT]

With the British re-establishment in 1983, Argentina sought separation and since that Argentina claims on Falkland Islands. Argentina invaded in April 1982 in which Argentina sought defeat in June 1982, having UN SC resolution 502 for withdrawal and diplomatic solution (There was a military rule that time which over in 1983). Now Argentina claims the area while UK rejects any sovereignty. Major economy: raising sheep wool, fisheries, tourism and oil.

[FONT="Arial Black"]CURRENT SITUATION[/FONT]

The tension between UK and Argentina still exists as Argentina still claims the area and UK rules out. Now Argentina is a good democracy with age of 27 years which seeks the solution but with a peace full approach.

Emergence of Counter Terrorism Policy in Pakistan
 

[FONT="Arial Black"]EMERGENCE OF COUNTER TERRORISM POLICY[/FONT]

Pakistan joined global efforts for combating GWOT in Sep 01. She decided to deploy 80,000 troop to Af-Pak border but in the aftermath of Dec 13, 01, Indian forces were mobilized which transferred Pak attention to Indo-Pak border. Forces remained face-to-face for ten months (Jan-Oct 09).

Till now 600 Al Qaeda members are arrested from Pak however Pak policy towards Afghan Taliban has been ambiguous. MMA (02-07) allowed Taliban establish influence in tribal areas.

In Sep 03 and Feb 04, Pak launched operation in SW and then had different accords with militants which always violated by them.
2004-07, many operation launched however not so successful. Many accords between militants and military signed but all violated by militants, by taking more area into control.

In 2007, three major developments; firstly red mosque issue escalated terrorism, Secondly Tehrik e Taliban established in S Waziristan as an umbrella organization for various militant organizations, Thirdly TTP challenged Pak in systematic way by training suicide attackers.

Real change in Counter terrorism Policy in Mar-Apr 2009 when TTP had strong hold in Swat and violated the agreement with the government, seeking it as weakens by moving to Boner. Attack on Sri Lankan team (Mar 09) and afterwards at GHQ and Police training centers worsen the situation.

Pak uses three dimensional counter terrorism policy (3D); use of coercive apparatus against those who challenge law, Political accommodation and dialogue with those who seeks peace under Pak law, economic development of the area.

Pakistan is now fully engaged for counter terrorism; Firstly Swat operation started in April 09, militant lost control by July 09. Secondly Operation in S Waziristan started in Oct 09 and most of the area under control by Dec 09. Thirdly Many operations in tribal areas of Khyber, Orakzai, Bajour and Khuram

[FONT="Arial Black"]INSTRUMENTS FOR COUNTER TERRORISM[/FONT]

The Pak counter terrorism policy was adversely affected by Pak indo tension in the aftermath of Mombai attacks. Secondly Islamic parties don’t support military action, Imran Khan opposes as well while PML N has ambiguous policy as well.

Terrorism defination and Types
 

[FONT="Arial Black"]TERRORISM DEFINATIONS[/FONT]

[B]Terrorism is when a group or individual uses force against the public or government with the purpose of intimidating their victims. Terrorism is a modern barbarism. Terrorism is a form of political violence. Terrorism is a threat to civilization and menace to mankind. [/B]

Terrorism has roots back to 1970s or some more decade back.

[FONT="Arial Black"]TYPES OF TERRORISM[/FONT]

In 1970s scholars started researched about different types of terrorism as terrorist groups started using new techniques like hijacking, diplomatic kidnapping, bombing and assassination.

1. POLITICAL TERRORISM can be used by one political group to intimidate another.
2. NON-POLITICAL TERRORISM for other objective then political normally by religious factors.
3. QUASI TERRORISM is a violent act of armed criminal who tries to escape from law enforcement by keeping people hostage e.g. land and drug mafia.
4. STATE TERRORISM by any government to achieve a particular goal.
5. BIOTERRORISM is intentional release of toxic biological agents to terrorize the public in the name of political or other cause.
6. CYBER TERRORISM uses information technology for harming public and achieving goal
7. ECOTERRORISM means violence by environmental extremists for economic damage of industry they see harmful for animals and natural environment.
8. NUCLEAR TERRORISM means nuclear attacks, purchases, establishing nuclear weapons
9. NARCOTERRORISM means drug trafficking