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Profile of Pakistan
Profile of Pakistan
· Official Name Islamic Republic of Pakistan · Father of the Nation Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) · National Poet Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) · Head of the State General Pervez Musharraf, President · Head of Government Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, Prime Minister · Capital Islamabad · Area Total 796,095 Sq. km. Punjab 205,344 Sq. km. Sindh 140,914 Sq. km. North WestFrontierProvince 74,521 Sq. km. Balochistan 347,190 Sq. km. Federally Administered Tribal Areas 27,220 Sq. km. Islamabad (Capital) 906 Sq. km. · Population 149.03 million · Administrative Setup Pakistan is divided into four provinces viz., North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. The tribal belt adjoining NWFP is managed by the Federal Government and is named FATA i.e., Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have their own respective political and administrative machinery, yet certain of their subjects are taken care of by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas. Provinces of Pakistan are further divided into Divisions and Districts Divisions Districts NWFP 7 24 Punjab 8 34 Sindh 5 21 Balochistan 6 22 While FATA consist of 13 Areas/Agencies and Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have 7 and 5 Districts respectively. · Religion 95% Muslims, 5% others. · Annual Per capita income Rs. 28,933 (US $ 492 approximately) · GDP 5.1% · Currency Pak. Rupee. · Imports Industrial equipment, chemicals, vehicles, steel, iron ore, petroleum, edible oil, pulses, tea. · Exports Cotton, textile goods, rice, leather items carpets, sports goods, handi-crafts, fish and fish prep. and fruit · Languages Urdu (National) and English (Official) · Literacy rate 51.6% · Government Parliamentary form · Parliament Parliament consists of two Houses i.e., the Senate (Upper House) and the National Assembly (Lower House). The Senate is a permanent legislative body and symbolises a process of continuity in the national affairs. It consists of 100 members. The four Provincial Assemblies, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Federal Capital form its electoral college. The National Assembly has a total membership of 342 elected through adult suffrage (272 general seats, 60 women seats and 10 non-Muslim seats). · Pakistan National Flag Dark green with a white vertical bar, a white crescent and a five-pointed star in the middle. The Flag symbolises Pakistan's profound commitment to Islam, the Islamic world and the rights of religious miniorities. · National Anthem Approved in June, 1954 Verses Composed by: Abdul Asar Hafeez Jullundhri Tune Composed by: Ahmed G. Chagla Duration: 80 seconds · State Emblem The State Emblem consists of: 1. The crescent and star which are symbols of Islam 2. The shield in the centre shows four major crops 3. Wreath surrounding the shield represents cultural heritage and 4. Scroll contains Quaid's motto: Unity Faith, Discipline · Pakistan's Official Map Drawn by Mian Mahmood Alam Suhrawardy (1920-1999) · National Flower Jasmine. · National Tree Deodar (Cedrus Deodara). · National Animal Markhor. · National Bird Chakor (Red-legged partridge) · Flora Pine, Oak, Poplar, Deodar, Maple, Mulberry · Fauna The Pheasant, Leopard, Deer, Ibex, Chinkara, Black buck, Neelgai, Markhor, Marco-Polo sheep, Green turtles, River & Sea fish, Crocodile, Waterfowls · Popular games Cricket, Hockey, Football, Squash. · Tourist's resorts Murree, Quetta, Hunza, Ziarat, Swat, Kaghan, Chitral and Gilgit · Archaeological sites Moenjo Daro, Harappa, Taxila, Kot Diji, Mehr Garh, Takht Bhai. · Major Cities Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Multan and Sialkot · Major Crops Cotton, Wheat, Rice and Sugarcane · Agricultural Growth Rate 4.15% in 2002-03 · Total cropped area 22.0 million hectares · Industry Textiles, Cement, Fertilizer, Steel, Sugar, Electric Goods, Shipbuilding · Energy Major sources Electricity (Hydel, Thermal, Nuclear) Oil, Coal, and Liquid Petroleum Gas Power Generating Capacity 18,062 MW · Health Hospitals 947 Dispensaries 4,800 Basic Health Units (BHUs) 4,820 Maternity & Child Health Centres 1,084 Rural Health Centres (RHCs) 581 Tuberculosis (TB) Centres 357 Hospital Beds 82,844 Doctors (registered) 101,635 Dentists (registered) 5,068 Nurses (registered 44,520 Paramedics 22,714 Lady Health Workers 6,397 · Education Primary Schools 164,200 Middle Schools 19,100 High Schools 12,900 Arts & Science Colleges 925 Professional Colleges 374 Universities Public Sector (including one WomenUniversity) 29 Private Sector 10 · Transport & Communication Total length of roads 251,845 km Pakistan Railway network 7,791 km Railway stations 781 Pakistan International Airlines Covers 33 