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Old Sunday, December 05, 2010
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Exclamation Land Allocation and the principle of eminent domain..!!!

LAND ALLOCATION & THE PRINCIPLE OF EMINENT DOMAIN
By Ayesha Siddiqa


(The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees property rights. See Article 23 and 24. Editor)

It is almost every second day that we come across a news item about distribution of free land or on
concessional rates to significant members of the state and society. It was just a year ago that there was an uproar about land allocation to journalists. Just a couple of days ago there was the story about the chief justice of the Supreme Court, Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry, having received a plot of land under the Musharraf government. Not to forget the more popular and controversial story of military officers and civilian bureaucrats being allocated land.

Those that get the land justify it on the basis of their right as citizens performing certain tasks for the state. The military guys believe that they deserve to be allocated agriculture or urban land as compensation for their services to the state. Other groups hold a similar belief as well. In fact, the logic of land allocation from a recipient’s angle is a cyclic logic, meaning that once a group or individual gets such a reward, others feel automatically justified in claiming such a compensation. Each group pretends to be deserving of this preferential land allocation scheme without even admitting that the allocation is based on the state’s recognition of their nuisance value and relative power rather than a more judicious formula for land distribution.

Despite the propaganda in the media about land allocation, no one has ever challenged the prime minister’s traditional and questionable power to arbitrarily distribute state land. The reason is, perhaps, because we are not clear as to how such land allocation violates the principle of ‘eminent domain’, a concept defined by 17th century Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius as the law governing the acquisition of the property of the subjects of the state. According to Grotius: “The property of subjects under the law of eminent domain belongs to the state, so that the state or the person who represents the state, can make use of that property, can even destroy or alienate it…whenever it is to the public advantage.”

In simple language, land is a trust that the government holds for the benefit of the public. It can do whatever with the land as long as there is a justification on the basis of the usage being for public benefit. The law of eminent domain was interpreted in the US in light of the liberal philosophy of Englishman John Locke. So the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution advocates the preservation of the right of private property. Locke had enunciated the right of a government to draw its costs to rule but without excessively threatening an individual’s right to private property or all such rights that generate happiness. This right is upheld in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 as well. The declaration stipulates that: “Property being an inviolable and sacred right, no one can be deprived of it unless the public necessity plainly demands it, and upon condition of a just and previous indemnity.” These approaches, it is noteworthy, evolved as a result of years of struggle by the people in France and the US to establish the primacy of private property or rights of people. Although the Land Acquisition Act of 1894 used in Pakistan puts down specific conditions such as ‘public purpose’ for acquisition of private land by the government, the rules are implemented in letter and not in spirit due to the authoritarian nature of politics.

One could even suggest that in Pakistan, we follow the Hobbesian notion of deciding what is the public good; as being a representation of what is in the interest of the ruling oligarchy. Thus, the media, judiciary, military and civilian bureaucracy tend to use the power of the state to create benefits for themselves. Such distribution highlights their power to get a share in the distribution of property kept as public trust.

Surely, all recipients have genuine need for land or other assets. Major-general Shaukat Sultan once talked about how he deserved such a reward (and many like him) because he had several daughters of marriageable age. Sadly, this is not sufficient justification for such improper usage of public assets.
[Courtesy The Express Tribune]
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