Aruba




1634 Dutch colony
1805 - 1816 British domination
1828 part of Dutch West Indies (see Suriname)
1848 part of Netherlands Antilles
1 Jan 1986 separation from Netherlands Antilles

Commanders

1681 - 1715 Joseph Flaccius
1717 - 1719 Hermanus Koolman
1719 - 1721 Willem Palmers
1721 - 1722 Pieter Pieterszoon van Cempen
1726 - 1730 Isaak Obbens
1739? Willem Janszoon
1739 - 1753 Daniel Nieuwkerk
1753 - 1756 Lourents Croes
1756 - 1768 Jan van der Biest
1768 - 1780 Gillis Poppe
1780 - 1791 Harmen van der Biest
1791 - 1792 Jacobus Pellicorne Porrier
1792 - 1793 Borchard Specht
1793 - 1803 ...
1803 - 1804 Pieter Specht
1804 - 1805 Johan Craneveldt
1805 Bruin Govertsz Quant (1st time)
1805 W. Doran
1805 - 1806 Bruin Govertsz Quant (2nd time)
1806 Samuel Bartholomeus van den Broek
(1st time) (commissioner) (b. 17... - d. 1817)
1806 Jan van der Biest (1st time)
1806 - 18.. Samuel Bartholomeus van den Broek
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1810? John Harrison Church Hartmann?
1816 - 1819 Lodewijk Christoph Boyé
1819 - 1822 Jan van der Biest (2nd time)
1822 - 1826 Jacob Thielen (1st time)
1826 - 1827 Simon Plats
1827 - 1837 Johan Frederik Waters Gravenhorst
1837 G.J. van Spall
1839 - 1848 Jacobus Jarman, Jr.

Administrators (gezaghebbers)

1848 - 1859 Jacobus Jarman, Jr.
1859 Bochard Specht
1859 - 1863 Michaël de Veer
1863 - 1866 Edouard Dénis Ernest van den
Bossche (b. 1831 - d. 1908)
1866 - 1871 Jan Helenus Ferguson (b. 1826 - d. 1908)
1871 - 1876 Willem Melanchton Bennebroek
Gravenhorst
1876 - 1883 Jan Hendrik Rudeloff Beaujon (b. 1838 - d. 1930)
1883 - 1888 David Gäerste Willemszoon (b. 1841 - d. 1898)
1888 - 1897 Jacob Thielen II (1st time) (b. 1834 - d. 1915)
1897 J.G. Lampe (acting)
1897 - 1899 Johannes Adriaan de Veer (b. 1853 - d. 1899)
1899 - 1901 Jacob Thielen II (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1901 - 1909 Gerard Raven Zeppenfeldt (b. 1863 - d. 19...)
1911 - 1920 Henrik Johannes Beaujon (b. 1870 - d. 19...)
1920 - 1928 Jan Frederik Quast (b. 1875 - d. 1953)
1928 - 1945 Isaac Wagemaker (b. 1884 - d. 19...)
1945 - 1957 Lindoro Cristoffel Kwartsz (b. 1873 - d. 1959)
1957 - 1958 K.H. de Boer (acting)
1958 - 1959 E. Arends (acting)
1959 Otto R.A. Beaujon (acting) (b. 1915 - d. 1984) 1959 - 1964 Frederik J.C. Beaujon (b. 1906 - d. 1964)
1964 - 1973 Oscar Siegfried Henriquez (b. 1926)
1973 - 1979 Francisco L. Jossy Tromp (b. 1925)
1979 - 1982 Francisco D. Figaroa (b. 1927 - d. 1993)
1982 Remy R. Zaandam (acting) (b. 1936) 1982 - 1983 Euladio D. Nicolaas (acting) (b. 1941)
1983 - 4 Oct 1985 Pedro Bislip (b. 1937 - d. 2007)
1985 - 31 Dec 1985 Frans Wernet (acting) (b. 1929 - d. 1995)

Governors

1 Jan 1986 - 12 Mar 1992 Felipe Tromp (b. 1917 - d. 1995)
12 Mar 1992 - 11 May 2004 Olindo Koolman (b. 1942)
11 May 2004 - Fredis Refunjol (b. 1950)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime ministers

1 Jan 1986 - 9 Feb 1989 Henny Eman (1st time) (b. 1944)
9 Feb 1989 - 29 Jul 1994 Nelson Oduber (1st time) (b. 1947)
29 Jul 1994 - 30 Oct 2001 Henny Eman (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Oct 2001 - Nelson Oduber (2nd time) (s.a.)

Australia





1 Jan 1901 British colonies in Australia united as a dominion
(Commonwealth of Australia)
11 Dec 1931 Statute of Westminster (ratified by Australia 9 Oct 1942)
grants full sovereignty to the British dominions

Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)

1 Jan 1901 - 9 Jan 1903 John Adrian Louis Hope,
Earl of Hopetoun (b. 1860 - d. 1908)
9 Jan 1903 - 21 Jan 1904 Hallam Tennyson, Baron Tennyson (b. 1852 - d. 1928)
21 Jan 1904 - 9 Sep 1908 Henry Stafford Northcote,
Baron Northcote (b. 1846 - d. 1911)
9 Sep 1908 - 31 Jul 1911 William Humble Ward,
Earl of Dudley (b. 1867 - d. 1932)
31 Jul 1911 - 18 May 1914 Thomas Denman, Baron Denman (b. 1874 - d. 1954)
18 May 1914 - 6 Oct 1920 Sir Ronald Craufurd Munro-Ferguson (b. 1860 - d. 1934)
6 Oct 1920 - 8 Oct 1925 Henry William Forster,
Baron Forster of Lepe (b. 1866 - d. 1936)
8 Oct 1925 - 22 Jan 1931 John Lawrence Baird,
Baron Stonehaven (b. 1874 - d. 1941)
22 Jan 1931 - 23 Jan 1936 Sir Isaac Isaacs (b. 1855 - d. 1948)
23 Jan 1936 - 30 Jan 1945 Alexander Gore Arkwright
Hore-Ruthven, Baron Gowrie (from
8 Jan 1945, Earl of Gowrie) (b. 1872 - d. 1955)
30 Jan 1945 - 11 Mar 1947 Henry William Frederick Albert,
Duke of Gloucester (b. 1900 - d. 1974)
11 Mar 1947 - 8 May 1953 William John McKell (from 9 Nov
1951, Sir William John McKell) (b. 1891 - d. 1985)
8 May 1953 - 2 Feb 1960 Sir William Slim (b. 1891 - d. 1970)
2 Feb 1960 - 3 Feb 1961 William Shepherd Morrison,
Viscount Dunrossil (b. 1893 - d. 1961)
4 Feb 1961 - 3 Aug 1961 Sir Reginald Alexander Dallas
Brooks (acting) (b. 1896 - d. 1966)
3 Aug 1961 - 22 Sep 1965 William Philip Sidney, Viscount
De L'Isle (b. 1909 - d. 1991)
22 Sep 1965 - 30 Apr 1969 Richard Gardiner Casey, Baron
Casey (b. 1890 - d. 1976)
30 Apr 1969 - 11 Jul 1974 Sir Paul Hasluck (b. 1905 - d. 1993)
11 Jul 1974 - 8 Dec 1977 Sir John Robert Kerr (b. 1914 - d. 1991)
8 Dec 1977 - 29 Jul 1982 Sir Zelman Cowen (b. 1919)
29 Jul 1982 - 16 Feb 1989 Sir Ninian Martin Stephen (b. 1923)
16 Feb 1989 - 16 Feb 1996 Bill Hayden (b. 1933)
16 Feb 1996 - 29 Jun 2001 Sir William Deane (b. 1931)
29 Jun 2001 - 28 May 2003 Peter Hollingworth (b. 1935)
15 May 2003 - 11 Aug 2003 Sir Guy Green (b. 1937)
(acting [for Hollingworth to 28 May 2003])
11 Aug 2003 - 5 Sep 2008 Michael Jeffery (b. 1937)
5 Sep 2008 - Quentin Bryce (f) (b. 1942)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime ministers

1 Jan 1901 - 24 Sep 1903 Edmund Barton (from 1902,
Sir Edmund Barton) Pro (b. 1849 - d. 1920)
24 Sep 1903 - 26 Apr 1904 Alfred Deakin (1st time) Pro (b. 1856 - d. 1919)
26 Apr 1904 - 18 Aug 1904 John Christian Watson ALP (b. 1867 - d. 1941)
18 Aug 1904 - 5 Jul 1905 George Reid FT (b. 1845 - d. 1918)
5 Jul 1905 - 13 Nov 1908 Alfred Deakin (2nd time) Pro (s.a.)
13 Nov 1908 - 2 Jun 1909 Andrew Fisher (1st time) ALP (b. 1862 - d. 1928)
2 Jun 1909 - 29 Apr 1910 Alfred Deakin (3rd time) Pro (s.a.)
29 Apr 1910 - 24 Apr 1913 Andrew Fisher (2nd time) ALP (s.a.)
24 Apr 1913 - 17 Sep 1914 Joseph Cook Lib (b. 1860 - d. 1947)
17 Sep 1914 - 27 Oct 1915 Andrew Fisher (3rd time) ALP (s.a.)
27 Oct 1915 - 9 Feb 1923 William Morris Hughes ALP;
14 Nov 1916: NLP; 17 Feb 1917: Nat (b. 1864 - d. 1952)
9 Feb 1923 - 22 Oct 1929 Stanley Melbourne Bruce Nat (b. 1883 - d. 1967)
22 Oct 1929 - 6 Jan 1932 James Henry Scullin ALP (b. 1876 - d. 1953)
6 Jan 1932 - 7 Apr 1939 Joseph Aloysius Lyons UAP (b. 1879 - d. 1939)
7 Apr 1939 - 26 Apr 1939 Sir Earle Page (acting) Cnt (b. 1880 - d. 1961)
26 Apr 1939 - 29 Aug 1941 Robert Gordon Menzies
(1st time) UAP (b. 1894 - d. 1978)
29 Aug 1941 - 7 Oct 1941 Arthur William Fadden Cnt (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
7 Oct 1941 - 5 Jul 1945 John Curtin ALP (b. 1885 - d. 1945)
6 Jul 1945 - 13 Jul 1945 Francis Michael Forde ALP (b. 1890 - d. 1983)
13 Jul 1945 - 19 Dec 1949 Joseph Benedict Chifley ALP (b. 1885 - d. 1951)
19 Dec 1949 - 22 Jan 1966 Robert Gordon Menzies (from
1963, Sir Robert Gordon
Menzies) (2nd time) Lib (s.a.)
22 Jan 1966 - 17 Dec 1967 Harold Holt Lib (b. 1908 - d. 1967)
18 Dec 1967 - 10 Jan 1968 John McEwen Cnt (b. 1900 - d. 1980)
10 Jan 1968 - 10 Mar 1971 John Grey Gorton Lib (b. 1911 - d. 2002)
10 Mar 1971 - 5 Dec 1972 William McMahon Lib (b. 1908 - d. 1988)
5 Dec 1972 - 11 Nov 1975 Gough Whitlam ALP (b. 1916)
11 Nov 1975 - 11 Mar 1983 Malcolm Fraser Lib (b. 1930)
11 Mar 1983 - 20 Dec 1991 Bob Hawke ALP (b. 1929)
20 Dec 1991 - 11 Mar 1996 Paul Keating ALP (b. 1944)
11 Mar 1996 - 3 Dec 2007 John Howard Lib (b. 1939)
3 Dec 2007 - Kevin Rudd ALP (b. 1957)