international and 21 domestic stations with a fleet of 44 planes. Major Airports 8 (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Peshawar, Multan, Faisalabad and Gwadar) · Seaports International 2 (Karachi and Bin Qasim.) Fish Harbours-Cum-Mini Ports 3 (Minora, Gawadar, and Keti Bandar) · Communications Post Offices 12,267 Telephone connections 4,589,000 Public Call Offices 1,14,527 Telegraph offices 328 Internet Connections 1.9 million · Employment Total Labour force 42.38 million Employed Labour Force 39.41 million Agriculture Sector 18.91 million Manufacturing & Mining sector 4.51 million Construction 2.25 million Trade 5.27 million Transport 1.97 million Finance, Community & Social Services 5.90 million Others 5.87 million · Media Print Media (In accordance with Central Media List) Dailies 414 Weeklies 392 Fortnightlies 50 Monthlies 259 Annually 01 Quarterly 03 News Agencies Official APP Private PPI, NNI, On Line and Sana. Electronic Media TV Centres Five TV centres at Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta and Karachi covering 88.58% population and 29 re-broadcasting stations. Pakistan Television 4 channels (PTV-I, PTV-II (PTV World), PTV-III & PTV-IV) Registered TV sets 3,604,000 Radio Stations Public: Total 25, Home services in 19 languages. External Services cover 81 countries in 15 languages Private: Radio stations 3, TV transmitter channels 3 Cable Operators 900 · Banks Central Bank State Bank of Pakistan Other Banks National Bank of Pakistan Habib Bank Ltd. United Bankn Ltd. Muslim Commercial Bank Ltd. Allied Bank of Pakistan Ltd. First Woman Bank Mehran Bank The Bank of Punjab Bank of Khyber Specialized Banks Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan Federal Bank for Co-operatives Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan The Punjab Provincial Co-operative Bank · Famous MountainPeaks K-2 (Mt. Godwin Austin) 28,250 ft./8611 m (2nd in World) Nanga Parbat 26,660 ft./8126 m (8th in World) Gasherbrum-I 26,470 ft./8068 m (11th in World) · Famous Mountain Passes The Khyber Pass NWFP The KurramPass FATA The TochiPass FATA The GomalPass NWFP The Bolan Pass Balochistan The LowariPass Chitral (NWFP) The KhunjrabPass Northern Areas · Rivers The Indus 2,896 km Jhelum 825 km Chenab 1,242 km Ravi 901 km Sutlej 1,551 km Beas (tributary of Sutlej) 398 km · Famous Glaciers Siachin 75 km Batura 55 km Baltoro 65 km · Deserts Thar Sindh Cholistan Punjab Thal Punjab · Lakes Manchar Sindh Keenjar Sindh Hanna Balochistan Saif-ul-Maluk NWFP Satpara Northern Areas Kachura Northern Areas · Major Dams Mangla Dam Punjab Tarbela Dam NWFP Warsak Dam NWFP |
All about Pakistan
[SIZE=4][COLOR=Navy][B][U]Background[/U][/B]: [/COLOR][/SIZE]
The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with two sections West and East) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. The dispute over the state of Kashmir is ongoing, but discussions and confidence-building measures have led to decreased tensions since 2002. [U][COLOR=red][SIZE=4][B] [COLOR=Navy]Geography [/COLOR][/B] [/SIZE][/COLOR][/U] Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north Geographic coordinates: 30 00 N, 70 00 E Map references: Asia Area: total: 803,940 sq km land: 778,720 sq km water: 25,220 sq km Area - comparative: slightly less than twice the size of California Land boundaries: total: 6,774 km border countries: Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km Coastline: 1,046 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin Climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north Terrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m Natural resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone Land use: arable land: 24.44% permanent crops: 0.84% other: 74.72% (2005) Irrigated land: 182,300 sq km (2003) Natural hazards: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August) Environment - current issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation Geography - note: controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent [SIZE=4][COLOR=Navy][U] [B]People[/B] [/U][/COLOR][/SIZE] Population: 165,803,560 (July 2006 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 39% (male 33,293,428/female 31,434,314) 15-64 years: 56.9% (male 48,214,298/female 46,062,933) 65 years and over: 4.1% (male 3,256,065/female 3,542,522) (2006 est.) Median age: total: 19.8 years male: 19.7 years female: 20 years (2006 est.) Population growth rate: 2.09% (2006 est.) Birth rate: 29.74 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) Death rate: 8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) Net migration rate: -0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2006 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 70.45 deaths/1,000 live births male: 70.84 deaths/1,000 live births female: 70.04 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.39 years male: 62.4 years female: 64.44 years (2006 est.) Total fertility rate: 4 children born/woman (2006 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 74,000 (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: 4,900 (2003 est.) Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and cutaneous leishmaniasis are high risks depending on location animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2007) Nationality: noun: Pakistani(s) adjective: Pakistani Ethnic groups: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India at the time of partition and their descendants) Religions: Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3% Languages: Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski and other 8% Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 48.7% male: 61.7% female: 35.2% (2004 est.) [COLOR=Navy][U][SIZE=4][B]Government [/B] [/SIZE][/U][/COLOR] Country name: conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan conventional short form: Pakistan local long form: Jamhuryat Islami Pakistan local short form: Pakistan former: West Pakistan Government type: federal republic Capital: name: Islamabad geographic coordinates: 33 42 N, 73 10 E time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Administrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sindh note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region consists of two administrative entities: Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas Independence: 14 August 1947 (from UK) National holiday: Republic Day, 23 March (1956) Constitution: 12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003 Legal system: based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims Executive branch: note: following a military takeover on 12 October 1999, Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, General Pervez MUSHARRAF, suspended Pakistan's constitution and assumed the additional title of Chief Executive; on 12 May 2000, Pakistan's Supreme Court unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted MUSHARRAF executive and legislative authority for three years from the coup date; on 20 June 2001, MUSHARRAF named himself as president and was sworn in replacing Mohammad Rafiq TARAR; in a referendum held on 30 April 2002, MUSHARRAF's presidency was extended by five more years; on 1 January 2004, MUSHARRAF won a vote of confidence in the Senate, National Assembly, and four provincial assemblies chief of state: President General Pervez MUSHARRAF (since 20 June 2001) head of government: Prime Minister Shaukat AZIZ (since 28 August 2004) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister elections: the president is elected by an electoral college drawn from the national parliament and provincial assemblies for a five-year term; note - Musharraf was last sworn in as President in November 2002; the prime minister is selected by the National Assembly (next elections to be held in late 2007) election results: AZIZ elected by the National Assembly on 27 August 2004 Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (100 seats; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies and the territories' representatives in the National Assembly to serve six-year terms; half of the Senate's seats turn over every three years) and the National Assembly (342 seats; 272 seats filled by popular vote; 60 seats reserved for women; 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims; members serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - last held in March 2006 (next to be held in March 2009); National Assembly - last held 10 October 2002 (next to be held in 2007) election results: Senate results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PML 39, MMA 18, PPPP 9, MQM 6, PML/N 4, PkMAP 3, PPP 3, ANP 2, BNP-Awami 1, BNP/M 1, JWP 1, PML/F 1, independents 12; National Assembly results - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party - PML/Q 126, PPPP 81, MMA 63, PML/N 19, MQM 17, NA 16, PML/F 5, PML/J 3, PPP/S 2, BNP 1, JWP 1, MQM-H 1, PAT 1, PkMAP 1, PML/Z 1, PTI 1, independents 3 Judicial branch: Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president); Federal Islamic or Shari'a Court Political parties and leaders: Awami National Party or ANP [Asfandyar Wali KHAN]; Balochistan National Party/Hayee Group or BNP/H [Dr. Hayee BALUCH]; Baluch National Party/Awami or BNP/Awami [Moheem Khan BALOCH]; Baluch National Party-Mengal or BNP/M [Sardar Ataullah MENGAL]; Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP; Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR]; Jamiat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami ul-HAQ faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan or JUP [Shah Faridul HAQ]; Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal or MMA [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Muttahida Qaumi Movement, or MQM [Altaf HUSSAIN]; National Alliance or NA [Ghulam Mustapha JATOI] (merged with PML); Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]; Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Muslim League, Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan Muslim League or PML [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]; note - as of May 2004, the PML/Q changed its name to PML and absorbed the PML/J, PML/Z, and NA; Pakistan People's Party or PPP [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO]; Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians or PPPP [Benazir BHUTTO]; Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]; Tehrik-i-Islami [Allama Sajid NAQVI] note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently Political pressure groups and leaders: military remains most important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influential International organization participation: ARF, AsDB, C (reinstated 2004), CP, ECO, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mahmud Ali DURRANI chancery: 3517 International Court, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 243-6500 FAX: [1] (202) 686-1544 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Sunnyvale (California) Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ryan CROCKER embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad mailing address: P. O. Box 1048, Unit 62200, APO AE 09812-2200 telephone: [92] (51) 208-0000 FAX: [92] (51) 2276427 consulate(s) general: Karachi consulate(s): Lahore, Peshawar Flag description: green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam [SIZE=4][COLOR=Navy][B][U]Economy [/U][/B] [/COLOR][/SIZE] Economy - overview: Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes, low levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India. However, IMF-approved government policies, bolstered by generous foreign assistance and renewed access to global markets since 2001, have generated solid macroeconomic recovery the last five years. The government has made substantial macroeconomic reforms since 2000, most notably privatizing the banking sector. Poverty levels have decreased by 10 percent since 2001, and Islamabad has steadily raised development spending in recent years, including a 52-percent real increase in the budget allocation for development in fiscal year 2007, a necessary step toward reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector. The fiscal deficit - the result of chronically low tax collection and increased spending, including reconstruction costs from the October 2005 earthquake - appears manageable for now. GDP growth, spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, remained in the 6-8% range in 2004-06. Inflation remains the biggest threat to the economy, jumping to more than 9% in 2005 before easing to 7.9% in 2006. The central bank is pursuing tighter monetary policy - raising interest rates in 2006 - while trying to preserve growth. Foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current account deficit - driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion - could draw down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the medium term. GDP (purchasing power parity): $427.3 billion (2006 est.) GDP (official exchange rate): $124 billion (2006 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 6.5% (2006 est.) GDP - per capita (PPP): $2,600 (2006 est.) GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 22% industry: 26% services: 52% (2006 est.) Labor force: 48.29 million note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2006 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 42% industry: 20% services: 38% (2004 est.) Unemployment rate: 6.5% plus substantial underemployment (2006 est.) Population below poverty line: 24% (FY05/06 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.1% highest 10%: 27.6% (FY96/97) Distribution of family income - Gini index: 41 (FY98/99) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.9% (2006 est.) Investment (gross fixed): 15.6% of GDP (2006 est.) Budget: revenues: $20.55 billion expenditures: $25.65 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.) Public debt: 55% of GDP (2006 est.) Agriculture - products: cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs Industries: textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp Industrial production growth rate: 6% (2006 est.) Electricity - production: 80.24 billion kWh (2004) Electricity - consumption: 74.62 billion kWh (2004) Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2004) Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2004) Oil - production: 63,000 bbl/day (2005 est.) Oil - consumption: 324,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) Oil - exports: NA bbl/day Oil - imports: NA bbl/day Oil - proved reserves: 358.9 million bbl (2006 est.) Natural gas - production: 27.4 billion cu m (2004 est.) Natural gas - consumption: 27.4 billion cu m (2004 est.) Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2004 est.) Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2004 est.) Natural gas - proved reserves: 759.7 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.) Current account balance: $-5.486 billion (2006 est.) Exports: $19.24 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) Exports - commodities: textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs Exports - partners: US 24.8%, UAE 7.8%, Afghanistan 6.6%, UK 5.7%, Germany 4.5% (2005) Imports: $26.79 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) Imports - commodities: petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea Imports - partners: Saudi Arabia 11.1%, UAE 10.3%, China 9.2%, Japan 6.4%, US 6%, Kuwait 5%, Germany 4.5% (2005) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $13.29 billion (2006 est.) Debt - external: $42.38 billion (2006 est.) Economic aid - recipient: $2.4 billion (FY01/02) Currency (code): Pakistani rupee (PKR) Exchange rates: Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 60.35 (2006), 59.515 (2005), 58.258 (2004), 57.752 (2003), 59.724 (2002) Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June [SIZE=4][COLOR=red][B][U][COLOR=Navy]Communications[/COLOR] [/U][/B] [/COLOR][/SIZE] Telephones - main lines in use: 5,162,798 (2006) Telephones - mobile cellular: 48,289,136 (2006) Telephone system: general assessment: the telecom infrastructure is improving dramatically with foreign and domestic investments into fixed-line and mobile networks; mobile cellular subscribership has skyrocketed, approaching 50 million in late 2006, up from only about 300,000 in 2000; fiber systems are being constructed throughout the country to aid in network growth; main line availability has risen only marginally over the same period and there are still difficulties getting main line service to rural areas. domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks international: country code - 92; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2006) Radio broadcast stations: AM 31, FM 68, shortwave NA (2006) Television broadcast stations: 20 (5 state-run channels and 15 privately-owned satellite channels) (2006) Internet country code: .pk Internet hosts: 72,765 (2006) Internet users: 10.5 million (2005) [COLOR=Navy][B][U][SIZE=4]Transportation[/SIZE] [/U][/B][/COLOR] Airports: 139 (2006) Airports - with paved runways: total: 91 over 3,047 m: 14 2,438 to 3,047 m: 21 1,524 to 2,437 m: 33 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 8 (2006) Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 48 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 23 (2006) Heliports: 18 (2006) Pipelines: gas 10,257 km; oil 2,001 km (2006) Railways: total: 8,163 km broad gauge: 7,718 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified) narrow gauge: 445 km 1.000-m gauge (2004) Roadways: total: 258,340 km paved: 167,146 km (including 711 km of expressways) unpaved: 91,194 km (2004) Merchant marine: total: 16 ships (1000 GRT or over) 397,740 GRT/657,656 DWT by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 10, container 1, petroleum tanker 4 registered in other countries: 11 (Comoros 2, North Korea 3, Malta 1, Nigeria 1, Panama 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1) (2006) Ports and terminals: Karachi, Port Muhammad Bin Qasim [SIZE=4][COLOR=red] [U][B] [COLOR=Navy]Military[/COLOR][/B][/U][/COLOR][/SIZE] Military branches: Army (includes National Guard), Navy (includes Marines), Pakistan Air Force (Pakistan Fiza'ya) (2006) Military service age and obligation: 16 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age of 18; the Pakistani Air Force and Pakistani Navy have inducted their first female pilots and sailors (2006) Manpower available for military service: males age 16-49: 39,028,014 females age 16-49: 36,779,584 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 16-49: 29,428,747 females age 16-49: 28,391,887 (2005 est.) Manpower reaching military service age annually: males age 18-49: 1,969,055 females age 16-49: 1,849,254 (2005 est.) Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 4.5% (2006 est.) [COLOR=Navy] [/COLOR] [SIZE=4][COLOR=Navy] [B][U]Transnational Issues[/U][/B][/COLOR][/SIZE] Disputes - international: various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintained their 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; by 2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees leaving slightly less than a million, many of whom remain at their own choosing; Pakistan has proposed and Afghanistan protests construction of a fence and laying of mines along portions of their porous border; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal areas to monitor and control the border with Afghanistan and stem terrorist or other illegal activities Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 1,084,208 (Afghanistan) IDPs: undetermined (government strikes on Islamic militants in South Waziristan), 34,000 (October 2005 earthquake, most of those displaced returned to their home villages in the spring of 2006) (2006) Illicit drugs: opium poppy cultivation estimated to be 800 hectares in 2005 yielding a potential production of 4 metric tons of pure heroin; federal and provincial authorities continue to conduct anti-poppy campaigns that force eradication - fines and arrests will take place if the ban on poppy cultivation is not observed; key transit point for Afghan drugs, including heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound for Western markets, the Gulf States, and Africa; financial crimes related to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain problems |
List of newspapers published in Pakistan.
[LEFT][B][SIZE=3][U]BALOCHI[/U][/SIZE][/B][/LEFT]
[B]Nawai Watan[/B], Quetta [LEFT][B][SIZE=3][U]ENGLISH[/U][/SIZE][/B][/LEFT] [B]Balochistan Post[/B], Quetta [B]Business Recorder[/B], Karachi [B]Daily Mail,[/B] Islamabad [B]Daily Times[/B], Lahore [B]Dawn[/B], Karachi [B]The Frontier Pos[/B]t, Peshawar [B]Khyber Mail,[/B] Peshawar [B]The Nation[/B], Lahore and Islamabad [B]Pakistan Observer[/B], Islamabad [B]Pakistan Times[/B], Islamabad [B]The News[/B], Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad [B]The Star[/B], Karachi [B]The Statesman[/B], Islamabad [LEFT][B][SIZE=3][U]PASHTO[/U][/SIZE][/B][/LEFT] [B]Daily[/B] [B]Wahdat[/B], Peshawar [LEFT][B][SIZE=3][U]PUNJABI[/U][/SIZE][/B][/LEFT] [B]Sajjan[/B], Lahore [B]Khabran[/B], Lahore [B]Bhulekha[/B], Lahore [LEFT][B][SIZE=3][U]SRAIKI[/U][/SIZE] [/B][/LEFT] [B]Kook[/B], Karachi [LEFT][B][SIZE=3][U]SINDHI[/U][/SIZE][/B][/LEFT] [B]Daily[/B] [B]Kawish[/B], Hyderabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Ibrat[/B], Hyderabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Awami[/B] [B]Awaz[/B], Karachi [B]Daily[/B] [B]Hilal[/B] Pakistan, Hyderabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Sindhu[/B], Hyderabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Alakh[/B], Hyderabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Tameer-e-Sindh[/B], Hyderabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Koshish[/B], Hyderabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Mehran[/B], Hyderabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Sach[/B], Hyderabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Sham[/B], Hyderabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Safeer[/B], Hyderabad [LEFT][B][SIZE=3][U]URDU[/U][/SIZE][/B][/LEFT] [B]Aaj[/B] [B]Daily[/B],[B]Peshawar[/B] , Islamabad and Abbottabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Al-Akhbar[/B], Islamabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Ausaf[/B], Islamabad [B]Daily[/B] [B]Awam[/B], Karachi [B]Daily[/B] [B]Al-Qamar[/B], Islamabad, [B]Daily[/B] [B]Express[/B], Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, Multan, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Rahim Yar Khan and Sukkar [B]Daily[/B] [B]Imroze[/B], Karachi [B]Daily[/B] [B]Islam[/B], Karachi and Lahore [B]Daily[/B] [B]Jang[/B], Karachi and Lahore [B]Daily[/B] [B]Mashriq[/B], Peshawar [B]Daily[/B] [B]Naya Zamana[/B], Lahore [B]Daily[/B] [B]Pakistan[/B], Lahore [B]Daily[/B] [B]Deen[/B], Karachi and Lahore [B]Gujranwala Times[/B], Gujranwala, [B]Daily[/B] [B]Jasarat[/B], Karachi [B]Daily[/B] [B]Khabrain[/B], Peshawar [B]Daily[/B] [B]Millat[/B], Lahore [B]Daily[/B] [B]Nawa-i-Waqt[/B][SIZE=2], Lahore [FONT=Verdana][B]Daily[/B][/FONT][/SIZE][FONT=Verdana] [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [B]Ummat[/B], Karachi[/SIZE] [/FONT] |
List of Pakistan Railways Trains
[B][FONT="]INTERNATIONAL[/FONT][/B][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Samjhauta Express[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Thar Express[/COLOR][/FONT][/LIST][B][FONT="]NATION WIDE[/FONT][/B][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana]Allama Iqbal Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Awam Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Baddar Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Badin Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Bahuddin Zakaria Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Bahawalpur Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Baluchistan Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Bolan