Party abbreviations: ALP=Australian Labor Party, Cnt=Country Party, FT=Free Trade Party, Lib=Liberal Party, Nat=Nationalist Party, NLP=National Labor Party, Pro=Protectionist Party, UAP=United Australia Party

__________________
"Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them."

Austria




11 Aug 1804 Kaisertum Österreich¹
21 Dec 1867 "Austrian half" of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy,
officially styled Die im Reichsrat vertretenen
Königreiche und Länder ("The Kingdoms and Lands
Represented in the Imperial Council")
1916 first official use of the style Empire of Austria
12 Nov 1918 Republic of German-Austria
21 Oct 1919 Republic of Austria
1 Jul 1934 Federal State of Austria
13 Mar 1938 annexed by Germany as a state, which is dissolved
into Reichsgaue 1 May 1939
27 Apr 1945 Republic of Austria

Emperors²

- Habsburg-Lothringen dynasty -

11 Aug 1804 - 2 Mar 1835 Franz I (b. 1768 - d. 1835)
2 Mar 1835 - 2 Dec 1848 Ferdinand I (b. 1793 - d. 1875)
2 Dec 1848 - 21 Nov 1916 Franz Joseph I (b. 1830 - d. 1916)
21 Nov 1916 - 11 Nov 1918 Karl I (b. 1887 - d. 1922)

Presidents

12 Nov 1918 - 4 Mar 1919 Directory of the Council of State
- Franz Dinghofer GV (b. 1873 - d. 1956)
- Johann Nepomuk Hauser CS (b. 1866 - d. 1927)
- Karl Seitz SDAP (b. 1869 - d. 1950)
(chair rotating weekly)
5 Mar 1919 - 9 Dec 1920 Karl Seitz SDAP (s.a.)
(president of the Constituent National Assembly
to 10 Nov 1920, then acting president)
9 Dec 1920 - 10 Dec 1928 Michael Hainisch - (b. 1858 - d. 1940)
10 Dec 1928 - 13 Mar 1938 Wilhelm Miklas CS (b. 1872 - d. 1956)
29 Apr 1945 - 31 Dec 1950 Karl Renner SPÖ (b. 1870 - d. 1950)
(acting to 20 Dec 1945)
31 Dec 1950 - 21 Jun 1951 Leopold Figl (acting) ÖVP (b. 1902 - d. 1965)
21 Jun 1951 - 4 Jan 1957 Theodor Körner SPÖ (b. 1873 - d. 1957)
4 Jan 1957 - 21 May 1957 Julius Raab (acting) ÖVP (b. 1891 - d. 1964)
22 May 1957 - 28 Feb 1965 Adolf Schärf SPÖ (b. 1890 - d. 1965)
28 Feb 1965 - 9 Jun 1965 Josef Klaus (acting) ÖVP (b. 1910 - d. 2001)
9 Jun 1965 - 24 Apr 1974 Franz Jonas SPÖ (b. 1899 - d. 1974)
24 Apr 1974 - 8 Jul 1974 Bruno Kreisky (acting) SPÖ (b. 1911 - d. 1990)
8 Jul 1974 - 8 Jul 1986 Rudolf Kirchschläger - (b. 1915 - d. 2000)
8 Jul 1986 - 8 Jul 1992 Kurt Waldheim - (b. 1918 - d. 2007)
8 Jul 1992 - 6 Jul 2004 Thomas Klestil ÖVP (b. 1932 - d. 2004)
6 Jul 2004 - 8 Jul 2004 Andreas Khol (acting) ÖVP (b. 1941)
8 Jul 2004 - Heinz Fischer SPÖ (b. 1938)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chancellor

25 May 1821 - 13 Mar 1848 Klemens Fürst von Metternich (b. 1773 - d. 1859)

Prime ministers

20 Mar 1848 - 19 Apr 1848 Franz Anton Graf von Kolowrat (b. 1778 - d. 1861)
19 Apr 1848 - 19 May 1848 Karl Ludwig Graf von Ficquelmont (b. 1777 - d. 1857)
(acting)
19 May 1848 - 8 Jul 1848 Franz Freiherr von Pillersdorf (b. 1786 - d. 1862)
(acting)
8 Jul 1848 - 18 Jul 1848 Anton Freiherr von Doblhoff-Dier (b. 1800 - d. 1872)
(acting)
18 Jul 1848 - 21 Nov 1848 Johann Freiherr von
Wessenberg-Ampringen (b. 1773 - d. 1858)
21 Nov 1848 - 5 Apr 1852 Felix Fürst zu Schwarzenberg (b. 1800 - d. 1852)
11 Apr 1852 - 21 Aug 1859 Karl Ferdinand Graf von
Buol-Schauenstein (b. 1797 - d. 1865)
21 Aug 1859 - 4 Feb 1861 Johann Bernhard Graf von Rechberg
und Rothenlöwen (b. 1806 - d. 1899)
4 Feb 1861 - 26 Jun 1865 Rainer, Erzherzog von Österreich (b. 1827 - d. 1913)
26 Jun 1865 - 27 Jul 1865 Alexander Graf von
Mensdorff-Pouilly (b. 1813 - d. 1871)
27 Jul 1865 - 7 Feb 1867 Richard Graf von Belcredi (b. 1823 - d. 1902)
7 Feb 1867 - 30 Dec 1867 Ferdinand Freiherr von Beust (b. 1809 - d. 1886)
30 Dec 1867 - 24 Sep 1868 Karl Fürst von Auersperg, Herzog
von Gottschee (b. 1814 - d. 1890)
24 Sep 1868 - 15 Jan 1870 Eduard Graf Taaffe (1st time) (b. 1833 - d. 1895)
15 Jan 1870 - 1 Feb 1870 Ignaz Edler von Plener (b. 1810 - d. 1908)
1 Feb 1870 - 12 Apr 1870 Leopold Ritter Hasner von Artha (b. 1818 - d. 1891)
12 Apr 1870 - 6 Feb 1871 Alfred Graf von Potocki-Pilawa (b. 1822 - d. 1889)
6 Feb 1871 - 30 Oct 1871 Karl Siegmund Graf von Hohenwart (b. 1824 - d. 1899)
(acting)
30 Oct 1871 - 25 Nov 1871 Ludwig Freiherr von Holzgethan (b. 1810 - d. 1876)
(acting)
25 Nov 1871 - 15 Feb 1879 Adolf Wilhelm Daniel Fürst von
Auersperg (b. 1821 - d. 1885)
15 Feb 1879 - 12 Aug 1879 Karl von Stremayr (acting) (b. 1823 - d. 1904)
12 Aug 1879 - 11 Nov 1893 Eduard Graf Taaffe (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Nov 1893 - 19 Jun 1895 Alfred August Fürst zu
Windischgrätz (b. 1851 - d. 1927)
19 Jun 1895 - 30 Sep 1895 Erich Graf von Kielmansegg (b. 1847 - d. 1923)
30 Sep 1895 - 30 Nov 1897 Kasimir Felix Graf von Badeni (b. 1846 - d. 1909)
30 Nov 1897 - 5 Mar 1898 Paul Freiherr Gautsch von
Frankenthurn (1st time) (b. 1851 - d. 1918)
5 Mar 1898 - 2 Oct 1899 Franz Graf von Thun und
Hohenstein (b. 1847 - d. 1916)
2 Oct 1899 - 21 Dec 1899 Manfred Graf von Clary und
Aldringen (b. 1852 - d. 1928)
21 Dec 1899 - 18 Jan 1900 Heinrich Ritter von Wittek (b. 1844 - d. 1930)
(acting)
19 Jan 1900 - 31 Dec 1904 Ernest von Koerber (1st time) (b. 1850 - d. 1919)
31 Dec 1904 - 2 May 1906 Paul Freiherr Gautsch von
Frankenthurn (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 May 1906 - 2 Jun 1906 Konrad Prinz zu Hohenlohe-
Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (b. 1863 - d. 1918)
2 Jun 1906 - 15 Nov 1908 Max Wladimir Freiherr von Beck (b. 1854 - d. 1943)
15 Nov 1908 - 28 Jun 1911 Richard Freiherr von
Bienerth-Schmerling (b. 1863 - d. 1918)
28 Jun 1911 - 3 Nov 1911 Paul Freiherr Gautsch von
Frankenthurn (3rd time) (s.a.)
3 Nov 1911 - 21 Oct 1916 Karl Reichsgraf von Stürgkh (b. 1859 - d. 1916)
31 Oct 1916 - 20 Dec 1916 Ernest von Koerber (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Dec 1916 - 23 Jun 1917 Heinrich Graf Clam-Martinic (b. 1863 - d. 1932)
23 Jun 1917 - 27 Jul 1918 Ernst Ritter Seidler von
Feuchtenegg (b. 1862 - d. 1931)
27 Jul 1918 - 27 Oct 1918 Max Freiherr Hussarek von Heinlein (b. 1865 - d. 1935)
27 Oct 1918 - 11 Nov 1918 Heinrich Lammasch (b. 1853 - d. 1920)

Chancellors

12 Nov 1918 - 7 Jul 1920 Karl Renner (1st time) SDAP (s.a.)
7 Jul 1920 - 21 Jun 1921 Michael Mayr CS (b. 1864 - d. 1922)
21 Jun 1921 - 26 Jan 1922 Johann Schober (1st time) - (b. 1874 - d. 1932)
26 Jan 1922 - 27 Jan 1922 Walter Breisky - (b. 1871 - d. 1944)
27 Jan 1922 - 31 May 1922 Johann Schober (2nd time) - (s.a.)
31 May 1922 - 20 Nov 1924 Ignaz Seipel (1st time) CS (b. 1876 - d. 1932)
20 Nov 1924 - 20 Oct 1926 Rudolf Ramek CS (b. 1881 - d. 1941)
20 Oct 1926 - 4 May 1929 Ignaz Seipel (2nd time) CS (s.a.)
4 May 1929 - 26 Sep 1929 Ernst Streeruwitz CS (b. 1874 - d. 1952)
26 Sep 1929 - 30 Sep 1930 Johann Schober (3rd time) - (s.a.)
30 Sep 1930 - 4 Dec 1930 Carl Vaugoin CS (b. 1873 - d. 1949)
4 Dec 1930 - 20 Jun 1931 Otto Ender CS (b. 1875 - d. 1960)
20 Jun 1931 - 20 May 1932 Karl Buresch CS (b. 1878 - d. 1936)
20 May 1932 - 25 Jul 1934 Engelbert Dollfuss CS;
1934: VF (b. 1892 - d. 1934)
25 Jul 1934 - 26 Jul 1934 Kurt Schuschnigg (1st time) VF (b. 1897 - d. 1977)
(acting)
26 Jul 1934 - 29 Jul 1934 Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg VF (b. 1899 - d. 1956)
(acting)
29 Jul 1934 - 12 Mar 1938 Kurt Schuschnigg (2nd time) VF (s.a.)
12 Mar 1938 - 13 Mar 1938 Arthur Seyss-Inquart NS (b. 1892 - d. 1946)
(Reichsstatthalter 13 Mar 1938 - 30 Apr 1939)
23 Apr 1938 - 31 Mar 1940 Josef Bürckel NS (b. 1895 - d. 1944)
(Reichskommissar für die Wiedervereinigung Österreichs
mit dem Deutschen Reich)
29 Apr 1945 - 20 Dec 1945 Karl Renner (2nd time) SPÖ (s.a.)
20 Dec 1945 - 2 Apr 1953 Leopold Figl ÖVP (s.a.)
2 Apr 1953 - 11 Apr 1961 Julius Raab ÖVP (s.a.)
11 Apr 1961 - 2 Apr 1964 Alfons Gorbach ÖVP (b. 1898 - d. 1972)
2 Apr 1964 - 21 Apr 1970 Josef Klaus ÖVP (s.a.)
21 Apr 1970 - 24 May 1983 Bruno Kreisky SPÖ (s.a.)
24 May 1983 - 16 Jun 1986 Fred Sinowatz SPÖ (b. 1929 - d. 2008)
16 Jun 1986 - 28 Jan 1997 Franz Vranitzky SPÖ (b. 1937)
28 Jan 1997 - 4 Feb 2000 Viktor Klima SPÖ (b. 1947)
4 Feb 2000 - 11 Jan 2007 Wolfgang Schüssel ÖVP (b. 1945)
11 Jan 2007 - 2 Dec 2008 Alfred Gusenbauer SPÖ (b. 1960)
2 Dec 2008 - Werner Faymann SPÖ (b. 1960)


Party abbreviations: CS=Christian Social Party, GV=Greater German People's Party, NS=National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), ÖVP=Austrian People's Party, SDAP=Social Democratic Workers' Party, SPÖ=Socialist Party of Austria (from 15 Jun 1991, Social Democratic Party of Austria), VF=Patriotic Front

Allied occupation

U.S. zone

High commissioners

5 Jul 1945 - 16 May 1947 Mark W. Clark (b. 1896 - d. 1984)
17 May 1947 - 19 Sep 1950 Geoffrey Keyes (b. 1888 - d. 1967)
20 Sep 1950 - 17 Jul 1952 Walter J. Donnelly (b. 1896 - d. 1970)
17 Jul 1952 - 27 Jul 1955 Llewellyn E. Thompson, Jr. (b. 1904 - d. 1972)

British zone

High commissioners

Jul 1945 - 1946 Sir Richard McCreery (b. 1898 - d. 1967)
1946 - Oct 1947 Sir James Stuart Steele (b. 1894 - d. 1975)
Oct 1947 - 1 Jan 1950 Sir Alexander Galloway (b. 1899 - d. 1977)
1 Jan 1950 - 1 Aug 1950 Sir John Winterton (b. 1898 - d. 1987)
1 Aug 1950 - 5 Feb 1954 Sir Harold Caccia (b. 1905 - d. 1990)
5 Feb 1954 - 27 Jul 1955 Sir Geoffrey Wallinger (b. 1903 - d. 1979)

French zone

High commissioners

8 Jul 1945 - 29 Jun 1950 Antoine Béthouart (b. 1889 - d. 1982)
29 Jun 1950 - 27 Jul 1955 Jean Payart (b. 1892 - d. 1969)

Soviet zone

High commissioners

Jul 1945 - 1946 Ivan Konev (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
1946 - May 1949 Vladimir Kurasov (b. 1897 - d. 1973)
May 1949 - 7 Jun 1953 Vladimir Sviridov (b. 1898 - d. 1963)
7 Jun 1953 - 27 Jul 1955 Ivan Ilichev (b. 1905 - d. 1983)


¹The word Kaisertum was deliberately chosen not to imply Kaiserreich Österreich (Empire of Austria). The term had no constitutional status before 25 Apr 1848, and had dynastic rather than territorial import: it was intended to encompass all the hereditary possessions of the Haus Österreich, and was so defined in the Constitution of 7 Mar 1849; in the Constitution of 25 Apr 1848 it was similarly used, but excluded the "Hungarian" and "Lombardo-Venetian" possessions.
²Full official style of the ruler, including effective and titular titles, in a typical form of 1918 (variants occur): Von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Österreich, Apostolischer König von Ungarn, König von Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slavonien und Galizien, Lodomerien und Illyrien, König von Jerusalem, etc.; Erzherzog von Österreich, Grossherzog von Toskana und Krakau, Herzog von Lothringen und von Salzburg, von Steiermark, von Kärnten, Krain und der Bukovina; Grossfürst von Siebenbürgen; Markgraf von Mähren; Herzog von Ober- und Niederschlesien, von Modena, Parma, Piacenza und Guastalla, von Auschwitz und Zator, von Teschen, Friaul, Ragusa und Zara; Gefürsteter Graf von Habsburg und Tyrol, von Kyburg, Görz und Gradisca; Fürst von Trient und von Brixen; Markgraf von Ober- und Niederlausitz und in Istrien; Graf von Hohenembs, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg etc.; Herr von Triest, von Cattaro und auf der Windischen Mark; Grosswojwod der Wojwodschaft Serbien, etc.; Kaiserliche und Apostolische Majestät ("By the grace of God, Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, and Galitzia, Lodomeria and Illyria, King of Jerusalem, etc.; Archduke of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Cracow, Duke of Lorraine and of Salzburg, of Styria, of Carinthia, Carniola and the Bukovina; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, of Auschwitz [Oswiecim] and Zator, of Teschen [Czeszyn], Friuli, Ragusa [Dubrovnik] and Zara [Zadar]; Princely Count of Habsburg and Tyrol, of Kyburg, Gorizia and Gradisca; Prince of Trent [Trento] and Brixen [Bressanone]; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria; Count of Hohenembs, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Cattaro [Kotor], and in the Wendish Mark; Grand Voivode of the Voivodina of Serbia, etc.; Imperial and Apostolic Majesty").

__________________
"Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them."

Azerbaijan





Baku

172. khanate founded
1728 - 1735 part of Russia
1735 - 1747 part of Iran
1806 part of Russia

Khans

172. - 1728 Dargah Quli Khan
1747 - 1768 Mirza Muhammad Khan
1768 - 1770 Fath `Ali Khan
1770 - 1772 `Abd Allah Beg
1772 - 1783 Malik Muhammad Khan
1784 - 1791 Mirza Muhammad Khan
1791 - 1792 Muhammad Quli Khan
1792 - 1806 Husayn Quli Khan

Ganja

1747 khanate founded
1804 part of Russia

Khans

- Ziyad oglu Qajar dynasty -

1747 - 1761 Shah Wardi Khan
1761 - 1781 Muhammad Hasan Khan

- Jawanshir dynasty -

1781 - 1784 Ibrahim Khalil Khan

- Ziyad oglu Qajar dynasty -

1784 - 1786 Hajji Beg
1786 - 3 Jan 1804 al-Jawad Khan

Jawad

Khan

*1778 - 1789 Tala Hasan Khan

Nakhchiwan

1834 part of Russia

Khans

*1751* Haydar Quli Khan
*1779* Kalb `Ali Khan
... - 1834 Karim Khan Kangarli

Qarabagh

c.1554 state under the rule of an Atabeg founded
1588 part of Ottoman Empire
1606 khanate founded
1822 part of Russia

Khans

- Ziyad oglu Qajar dynasty -

1722 - May 1728 Dawud Khan
1728 - 1730 Makhithar
1730 - 1738 Ughurlu II Khan Ziyad oglu
*1743* Khan Chemskeseka

- Jawanshir dynasty -

1747 - 1761 Panah Khan `Ali Beg
1761 - 14 Jun 1806 Ibrahim Khalil Khan
1806 - Oct 1822 Mahdi Quli Khan Muzaffar

Quba

1680 khanate founded
1816 part of Russia

Saytaq Khans

1680 - Sep 1721 Husayn Khan
1721 Ahmad Khan
1721 - 1722 Chulaq Surkhay Khan
1722 - 1758 Husayn `Ali Khan
1758 - Mar 1789 Fath `Ali Khan
1789 - 1791 Ahmad Khan
1791 - 1806 Shaykh `Ali Agha
1806 - 1816 Husayn Khan

Salyan

1729 khanate founded
1782 incorporated into Quba

Khans

1729 - 17.. Hasan Beg
1748 - 1757 Ibrahim
1757 - 1768 Kalb `Ali Sultan
1768 - 1782 Qubad Sultan

Shakki

c.1500 khanate founded
1761 - 1765 part of Qazi Qumuq (Daghestan)
1819 part of Russia

Khans

... - 1743 Malik Najaf Khan

Rulers (title Bashchi)

1743 - 1759 Chalabi Khan
1759 - 1761 Agha Kishi Beg
1765 - 1779 Husayn Khan
1780 - 1783 `Abd al-Qadir Khan
21 Dec 1783 - 1795 Muhammad Hasan Wali
1795 - 1806 Mustafa Salim Khan
10 Dec 1806 - 1815 Ja`far Quli Khan Dumbuli
1815 - 1819 Isma`il Khan

Shamakha

1748 Khoja Shamakha and Yeni Shamakha khanates founded
1786 merged into Shamakha
1820 part of Russia

Khoja Shamakha

Khan

1748 - 1786 Muhammad Sa`id Khan

Yeni Shamakha

Khans

1748 - 1763 Muhammad `Ali Khan
1763 - 1768 Aghazi Khan (1st time)
1768 - 1769 Fath `Ali Khan
1769 - 1770 `Abd Allah Beg
1770 - 1778 Ildar Beg
1778 - 1786 Aghazi Khan (2nd time)

Shamakha

Khans

1786 - 1789 Askar Khan
1789 - 1796 Qasim Khan
1796 - 1820 Mustafa Khan

Talish

1747 khanate founded
1814 part of Russia

Khans

1747 Sa`id `Abbas
1747 - 1786 Gara Khan
1786 - 1814 Mir Mustafa Khan

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Azerbaijan

28 May 1918 Azerbaijan People's Republic
28 Apr 1920 Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
12 Mar 1922 part (with Armenia and Georgia) of the Federative
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of Transcaucasia
(see under Georgia)
13 Dec 1922 part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative

Socialist

Republic (see under Georgia)
30 Dec 1922 T.S.F.S.R. founding component of the Soviet Union
5 Dec 1936 T.S.F.S.R. dissolved; Azerbaijan S.S.R. becomes a full
union republic (see Soviet republics)
19 Nov 1990 Azerbaijani Republic
30 Aug 1991 independence declared
25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.)

Chairman of the National Council

28 May 1918 - 7 Dec 1918 Memmed Resulzade (b. 1884 - d. 1955)

Chairman of Parliament

7 Dec 1918 - 27 Apr 1920 Alimardanbey Topchubashov (b. 1862 - d. 1934)

Chairmen of the Provisional Military-Revolutionary Committee

28 Apr 1920 - 16 May 1920 Mirza Davud Husseynov (b. 1894 - d. 1938)
16 May 1920 - 19 May 1921 Nariman Narimanov (b. 1870 - d. 1925)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee

19 May 1921 - 1922 Mukhtar Hajiyev
28 Apr 1922 - Sep 1929 Samad Aga Agamali ogly Aliyev (b. 1867 - d. 1930)

Presidents

18 May 1990 - 6 Mar 1992 Ayaz Mutalibov (1st time) (b. 1938)
6 Mar 1992 - 14 May 1992 Yagub Mamedov (1st time) (acting) (b. 1941)
14 May 1992 - 16 May 1992 Ayaz Mutalibov (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 May 1992 - 18 May 1992 Yagub Mamedov (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
18 May 1992 - 16 Jun 1992 Isa Gambarov (acting) (b. 1957)
16 Jun 1992 - 1 Sep 1993 Abulfez Elchibey (b. 1938 - d. 2000)
24 Jun 1993 - 31 Oct 2003 Heydar Aliyev (b. 1923 - d. 2003)
(acting to 10 Oct 1993 [for Elchibey to 1 Sep 1993])
31 Oct 2003 - Ilham Aliyev (b. 1961)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime ministers

28 May 1918 - 5 Apr 1919 Fath Ali Khan Khoiski (b. 1876 - d. 1920)
5 Apr 1919 - 1 Apr 1920 Nasibbey Yusifbeyli (b. 1881 - d. 1920)

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars

May 1921 - 1922 Nariman Narimanov (s.a.)
1922 - 1928 Gazanfar Musabekov (b. 1888 - d. 1938)

Prime ministers

25 Jan 1990 - 7 Apr 1992 Hasan Hasanov (b. 1940)
7 Apr 1992 - 18 May 1992 Firuz Mustafayev (acting)
18 May 1992 - 26 Jan 1993 Rahim Huseynov (b. 1936)
26 Jan 1993 - 28 Apr 1993 Ali Masimov (b. 1952)
28 Apr 1993 - 7 Jun 1993 Panakh Huseynov (b. 1957)
27 Jun 1993 - 6 Oct 1994 Suret Huseynov (b. 1959)
6 Oct 1994 - 20 Jul 1996 Fuad Guliyev (b. 1941)
(acting to 2 May 1995)
20 Jul 1996 - 4 Aug 2003 Artur Rasizade (1st time) (b. 1935)
(acting to 26 Nov 1996)
4 Aug 2003 - 4 Nov 2003 Ilham Aliyev (s.a.)
6 Aug 2003 - 4 Nov 2003 Artur Rasizade (s.a.)
(acting for Aliyev)
4 Nov 2003 - Artur Rasizade (2nd time) (s.a.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Nakhichevan autonomous republic

Chairmen of the Supreme Council

5 Sep 1991 - 23 Jun 1993 Heydar Aliyev (s.a.)
3 Jul 1993 - Vasif Talybov (b. 1960)

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Prime ministers

1991 - 1993 Bedzhan Farziliyev
1993 - 2000 Shamsaddin Khanbabayev
2000 - Alovsat Bakhshiyev (b. 1956)

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Nagorno-Karabakh

2 Sep 1991 Armenian Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh
6 Jan 1992 independence declared

Chairman of the Executive Council

2 Sep 1991 - 6 Jan 1992 Leonard Petrosyan (b. 1953 - d. 1999)

Chairmen of Parliament

7 Jan 1992 - 14 Apr 1992 Artur Mkrtchyan (b. 1959 - d. 1992)
15 Apr 1992 - 14 Jun 1993 Georgy Petrosyan (acting) (b. 1953)
14 Jun 1993 - 29 Dec 1994 Garen Baburyan (acting) (b. 1954)

Presidents

29 Dec 1994 - 20 Mar 1997 Robert Kocharyan (b. 1954)
20 Mar 1997 - 8 Sep 1997 Leonard Petrosyan (acting) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1997 - 7 Sep 2007 Arkady Gukasyan (b. 1957)
7 Sep 2007 - Bako Sahakyan (b. 1960)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime ministers

8 Jan 1992 - Aug 1992 Oleg Yessayan (b. 1946)
Aug 1992 - Dec 1994 Robert Kocharyan (s.a.)
Dec 1994 - Jun 1998 Leonard Petrosyan (s.a.)
Jun 1998 - 24 Jun 1999 Zhirayr Pogosyan (b. 1942)
30 Jun 1999 - 14 Sep 2007 Anushavan Danielyan (b. 1956)
14 Sep 2007 - Araik Arutyunyan (b. 1973)

__________________
"Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them."

Bahamas




1648 first English settlement
1718 British crown colony
3 Mar 1776 - 17 Mar 1776 American occupation
8 May 1782 - 19 Apr 1783 Spanish occupation
1969 Commonwealth of the Bahama Islands
10 Jul 1973 independence (Commonwealth of The Bahamas)

Governors

1697 - 1700 Nicholas Webb
1700 - 1701 Elias Haskett
1701 - 1705 Ellis Lightfood
Jan 1706 - 1706 Edward Birch
1706 Thomas Walker
1706 - 1718 pirate rule
- Thomas Barrow
- Benjamin Hornigold (b. ... - d. 1719?)
- Edward Teach "Blackbeard" (b. 1680? - d. 1718)
et al.
26 Jul 1718 - 1721 Woodes Rogers (1st time) (b. 1679? - d. 1732)
1721 - 1728 George Phenney
Aug 1729 - 16 Jul 1732 Woodes Rogers (2nd time) (s.a.)
1732 - 1733 Richard Thompson (acting)
Nov 1733 - 1740 Richard Fitzwilliams
1740 - 1758 John Tinker (b. ... - d. 1758)
1758 - 1760 John Gambier (1st time) (acting) (b. 1723 - d. 1782)
1760 - 1768 William Shirley (b. 1694 - d. 1771)
28 Nov 1768 - 1774 Thomas Shirley (b. 1727 - d. 1780)
1774 - 3 Mar 1776 Montfort Browne (1st time)
3 Mar 1776 - 17 Mar 1776 Samuel Nicholas (b. 1744 - d. 1790)
(American commander)
1776 - 1778 John Gambier (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
1778 - 1779 Montfort Browne (2nd time)
1780 - 1784 John Robert Maxwell
(1782-83 Spanish prisoner)
8 May 1782 - 19 Apr 1783 Bernardo de Gálvez (b. 1746 - d. 1786)
(Spanish commander)
1784 - 1786 James Edward Powell
1786 - 1787 John Brown (acting)
1787 - 1796 John Murray, Earl of Dunmore (b. 1732 - d. 1809)
1796 - 14 Feb 1797 Robert Hunt (acting)
14 Feb 1797 - Jun 1797 John Forbes (b. 1750 - d. 1797)
20 Nov 1797 - 1801 William Dowdeswell (b. 1761 - d. 1828)
1801 - 1804 John Halkett (b. 1768 - d. 1852)
8 May 1804 - 1820 Charles Cameron (b. 1766? - d. 1828)
1821 - 1829 Lewis Grant (b. ... - d. 1852)
1829 - 1833 James Carmichael Smyth (b. 1779 - d. 1838)
1833 - 1835 Blayney Townley Balfour (b. 1799 - d. 1882)
1835 - 1837 William MacBean George Colebrooke (b. 1787 - d. 1870)
1837 - 1844 Francis Cockburne
1844 - 1849 George Benvenuto Mathew (b. 1807 - d. 1879)
1849 - 1854 John Gregory
1854 - 1857 Sir Alexander Bannerman (b. 1783 - d. 1864)
1857 - 1864 Charles John Bayley (b. ... - d. 1873)
1864 - 1869 Rawson William Rawson (b. 1812 - d. 1899)
1869 - 1871 Sir James Walker (b. 1809 - d. 1885)
1871 - 1873 George Cumine Strahan (b. 1838 - d. 1889)
1873 - 1874 Sir John Pope Hennessy (b. 1834 - d. 1891)
1874 - 1880 William Robinson (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
1880 - 1881 Jeremiah Thomas Fitzgerald
Callaghan (b. c.1830 - d. 1881)
1882 - Jan 1884 Charles Cameron Lees (from 1883,
Sir Charles Cameron Lees) (b. 1837 - d. 1898)
4 Jan 1884 - 1887 Sir Henry Arthur Blake (b. 1840 - d. 1918)
1887 - 1895 Sir Ambrose Shea (b. 1816 - d. 1905)
1895 - 1898 Sir William Frederick Haynes Smith (b. 1839 - d. 1928)
1898 - 1904 Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter (b. 1848 - d. 1927)
29 Nov 1904 - 1912 Sir William Grey-Wilson (b. 1852 - d. 1926)
29 Oct 1912 - 1914 Sir George Basil Haddon-Smith (b. 1861 - d. 1931)
15 Jun 1914 - 1920 Sir William Lamond Allardyce (b. 1861 - d. 1930)
8 Dec 1920 - 1926 Sir Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
15 Mar 1927 - Jan 1932 Charles William James Orr
(from 1928, Sir Charles William
James Orr) (b. 1870 - d. 1945)
10 Jan 1932 - 1934 Bede Edmund Hugh Clifford
(from 1933, Sir Bede Edmund
Hugh Clifford) (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
1934 - 1940 Charles Cecil Farquharson Dundas
(from 1938, Sir Charles Cecil
Farquharson Dundas) (b. 1884 - d. 1956)
(acting to 1937)
18 Aug 1940 - 1945 Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor (b. 1894 - d. 1972)
28 Jul 1945 - 1950 William Lindsay Murphy (from
1946, Sir William Lindsay Murphy) (b. 1887 - d. 1965)
5 Jan 1950 - Dec 1950 Sir George Ritchie Sandford (b. 1892 - d. 1950)
7 Dec 1950 - 1953 Robert Arthur Ross Neville
(from 1952, Sir Robert Arthur
Ross Neville) (b. 1896 - d. 1987)
21 Dec 1953 - 1956 Thomas David Knox,
Earl of Ranfurly (b. 1913 - d. 1988)
1 Apr 1957 - 1960 Sir Oswald Raynor Arthur (b. 1905 - d. 1973)
18 Jul 1960 - 1964 Sir Robert Stapledon (b. 1909 - d. 1975)
3 Jun 1964 - 1968 Sir Ralph Francis Alnwick Grey (b. 1910 - d. 1999)
1 Nov 1968 - 1972 Sir Francis Edward Hovell-Thurlow-
Cumming-Bruce (from 1971,
Francis Edward Hovell-Thurlow-
Cumming-Bruce, Baron Thurlow) (b. 1912)
14 May 1972 - 10 Jul 1973 Sir John Warburton Paul (b. 1916 - d. 2004)

Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)

10 Jul 1973 - 31 Jul 1973 Sir John Warburton Paul (acting) (s.a.)
1 Aug 1973 - 22 Jan 1979 Sir Milo Butler (b. 1906 - d. 1979)
22 Jan 1979 - 25 Jun 1988 Sir Gerald Cash (b. 1917 - d. 2003)
(acting [for Butler from 2 Sep 1976] to 23 Sep 1979)
26 Jun 1988 - 1 Jan 1992 Sir Henry Taylor (b. 1903 - d. 1994)
(acting to 28 Feb 1991)
2 Jan 1992 - 2 Jan 1995 Sir Clifford Darling (b. 1922)
3 Jan 1995 - 13 Nov 2001 Orville Turnquest (from 22 Feb
1995, Sir Orville Turnquest) (b. 1929)
13 Nov 2001 - 30 Nov 2005 Dame Ivy Dumont (f) (b. 1930)
(acting to 1 Jan 2002)
1 Dec 2005 - 1 Feb 2006 Paul Adderley (acting) (b. 1928?)
1 Feb 2006 - Arthur Dion Hanna (b. 1928)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chief minister

1955 - 7 Jan 1964 Roland T. Symonette (from 1959,
Sir Roland T. Symonette) (b. 1898 - d. 1980)

Premiers

7 Jan 1964 - 16 Jan 1967 Sir Roland T. Symonette (s.a.)
16 Jan 1967 - 1969 Lynden O. Pindling (b. 1930 - d. 2000)

Prime ministers

1969 - 21 Aug 1992 Lynden O. Pindling (from 1 Jan
1983, Sir Lynden O. Pindling) (s.a.)
21 Aug 1992 - 3 May 2002 Hubert Ingraham (1st time) (b. 1947)
3 May 2002 - 4 May 2007 Perry Christie (b. 1943)
4 May 2005 - 22 Jun 2005 Cynthia Pratt (f) (b. 1945)
(acting for Christie)
4 May 2007 - Hubert Ingraham (2nd time) (s.a.)

__________________
"Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them."

Bahrain





1783 Al Khalifah lineage settles on Bahrain
2 Dec 1880 - 15 Aug 1971 British protectorate
16 Aug 1971 State of Bahrain
14 Feb 2002 Kingdom of Bahrain

Rulers (hakim)

- Banu `Utub dynasty -

1783 - 18 Jul 1795 Sheikh Ahmad ibn Muhammad Al Khalifah (b. ... - d. 1795)
1796 - Apr 1843 Sheikh Abdullah ibn Ahmad Al Khalifah (b. 17... - d. 1849)
(jointly with the following three)
1796 - 1825 Sheikh Sulman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifah (b. 17... - d. 1825)
1825 - 31 May 1834 Sheikh Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah (b. ... - d. 1834)
31 May 1834 - Jun 1842 Sheikh Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1st time) (b. 1813 - d. 1890)
Apr 1843 - 6 Sep 1868 Sheikh Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Sep 1868 - 28 Sep 1869 Sheikh Ali ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (b. 1814 - d. 1869)
Sep 1869 - 1 Dec 1869 Sheikh Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al Khalifah (b. 1817 - d. 1877)
Dec 1869 - 9 Dec 1932 Sheikh `Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifah (b. 1848 - d. 1932)
(jointly with following)
Dec 1869 - Oct 1888 Sheikh Ahmad ibn Ali Al Khalifah (b. 1850 - d. 1888)
(jointly with preceding)
9 Dec 1932 - 24 Feb 1942 Sheikh Hamad ibn `Isa Al Khalifah (b. 1872 - d. 1942)
24 Feb 1942 - 2 Nov 1961 Sheikh Sulman ibn Hamad Al Khalifah (b. 1894 - d. 1961)
2 Nov 1961 - 16 Aug 1971 Sheikh `Isa ibn Sulman Al Khalifah (b. 1933 - d. 1999)

Emirs

16 Aug 1971 - 6 Mar 1999 Sheikh `Isa ibn Sulman Al Khalifah (s.a.)
6 Mar 1999 - 14 Feb 2002 Sheikh Hamad ibn `Isa Al Khalifah (b. 1950)
King
14 Feb 2002 - Sheikh Hamad ibn `Isa Al Khalifah (s.a.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime minister

19 Jan 1970 - Sheikh Khalifah ibn Sulman
Al Khalifah (b. 1936)
(president of the State Council to 16 Aug 1971)

British political agents

10 Feb 1900 - 1904 John Calcott Gaskin
1904 - 1909 Francis Beville Prideaux (b. 1871 - d. 1938)
1909 - 1910 Charles Fraser Mackenzie (b. 1880 - d. 1965)
1910 - 1911 Stuart George Knox (b. 1869 - d. 1956)
1911 - 1912 David Lockhart Robertson Lorimer (b. 1876 - d. 1962)
1912 - 1914 Arthur Prescott Trevor (b. 1872 - d. 1930)
1914 - 1916 Terence Humphrey Keyes (b. 1877 - d. 1939)
1916 Hugh Stewart (b. 1872 - d. 1931)
1916 Trenchard Craven William Fowle (b. 1884 - d. 1940)
1916 - 1918 Percy Gordon Loch (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1963)
1918 George Alexander Gavin Mungavin
1918 - 1919 Norman Napier Bray (b. 1885 - d. 1962)
1919 - 1920 Harold Richard Patrick Dickson (b. 1881 - d. 1959)
1920 - 1921 Sayid Siddiq Hassan (acting)
1921 - 1926 Clive Kirkpatrick Daly (b. 1878 - d. 1966)
1926 - 1929 Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett (b. 1884 - d. 1933)
1929 - 1932 Charles Geoffrey Prior (b. 1896 - d. 1972)
1932 - 1937 Percy Gordon Loch (2nd time) (s.a.)
1937 Tom Hickinbotham (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1983)
1937 - 1940 Hugh Weightman (b. 1898 - d. 1949)
1940 - 1942 Reginald George Evelyn William
Alban (b. 1899)
1942 - 1943 Edward Birkbeck Wakefield
(1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1969)
1943 Michael Gray Dixon (acting) (b. 1910)
1943 - 1945 Tom Hickinbotham (2nd time) (s.a.)
1945 Cornelius James Pelly (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1985)
1945 - 1947 Edward Birkbeck Wakefield
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1947 - 1951 Cornelius James Pelly (2nd time) (s.a.)
1951 - 1952 William Scott Laver (b. 1909 - d. 1988)
1952 - 1954 John William Wall (b. 1910 - d. 1989)
1954 - 1959 Charles Alexander Gault (b. 1908 - d. 1996)
1959 - 1962 Edward Parr Wiltshire (b. 1910 - d. 2004)
1962 - 1965 John Peter Tripp (b. 1927 - d. 1986)
1965 - 1969 Anthony Parsons (b. 1922 - d. 1996)
1969 - 1971 Alexander John Stirling (b. 1926)

Chief political residents of the Persian Gulf
(for Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States)

1822 - 1823 John Mcleod (b. ... - d. 1851)
1823 - 1827 Ephraim Gerrish Stannus (b. 1784 - d. 1850)
1827 - 1831 David Wilson
1831 - 1835 David Alexander Blane
1835 - 1838 James Morrison (b. 1790 - d. 1857)
1838 - 1852 Samuel Hennell
1852 - 1856 Arnold Burrowes Kemball (b. 1820 - d. 1908)
1856 - 1862 Felix Jones
1862 - 1872 Lewis Pelly (b. 1825 - d. 1892)
1872 - 1891 Edward Charles Ross (b. 1836 - d. 1913)
1891 - 1893 Adelbert Cecil Talbot (b. 1845 - d. 1920)
1893 Stuart Hill Godfrey (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1941)
1893 James Hayes Sadler (1st time) (b. 1851 - d. 1922)
(acting)
1893 James Adair Crawford (acting) (b. 1857 - d. 1936)
1893 - 1894 James Hayes Sadler (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1894 - 1897 Frederick Alexander Wilson (b. 1842 - d. 1899)
1897 - 1900 Malcolm John Meade (b. 1854 - d. 1933)
1900 - 1904 Charles Arnold Kemball (acting) (b. 1860 - d. 1943)
1904 - 1920 Percy Cox (from 1911, Sir Percy
Cox) (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
Acting for Cox:
1913 - 1914 John Gordon Lorimer (b. 1870 - d. 1914)
1914 Richard Lockinton Birdwood (b. 1879 - d. 1914)
1914 Stuart George Knox (1st time) (b. 1869 - d. 1956)
1915 Stuart George Knox (2nd time) (s.a.)
1915 - 1917 Arthur Prescott Trevor
(1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1930)
1917 - 1919 John Hugo Bill (b. 18... - d. 1919)
1919 Cecil Hamilton Gabriel (b. 1879 - d. 1947)
1919 - 1920 Arthur Prescott Trevor
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1920 Arnold Talbot Wilson (acting) (b. 1884 - d. 1940)
1920 - 1924 Arthur Prescott Trevor (s.a.)
1924 - 1927 Francis Beville Prideaux (b. 1871 - d. 1938)
1927 - 1928 Lionel Berkeley Holt Haworth (b. 1873 - d. 1951)
1928 - 1929 Frederick William Johnston (b. 1872 - d. 1947)
1929 Cyril Charles Johnson Barrett (b. 1884 - d. 1933)
(acting)
1929 - 1932 Hugh Vincent Biscoe (b. 1881 - d. 1932)
1932 - 1939 Trenchard Craven William Fowle (b. 1884 - d. 1940)
1939 - 1946 Charles Geoffrey Prior (b. 1896 - d. 1972)
1946 - 1953 Rupert Hay (from 1952,
Sir Rupert Hay) (b. 1893 - d. 1962)
22 Oct 1953 - 1958 Bernard Burrows (from 1955,
Sir Bernard Burrows) (b. 1910 - d. 2002)
1958 - 1961 Sir George Humphrey Middleton (b. 1910 - d. 1998)
1961 - 1966 Sir William Luce (b. 1907 - d. 1977)
1966 - 1970 Sir Stewart Crawford (b. 1913 - d. 2002)
1970 - 1971 Sir Geoffrey Arthur (b. 1920 - d. 1984)

__________________
"Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them."

Bangladesh




14 Aug 1947 part of Pakistan (previously part of British India)
26 Mar 1971 independence proclaimed (People's Republic of Bangladesh)
16 Dec 1971 de facto independence (capitulation of Pakistan)

Presidents

11 Apr 1971 - 12 Jan 1972 Mujibur Rahman (1st time) (b. 1920 - d. 1975)
(Pakistani prisoner to 8 Jan 1972)
11 Apr 1971 - 10 Jan 1972 Syed Nazrul Islam (b. 1925 - d. 1975)
(acting for Mujibur Rahman)
12 Jan 1972 - 24 Dec 1973 Abu Sayeed Chowdhury (b. 1921 - d. 1987)
26 Dec 1973 - 25 Jan 1975 Mohammad Mohammadullah (b. 1921 - d. 1999)
(acting to 24 Jan 1974)
25 Jan 1975 - 15 Aug 1975 Mujibur Rahman (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Aug 1975 - 6 Nov 1975 Khandakar Mushtaq Ahmed (b. 1918 - d. 1996)
6 Nov 1975 - 21 Apr 1977 Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem (b. 1916 - d. 1997)
(also chief martial law administrator 7 Nov 1975 - 29 Nov 1976)
21 Apr 1977 - 30 May 1981 Ziaur Rahman (b. 1936 - d. 1981)
(also chief martial law administrator 29 Nov 1976 - 6 Apr 1979)
30 May 1981 - 24 Mar 1982 Abdus Sattar (b. 1906 - d. 1985)
(acting to 20 Nov 1981)
24 Mar 1982 - 27 Mar 1982 Hossain Mohammad Ershad (1st time) (b. 1930)
(chief martial law administrator 24 Mar 1982 - 30 Mar 1984)
27 Mar 1982 - 11 Dec 1983 A.F.M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury (b. 1915 - d. 2001)
11 Dec 1983 - 6 Dec 1990 Hossain Mohammad Ershad (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Dec 1990 - 10 Oct 1991 Shahabuddin Ahmed (1st time) (b. 1930)
(acting)
10 Oct 1991 - 9 Oct 1996 Abdur Rahman Biswas (b. 1926)
9 Oct 1996 - 14 Nov 2001 Shahabuddin Ahmed (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Nov 2001 - 21 Jun 2002 A.Q.M. Badruddoza Chowdhury (b. 1932)
21 Jun 2002 - 6 Sep 2002 Jamiruddin Sircar (acting) (b. 1931)
6 Sep 2002 - 12 Feb 2009 Iajuddin Ahmed (b. 1931)
12 Feb 2009 - Zillur Rahman (b. 1929)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime ministers

11 Apr 1971 - 13 Jan 1972 Tajuddin Ahmed (b. 1925 - d. 1975)
13 Jan 1972 - 26 Jan 1975 Mujibur Rahman (s.a.)
26 Jan 1975 - 15 Aug 1975 Mohammad Mansoor Ali (b. 1919 - d. 1975)
29 Jun 1978 - 12 Mar 1979 Mashiur Rahman (senior minister) (b. 1924 - d. 1979)
15 Apr 1979 - 24 Mar 1982 Shah Azizur Rahman (b. 1925 - d. 1988)
30 Mar 1984 - 9 Jul 1986 Ataur Rahman Khan (b. 1905 - d. 1991)
9 Jul 1986 - 27 Mar 1988 Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury (b. 1928 - d. 2006)
27 Mar 1988 - 12 Aug 1989 Moudud Ahmed (b. 1940)
12 Aug 1989 - 6 Dec 1990 Kazi Zafar Ahmed (b. 1940)
20 Mar 1991 - 30 Mar 1996 Khaleda Zia (f) (1st time) (b. 1945)
30 Mar 1996 - 23 Jun 1996 Mohammad Habibur Rahman (b. 1930)
(chief adviser)
23 Jun 1996 - 15 Jul 2001 Sheikh Hasina Wajed (f) (1st time) (b. 1947)
15 Jul 2001 - 10 Oct 2001 Latifur Rahman (chief adviser) (b. 1936)
10 Oct 2001 - 29 Oct 2006 Khaleda Zia (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Oct 2006 - 11 Jan 2007 Iajuddin Ahmed (chief adviser) (s.a.)
11 Jan 2007 - 12 Jan 2007 Fazlul Haque (b. 1938)
(acting chief adviser)
12 Jan 2007 - 6 Jan 2009 Fakhruddin Ahmed (chief adviser) (b. 1940)
6 Jan 2009 - Sheikh Hasina Wajed (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)

__________________
"Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them."

Barbados





1627 British colony
1833 - 1885 part of the Windward Islands (with the governor of
Barbados also governor of the Windward Islands)
3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 part of the Federation of the West Indies
(see under Trinidad and Tobago)
30 Nov 1966 independence

Governors

Dec 1697 - 1701 Ralph Grey (b. c.1661 - d. 1706)
1701 - 1703 John Farmer (acting)
1703 - 1706 Sir Bevil Granville (b. 16... - d. 1706)
1707 - 1710 Mitford Crow (b. 16... - d. 1719)
1710 - 1711 George Lillington (acting)
1711 - Jan 1714 Robert Lowther (1st time) (b. 1681 - d. 1745)
Jan 1714 - 1715 William Sharpe (acting)
1715 - 1720 Robert Lowther (2nd time) (s.a.)
1720 - 1721 John Frere (acting)
1721 - 1722 Samuel Cox (acting)
1722 - 1727 Henry Worsley (b. ... - d. 1740)
1727 - 1731 Thomas Catesby Paget (b. 1689 - d. 1742)
1731 James Dotin (1st time) (acting)
1731 - 1732 Walter Chetwynd (b. ... - d. 1732)
1733 - 29 Mar 1735 Emanuel Scrope, Viscount Howe (b. c.1699 - d. 1735)
1735 - 1737 James Dotin (2nd time)
1737 - 1738 Orlando Bridgeman
1738 Humphrey Howarth
1738 - 1739 Thomas Gage, Viscount Gage (b. ... - d. 1754)
May 1739 - 1740 Robert Byng (b. ... - d. 1741)
1740 James Dotin (3rd time)
1742 - 1747 Sir Thomas Robinson (b. c.1700 - d. 1777)
1747 - 1756 Henry Grenville (b. 1717 - d. 1784)
1756 - 1766 Charles Pinfold (b. 1709 - d. 1788)
1766 - 1768 Samuel Rous (1st time) (acting)
1768 - 1772 William Spry (b. ... - d. 1802)
1772 Samuel Rous (2nd time) (acting)
1772 - 1779 Edward Hay (b. 1722 - d. 1779)
1779 - 1780 John Dotin (1st time) (acting)
1780 - 1782 James Cunninghame
1783 - 1784 John Dotin (2nd time) (acting)
1784 - 1793 David Parry
1793 - 1794 William Bishop (1st time) (acting)
1794 - 1800 George Poyntz Ricketts (b. 1749 - d. 1800)
1800 - 1801 William Bishop (2nd time) (acting)
1802 - 1806 Francis Humberstone Mackenzie, (from 1804) Baron Seaforth (b. 1754 - d. 1815)
1806 - 1810 John Spooner (acting)
1810 - 1815 Sir George Beckwith (b. 1753 - d. 1823)
10 May 1815 - 16 Oct 1816 Sir James Leith (b. 1763 - d. 1816)
1817 John Foster Alleyne (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1823)
1817 - 1820 Stapleton Cotton, Viscount Combermere (b. 1773 - d. 1865)
1820 John Brathwaite Skeete (acting)
1821 Samuel Hinds (acting)
1821 - 1829 Sir Henry Warde (b. 1766 - d. 1834)
1829 - 1833 Sir James Lyon
1833 - 1836 Sir Lionel Smith (b. 1778 - d. 1842)
1836 - 1841 Evan John Murray MacGregor (from 1839, Sir Evan John Murray MacGregor) (b. 1785 - d. 1841)
1841 Charles Henry Darling (b. 1809 - d. 1870)
1841 - 1846 Sir Charles Edward Grey (b. 1785 - d. 1865)
1846 - 1848 William Reid (b. 1791 - d. 1858)
1848 - 1856 William MacBean George Colebrooke (b. 1787 - d. 1870)
1856 - 4 Jan 1862 Francis Hincks (b. 1807 - d. 1885)
4 Jan 1862 - 1868 James Walker (b. 1809 - d. 1885)
1868 - 1875 Rawson William Rawson (b. 1812 - d. 1899)
1875 Sanford Freeling (acting) (b. 1828 - d. 1894)
1875 - 1876 Sir John Pope Hennessy (b. 1834 - d. 1891)
1876 - 1880 George Cumine Strahan (b. 1838 - d. 1889)
1880 D.J. Gamble (acting)
1880 - 1885 William Robinson (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
1885 - 1889 Sir Charles Cameron Lees (b. 1837 - d. 1898)
1889 - 1891 Sir Walter Joseph Sendall (b. 1833 - d. 1904)
1891 - 1900 Sir James Shaw Hay (b. 1839 - d. 1924)
18 Feb 1900 - 1904 Sir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson (b. 1851 - d. 1925)
24 Oct 1904 - 1911 Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter (b. 1848 - d. 1927)
13 Feb 1911 - 1918 Sir Leslie Probyn (b. 1862 - d. 1938)
27 Sep 1918 - 1925 Charles Richard Mackey O'Brien (from 1920, Sir Charles Richard Mackey O'Brien) (b. 1859 - d. 1935)
31 Dec 1925 - Jan 1933 William Charles Fleming Robertson (from 1927, Sir William Charles Fleming Robertson) (b. ... - d. 1937)
Jan 1933 - 12 Mar 1933 Harry Scott Newlands (b. 1884 - d. 1933)
5 Aug 1933 - Mar 1938 Mark Young (from 1934, Sir Mark Young) (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
6 Aug 1938 - 1941 Eubule John Waddington (from 1939,Sir Eubule John Waddington) (b. 1890 - d. 1957)
23 Oct 1941 - 1947 Sir Henry Grattan Bushe (b. 1886 - d. 1961)
5 Feb 1947 - 1949 Sir Hilary Rudolph Robert Blood (b. 1893 - d. 1967)
1 Nov 1949 - 1953 Alfred William Lungley Savage(from 1951, Sir Alfred William Lungley Savage) (b. 1903 - d. 1980)
14 May 1953 - 1959 Sir Robert Duncan Harris Arundell (b. 1904 - d. 1989)
8 Oct 1959 - 29 Nov 1966 Sir John Montague Stow (b. 1911 - d. 1997)

Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)

30 Nov 1966 - 18 May 1967 Sir John Montague Stow (s.a.)
18 May 1967 - 9 Aug 1976 Sir Arleigh Winston Scott (b. 1900 - d. 1976)
9 Aug 1976 - 17 Nov 1976 Sir William Douglas (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 2003)
(acting)
17 Nov 1976 - 9 Jan 1984 Sir Deighton Lisle Ward (b. 1909 - d. 1984)
10 Jan 1984 - 24 Feb 1984 Sir William Douglas (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
24 Feb 1984 - 6 Jun 1990 Sir Hugh Springer (b. 1913 - d. 1994)
6 Jun 1990 - 19 Dec 1995 Dame Nita Barrow (f) (b. 1916 - d. 1995)
19 Dec 1995 - 1 Jun 1996 Sir Denys Williams (acting) (b. 1929)
1 Jun 1996 - Sir Clifford Husbands (b. 1926)

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Premiers

1 Feb 1954 - 17 Apr 1958 Grantley Herbert Adams (from 1957, Sir Grantley Herbert Adams) (b. 1898 - d. 1971)
17 Apr 1958 - 8 Dec 1961 Hugh Gordon Cummins (b. 1891 - d. 1970)
8 Dec 1961 - 18 Nov 1966 Errol Barrow (b. 1920 - d. 1987)

Prime ministers

18 Nov 1966 - 8 Sep 1976 Errol Barrow (1st time) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1976 - 11 Mar 1985 J.M.G. Adams (b. 1931 - d. 1985)
11 Mar 1985 - 29 May 1986 Bernard St. John (b. 1931 - d. 2004)
29 May 1986 - 1 Jun 1987 Errol Barrow (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jun 1987 - 7 Sep 1994 Erskine Sandiford (b. 1937) 7 Sep 1994 - 16 Jan 2008 Owen Arthur (b. 1949)16 Jan 2008 - David Thompson (b. 1961)

__________________
"Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them."

Belarus





21 Feb 1918 - 9 Dec 1918 German occupation
9 Mar 1918 Belorussian Republic declared
25 Mar 1918 independence declared (Belorussian People's Republic),
not recognized by Germany
10 Dec 1918 Russian control reestablished
1 Jan 1919 Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
27 Feb 1919 part of "Litbel" (Lithuanian-Belorussian S.S.R.)
(see under Lithuania)
1 Sep 1919 Polish occupation¹
Jul 1920 Russian occupation¹
1 Aug 1920 Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
30 Dec 1922 founding component of Soviet Union (see Soviet republics)
25 Aug 1991 independence declared
19 Sep 1991 Republic of Belarus (use of "Belorussian S.S.R." allowed
until 1993)
25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the Soviet Union)

Chairmen of the Rada

18 Mar 1918 - May 1918 Ivan Mikitavich Syerada (b. 1879 - d. af.1943)
May 1918 - Jun 1918 Pavel Pavlavich Alyaksyuk (b. 1892 - d. 19...)
Jun 1918 - 3 Dec 1918 Iosif Yuryevich Lyosik (b. 1884 - d. 1940)

Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Workers-and-Peasants' Soviet Government

1 Jan 1919 - 4 Feb 1919 Dzmitryi Fyodaravich Zhylunovich (b. 1887 - d. 1937)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee 4 Feb 1919

- 27 Feb 1919 Alyaksandr Fyodaravich Myasnikou (b. 1886 - d. 1925)
13 Dec 1919 - 1920 Pyotr Krecheuski (b. 1879 - d. 1928)
(chairman Rada)¹
Dec 1919 - Jul 1920 Ivan Mikitavich Syerada¹ (s.a.)
1 Aug 1920 - 8 Mar 1937 Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakou (b. 1892 - d. 1937)

Chairmen of the Rada (in exile)

Nov 1920 - 8 Mar 1928 Pyotr Krecheuski (s.a.)
8 Mar 1928 - 6 Mar 1943 Vasil Zakharka (b. 1877 - d. 1943)
6 Mar 1943 - 29 May 1970 Mikalay Abramchyk (b. 1903 - d. 1970)
May 1970 - Nov 1982 Vikentsiy Zhuk-Hryshkyevich (b. 1903 - d. 1989)
Nov 1982 - 1997 Jazep Sazhych (b. 1917 - d. 2007)
1997 Barys Ragula (acting) (b. 1920 - d. 2005)
1997 - Ivonka Survilla (f) (b. 1936)

Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet

18 Sep 1991 - 26 Jan 1994 Stanislau Shushkevich (b. 1934)
26 Jan 1994 - 28 Jan 1994 Vyachaslau Kuznyatsou (acting) (b. 1947)
28 Jan 1994 - 20 Jul 1994 Myechyslau Hryb (b. 1938)

President20 Jul 1994 - Alyaksandr

Lukashenka (b. 1954)

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Chairmen of the People's Secretariat

9 Mar 1918 - May 1918 Jazep Varonka (b. 1891 - d. 1952)
May 1918 - Jun 1918 Raman Skirmunt (b. 1868 - d. af.1939)
Jun 1918 Ivan Mikitavich Syerada (s.a.)
Jun 1918 - Oct 1918 Anton Luckievich (b. 1884 - d. 1942)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (from 1920 in exile)

Oct 1918 - 13 Dec 1919 Anton Luckievich (s.a.)
13 Dec 1919 - 23 Aug 1923 Vaclau Lastouski (b. 1883 - d. 1938)
23 Aug 1923 - Oct 1925 Alyaksandr Tsvikievich (b. 1888 - d. 1937)
Oct 1925 - 6 Mar 1943 Vasil Zakharka (s.a.)
6 Mar 1943 - 21 Jun 1948 Mikalay Abramchyk (s.a.)

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars

1 Aug 1920 - 17 Mar 1924 Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakou (s.a.)

Chairman of the Council of Ministers

7 Apr 1990 - 21 Jul 1994 Vyachaslau Kebich (b. 1936)

Prime ministers

21 Jul 1994 - 18 Nov 1996 Mikhail Chyhir (b. 1948)
18 Nov 1996 - 18 Feb 2000 Syarhey Linh (b. 1937)
(acting to 19 Feb 1997)
18 Feb 2000 - 1 Oct 2001 Uladzimir Yarmoshyn (b. 1942)
(acting to 14 Mar 2000)
1 Oct 2001 - 10 Jul 2003 Henadz Navitski (b. 1949)
(acting to 10 Oct 2001)
10 Jul 2003 - Syarhey Sidorski (b. 1954)
(acting to 19 Dec 2003)


¹During Polish and Russian occupation, there were two rebel revivals in part of the country of the Belorussian People's Republic.

__________________
"Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them."

Belgium






1556 Spanish Netherlands
1713 Austrian Netherlands
11 Jan 1790 - 2 Dec 1790 United Belgian States in revolt against Habsburg rule
1 Oct 1795 annexed to France
15 Feb 1814 Belgian territory separated from France
(Gouvernement-général de la Belgique)
12 May 1815 incorporation of the Belgian lands and Liège into the
Kingdom of the Netherlands
4 Oct 1830 independence proclaimed (Belgium)
7 Feb 1831 Kingdom of Belgium
4 Aug 1914 - 11 Nov 1918 occupied by Germany
10 May 1940 - 3 Sep 1944 occupied by Germany

Presidents of the Sovereign Congress

11 Jan 1790 - 1790 François de Nélis (b. 1736 - d. 1798)
8 Nov 1790 - 1790 Hendrik Herman Werner Frans Anton
van Crumpipen (b. 1738 - d. 1811)

Governors-general (on behalf of the Allied Powers)

15 Feb 1814 - 18 Feb 1814 Eugène Jean Baptiste, comte de
Robiano (acting) (b. 1741 - d. 1820)
18 Feb 1814 - 23 Mar 1814 Frédéric Auguste Alexandre,
duc de Beaufort-Spontin (b. 1751 - d. 1817)
23 Mar 1814 - 5 May 1814 Baron von Horst
5 May 1814 - 1 Aug 1814 Charles, baron de Vincent
= Karl Freiherr von Vincent (b. 1757 - d. 1834)
(Gouverneur-général militaire de la Belgique et du pays
de Liège)
1 Aug 1814 - 12 May 1815 Willem van Oranje-Nassau (b. 1772 - d. 1843)
declined to serve in person and designated a Lieutenant:
Godert Alexander Gerard Philip,
baron van der Capellen, heer van
Berkenwoude en Agterbroek (b. 1778 - d. 1848)
24 Sep 1830 - 25 Feb 1831 Administrative Commission
(from 26 Sep 1830, Provisional Government)
- Emmanuel van der Linden,
baron d'Hooghvorst (b. 1782 - d. 1866)
(to 12 Nov 1830)
- Charles Rogier (b. 1800 - d. 1885)
(signs as chairman on 25 Sep 1830, but never again)
- Félix, comte de Mérode (b. 1791 - d. 1857)
(from 26 Sep 1830)
- Alexandre Gendebien (b. 1789 - d. 1869)
(from 26 Sep 1830)
- Sylvain Van de Weyer (b. 1802 - d. 1874)
(from 26 Sep 1830)
- André Édouard Jolly (b. 1799 - d. 1883)
- Feuillen Charles Marie Joseph,
baron de Coppin de Falaën (b. 1800 - d. 1887)
- Joseph van der Linden (b. 1764 - d. 18...)
- Louis de Potter (b. 1786 - d. 1859)
(28 Sep - 13 Nov 1830)
- Jean Nicolay (b. ... - d. 1842)
(25 Sep - 10 Oct 1830)

Regent

25 Feb 1831 - 21 Jul 1831 Érasme Louis, baron Surlet de
Chokier (b. 1769 - d. 1839)

Kings¹

- Saxe-Cobourg et -Gotha (Wettin) dynasty -

21 Jul 1831 - 10 Dec 1865 Léopold I (b. 1790 - d. 1865)
10 Dec 1865 - 17 Dec 1865 Charles Rogier (s.a.)
(acting head of state)
17 Dec 1865 - 17 Dec 1909 Léopold II (b. 1835 - d. 1909)
17 Dec 1909 - 23 Dec 1909 Frans Schollaert (b. 1851 - d. 1917)
(acting head of state)
23 Dec 1909 - 17 Feb 1934 Albert I (b. 1875 - d. 1934)
26 Aug 1914 - 16 Dec 1914 Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz (b. 1843 - d. 1916)
(governor-general)
16 Dec 1914 - 18 Apr 1917 Moritz Ferdinand Freiherr von
Bissing (governor-general) (b. 1844 - d. 1917)
17 May 1917 - 11 Nov 1918 Ludwig Freiherr von Falkenhausen (b. 1844 - d. 1936)
(governor-general)
17 Feb 1934 - 23 Feb 1934 Charles, comte de Broqueville (b. 1860 - d. 1940)
(acting head of state)
23 Feb 1934 - 16 Jul 1951 Léopold III (b. 1901 - d. 1983)
(German prisoner 28 May 1940 - 8 May 1945;
in exile in Switzerland 8 May 1945 - 22 Jul 1950)
20 May 1940 - 18 Jul 1944 Alexander von Falkenhausen (b. 1878 - d. 1966)
(military governor for occupied Netherlands and Belgium
to 29 May 1940, then for Belgium and northern France)
18 Jul 1944 - 1944 Joseph Grohé (Reichskommissar) (b. 1902 - d. 1988)
20 Sep 1944 - 20 Jul 1950 Charles (regent) (b. 1903 - d. 1983)
11 Aug 1950 - 16 Jul 1951 Baudouin (regent) (b. 1930 - d. 1993)
16 Jul 1951 - 17 Jul 1951 Joseph Pholien (b. 1884 - d. 1968)
(acting head of state)
17 Jul 1951 - 31 Jul 1993 Baudouin I (s.a.)
(declared incapacitated at his own request, 4-5 Apr 1990)
4 Apr 1990 - 5 Apr 1990 Wilfried Martens (b. 1936)
(acting head of state)
31 Jul 1993 - 9 Aug 1993 Jean-Luc Dehaene (b. 1940)
(acting head of state)
9 Aug 1993 - Albert II (b. 1934)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prime minister

11 Jan 1790 - 2 Dec 1790 Hendrik van der Noot (b. 1731 - d. 1827)

Cabinet chiefs

26 Feb 1831 - 27 Feb 1831 Albert Joseph Goblet
d'Alviella (1st time) Lib (b. 1790 - d. 1873)
27 Feb 1831 - 10 Mar 1831 Étienne Constantin de
Gerlache Cat (b. 1785 - d. 1871)
10 Mar 1831 - 23 Mar 1831 Albert Joseph Goblet
d'Alviella (2nd time) Lib (s.a.)
23 Mar 1831 - 3 Aug 1831 Étienne Noël Joseph,
chevalier de Sauvage Lib (b. 1789 - d. 1867)
3 Aug 1831 - 12 Nov 1831 Charles Marie de Brouckère
(1st time) Lib (b. 1796 - d. 1860)
12 Nov 1831 - 26 Mar 1832 Félix Armand de Mûelenaere Lib (b. 1794 - d. 1862)
26 Mar 1832 - 17 Sep 1832 Charles Marie de Brouckère
(2nd time) Lib (s.a.)
17 Sep 1832 - 20 Oct 1832 Albert Joseph Goblet
d'Alviella (3rd time) Lib (s.a.)
20 Oct 1832 - 4 Aug 1834 Joseph Lebeau (1st time) Lib (b. 1794 - d. 1865)
4 Aug 1834 - 18 Apr 1840 Barthélemy Théodore,
chevalier de Theux de
Meylandt (1st time) Cat (b. 1794 - d. 1874)
18 Apr 1840 - 13 Apr 1841 Joseph Lebeau (2nd time) Lib (s.a.)
13 Apr 1841 - 30 Jul 1845 Jean Baptiste Nothomb Lib (b. 1805 - d. 1881)
30 Jul 1845 - 31 Mar 1846 Sylvain Van de Weyer Lib (s.a.)
31 Mar 1846 - 12 Aug 1847 Barthélemy Théodore, comte de
Theux de Meylandt (2nd time) Cat (s.a.)
12 Aug 1847 - 31 Oct 1852 Charles Rogier (1st time) Lib (s.a.)
31 Oct 1852 - 30 Mar 1855 Henri de Brouckère Lib (b. 1801 - d. 1891)
30 Mar 1855 - 9 Nov 1857 Pierre Jacques François De
Decker Cat (b. 1812 - d. 1891)
9 Nov 1857 - 3 Jan 1868 Charles Rogier (2nd time) Lib (s.a.)
3 Jan 1868 - 2 Jul 1870 Walthère Frère-Orban
(1st time) Lib (b. 1812 - d. 1896)
2 Jul 1870 - 7 Dec 1871 Jules Joseph, baron d'Anethan Cat (b. 1803 - d. 1888)
7 Dec 1871 - 19 Jun 1878 Jules Malou (1st time) Cat (b. 1810 - d. 1886)
19 Jun 1878 - 16 Jun 1884 Walthère Frère-Orban
(2nd time) Lib (s.a.)
16 Jun 1884 - 26 Oct 1884 Jules Malou (2nd time) Cat (s.a.)
26 Oct 1884 - 26 Mar 1894 Auguste Marie François
Beernaert Cat (b. 1829 - d. 1912)
26 Mar 1894 - 25 Feb 1896 Jules Philippe Marie de
Burlet Cat (b. 1844 - d. 1897)
25 Feb 1896 - 24 Jan 1899 Paul de Smet de Naeyer
(1st time) Cat (b. 1843 - d. 1913)
24 Jan 1899 - 5 Aug 1899 Julius Vandenpeereboom Cat (b. 1843 - d. 1917)
5 Aug 1899 - 2 May 1907 Paul de Smet de Naeyer (from
1900, Paul, comte de Smet de
Naeyer) (2nd time) Cat (s.a.)
2 May 1907 - 31 Dec 1907 Jules de Trooz Cat (b. 1857 - d. 1907)
9 Jan 1908 - 17 Jun 1911 Frans Schollaert Cat (s.a.)
17 Jun 1911 - 31 May 1918 Charles, baron de Broqueville Cat (s.a.)
(from Aug 1914 in France exile)
Aug 1914 - Jul 1917 Maximilian von Sandt (b. 1861 - d. 1918)
(chief of civil administration)
31 May 1918 - 21 Nov 1918 Geraard Cooreman Cat (b. 1852 - d. 1926)

Prime ministers

21 Nov 1918 - 20 Nov 1920 Léon Delacroix Cat (b. 1867 - d. 1929)
20 Nov 1920 - 16 Dec 1921 Henri Carton de Wiart Cat (b. 1869 - d. 1951)
16 Dec 1921 - 13 May 1925 Georges Theunis (1st time) Cat (b. 1873 - d. 1966)
13 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1925 Aloys van de Vyvere Cat (b. 1871 - d. 1961)
17 Jun 1925 - 20 May 1926 Prosper, vicomte Poullet Cat (b. 1868 - d. 1937)
20 May 1926 - 6 Jun 1931 Henri Jaspar Cat (b. 1870 - d. 1939)
6 Jun 1931 - 22 Oct 1932 Jules Renkin Cat (b. 1862 - d. 1934)
22 Oct 1932 - 20 Nov 1934 Charles, comte de Broqueville Cat (s.a.)
20 Nov 1934 - 25 Mar 1935 Georges Theunis (2nd time) Cat (s.a.)
25 Mar 1935 - 24 Nov 1937 Paul van Zeeland Cat (b. 1893 - d. 1973)
24 Nov 1937 - 15 May 1938 Paul Emile Janson Lib (b. 1872 - d. 1944)
15 May 1938 - 20 Feb 1939 Paul-Henri Spaak (1st time) Soc (b. 1899 - d. 1972)
22 Feb 1939 - 12 Feb 1945 Hubert Pierlot Cat (b. 1883 - d. 1963)
(25 May 1940 - 8 Sep 1944 in exile [first in France,
from 25 Oct 1940 in London])
12 Feb 1945 - 13 Mar 1946 Achille Van Acker (1st time) Soc (b. 1898 - d. 1975)
13 Mar 1946 - 31 Mar 1946 Paul-Henri Spaak (2nd time) Soc (s.a.)
31 Mar 1946 - 3 Aug 1946 Achille Van Acker (2nd time) Soc (s.a.)
3 Aug 1946 - 20 Mar 1947 Camille Huysmans Soc (b. 1871 - d. 1968)
20 Mar 1947 - 11 Aug 1949 Paul-Henri Spaak (3rd time) Soc (s.a.)
11 Aug 1949 - 8 Jun 1950 Gaston Eyskens (1st time) S-C (b. 1905 - d. 1988)
8 Jun 1950 - 15 Aug 1950 Jean Duvieusart S-C (b. 1900 - d. 1977)
15 Aug 1950 - 15 Jan 1952 Joseph Pholien S-C (s.a.)
15 Jan 1952 - 23 Apr 1954 Jean Van Houtte S-C (b. 1907 - d. 1991)
23 Apr 1954 - 26 Jun 1958 Achille Van Acker (3rd time) Soc (s.a.)
26 Jun 1958 - 25 Apr 1961 Gaston Eyskens (2nd time) S-C (s.a.)
25 Apr 1961 - 28 Jul 1965 Théo Lefèvre S-C (b. 1914 - d. 1973)
28 Jul 1965 - 19 Mar 1966 Pierre Harmel S-C (b. 1911)
19 Mar 1966 - 17 Jun 1968 Paul Vanden Boeynants
(1st time) S-C (b. 1919 - d. 2001)
17 Jun 1968 - 26 Jan 1973 Gaston Eyskens (3rd time) CVP (s.a.)
26 Jan 1973 - 25 Apr 1974 Edmond Leburton Soc (b. 1915 - d. 1997)
25 Apr 1974 - 20 Oct 1978 Léo Tindemans CVP (b. 1922)
20 Oct 1978 - 3 Apr 1979 Paul Vanden Boeynants
(2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
3 Apr 1979 - 6 Apr 1981 Wilfried Martens (1st time) CVP (s.a.)
6 Apr 1981 - 17 Dec 1981 Mark Eyskens CVP (b. 1933)
17 Dec 1981 - 7 Mar 1992 Wilfried Martens (2nd time) CVP (s.a.)
7 Mar 1992 - 12 Jul 1999 Jean-Luc Dehaene CVP (s.a.)
12 Jul 1999 - 20 Mar 2008 Guy Verhofstadt VLD (b. 1953)
20 Mar 2008 - 30 Dec 2008 Yves Leterme CD&V (b. 1960)
30 Dec 2008 - Herman Van Rompuy CD&V (b. 1947)



Party abbreviations: Cat=Catholic, CD&V=Christian Democratic and Flemish, CVP=Christian People's Party, Lib=Liberal, Soc=Socialist, S-C=Social-Christian, VLD=Flemish Liberals and Democrats-Citizens Party


¹Title Roi des Belges (French); Koning der Belgen (Dutch); König der Belgier (German) ("king of the Belgians"). Under the constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium there was initially no official language, but French was legally authoritative; French and Dutch became official jointly from 8 Aug 1898, joined by German from 23 Oct 1991.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bouillon

25 Oct 1795 annexed to France
30 May 1814 - 1 Jan 1815 Allied administration (see Belgium, above)
Mar 1815 French occupation
22 Jul 1815 part of Luxembourg
1831 part of Belgium

Dukes

- La Tour d'Auvergne dynasty -

31 Jan 1696 - 16 May 1730 Emmanuel-Théodose (b. 1668 - d. 1730)
16 May 1730 - 24 Oct 1771 Charles-Godefroy (b. 1706 - d. 1771)
24 Oct 1771 - 3 Dec 1792 Godefroy-Charles-Henri (b. 1728 - d. 1792)
3 Dec 1792 - 24 Apr 1794 Jacques-Léopold-Charles-Godefroy (b. 1746 - d. 1802)
24 Apr 1794 - 25 Oct 1795 Committee of Execution
- Claude-Pierre Jobard
- Remacle Poncelet
- François-Gérard Pirson
- Pierre Castilhon
- Rénéaume-Latache
- Dominique Millard
- Jean-Joseph Nannan
1 Jan 1815 - Mar 1815 Philippe (b. 1754 - d. 1816)

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Liège

343 traditional date of founding of the bishopric of Liège
14 Apr 972 the bishop becomes a prince of the Reich, an immediate
vassal of the king
28 Nov 1792 - 4 Mar 1793 occupied by France
8 May 1793 the French National Convention decrees the incorporation
of Liège into France (ineffective at the time)
27 Jul 1794 occupied by France, and treated as if incorporated,
together with the Belgian provinces
1 Oct 1795 formal annexation to France; thereafter Liège undergoes the
same developments as the rest of Belgium

Prince-bishops (title Prince-évêque de Liège, comte de Looz, marquis de Franchimont, etc.)

25 Oct 1694 - 12 Nov 1723 Joseph-Clément, duc de Bavière (b. 1671 - d. 1723)
7 Dec 1724 - 5 Dec 1743 Georges II Louis de Berghes (b. 1662 - d. 1743)
10 Mar 1744 - 27 Jan 1763 Jean XI Théodore, duc de Bavière (b. 1703 - d. 1763)
8 Apr 1763 - 22 Oct 1771 Charles-Nicolas-Alexandre, comte
d'Oultremont (b. 1716 - d. 1771)
14 Mar 1772 - 30 Apr 1784 François-Charles, comte de
Vellbrueck (b. 1719 - d. 1784)
15 Aug 1784 - 13 Sep 1790 César-Constantin-François, comte
de Hoensbroek (1st time) (b. 1724 - d. 1792)
13 Sep 1790 - 10 Jan 1791 Ferdinand-Maximilien Mériadec de
Rohan, prince de Guémenée,
archevêque de Cambrai (regent) (b. 1738 - d. 1813)
11 Jan 1791 - 3 Jun 1792 César-Constantin-François, comte
de Hoensbroek (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Jun 1792 - 16 Aug 1792 Alexandre-Constantin-Joseph de
Nassau, comte de Corroy (b. 1738 - d. 1804)
(Grand Dean of the Cathedral Chapter)
16 Aug 1792 - 28 Nov 1792 François-Antoine-Marie-Constantin,
comte de Méan et de Beaurieux
(1st time) (b. 1756 - d. 1817)
5 Mar 1793 - 21 Apr 1793 Friedrich Josias, Prinz von und zu
Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld (b. 1737 - d. 1815)
(imperial administrator)
21 Apr 1793 - 20 Jul 1794 François-Antoine-Marie-Constantin,
comte de Méan et de Beaurieux
(2nd time) (s.a.)

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Limburg

1106 Duchy of Limburg
10 Dec 1703 the Austrian Habsburg rulers become Dukes of

Limburg

11 Jan 1790 - 2 Dec 1790 part of the United Belgian States
15 Dec 1792 annexed to France
28 Apr 1793 Habsburg rule restored
1 Oct 1795 annexed to France (Ourthe département)
15 Feb 1814 part of the "Belgian" Netherlands (province of Liège)
4 Oct 1830 part of Belgium (province of Liège)


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Neutral Moresnet

26 Jun 1816 part of Moresnet, claimed by both The Netherlands and
Prussia, is "temporarily neutralized" and put under a
common administration
1830 Belgium replaces Netherlands as claimant and

administrator

27 Jun 1915 administration by Prussia only
Nov 1918 administration by Belgium only
10 Jan 1920 annexed to Belgium

Netherlands royal commissioners

8 Dec 1817 - 2 Dec 1823 Werner Jacob
2 Dec 1823 - 1830 Joseph Brandès

Belgian royal commissioners

8 Jun 1835 - 1840 Lambert Ernst (b. 1798 - d. 1871)
1 Feb 1840 - 1889 Mathieu Crémer (b. 1805 - d. 1889)
30 Nov 1889 - 27 Mar 1915 Fernand Jacques Bleyfuesz
(1st time) (b. 1858 - d. 1935)
27 Mar 1915 - 27 Jun 1915 Bayer (acting)
Nov 1918 - 10 Jan 1920 Fernand Jacques Bleyfuesz
(2nd time) (s.a.)

Prussian royal commissioners

6 Aug 1817 - 1819 Wilhelm Hardt
22 Apr 1819 - Mar 1836 Johann Martin Daniel Mayer (b. ... - d. 1836)
9 Jul 1836 - 9 Nov 1853 Heinrich Martins
11 Aug 1852 - 7 Jan 1866 Amand Pierre von Harenne (b. 1813 - d. 1866)
(head of police administration to 16 Jan 1854)
12 Dec 1866 - 10 Jul 1867 August Freiherr von der Heydt (b. 1825 - d. 1867)
1868 - 1871 Edward Gülcher (b. 18... - d. 1871)
18 Jun 1871 - 1893 Alfred Theodor Sternickel (b. 18... - d. 1894)
18 Apr 1893 - 1 Jan 1909 Alfred Gülcher
13 Jan 1909 - 1913 Walter The Losen
2 Nov 1913 - Nov 1918 Spiess (acting)

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Mayors

1817 - 21 Feb 1859 Arnold Timothée de Lasaulx (b. 1774 - d. 1861)
(acting)
21 Feb 1859 - 30 May 1859 Adolf Hubert van Scherpenzeel-Thim (b. 1824 - d. ...)
1 Jul 1859 - 3 Feb 1882 Joseph Kohl
3 Feb 1882 - 20 Jun 1885 ...
20 Jun 1885 - 15 Mar 1915 Hubert Schmetz (b. 18... - d. 1915)
29 Mar 1915 - 7 Dec 1918 Wilhelm Kyll
7 Dec 1918 - 10 Jan 1920 Pierre Grignard

__________________
"Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them."