Mail[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Buraq Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Cargo Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Chenab Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Chiltan Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Dachi Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Faisal Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Faisalabad Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Fareed Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Fast[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Fast Passenger[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Gandhara Steam Safari ([I]Rawalpindi - Landikotal[/I])[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Ghouri Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Islamabad Non-Stop[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Jaffar Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Jinnah Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Karachi Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Karkoram Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Khushhal Khan Khattak Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Khyber Mail[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Lahore Non-Stop[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Lala Musa Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Lasani Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Malik Wal Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Mari Indus Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Mehr Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Mehran Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Mianwali Express ([I]Lahore-Mianwali-Lahore[/I])[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Millat Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Nishtar Express ([I]Rawalpindi-Lahore-Karachi[/I])[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Musa Pak[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Narowal Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Night Coach[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Pakpattan Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Passenger[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Qalander Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Quetta Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Rachna Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Ravi Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Rohi Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Rohri Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Sakhi Abbas Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Sandal Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Sargodha Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Shah Lateef Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Shah Rukne Alam Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Shah Shams Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Shalimar Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Shuttle Train[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Sir Syed Express ([I]Rawalpindi-Karachi-Rawalpindi[/I])[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Subak Kharam Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Subak Raftar Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Sukkar Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Supper Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Tezgam[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Thal Express[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Tipu Sultan Express[/FONT][/LIST]
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Islands of Pakistan
[CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]ASTOLA[/COLOR] (AKA HAFT TALAR)[/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT]
[/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Astola[/B] or [B]Astola Island[/B] (also known as [B]Haft Talar[/B] or [I]seven hills[/I]) is a small, uninhabited island in the Arabian Sea, approximately twenty-five kilometres south of the Balochistan coast of Pakistan. The island lies about forty kilometres east-southeast of the port of Pasni, its altitude is 0-200 feet and the total area is approximately 4 km². The island is about four kilometres in length and one kilometre in width, with an isolated rock to the southeast which has broken away. There are caves on the south face cliffs. Astola is the only significant offshore island along the north coast of the Arabian Sea. The island is owned by the Balochistan Board of Revenue and administratively is part of the Pasni subdivision of the district of Gwadar. Between September and May of each year, Astola becomes a temporary base for mainland fishermen, to catch lobsters and oysters. From June to August, the island remains uninhabited by humans because of the rough sea and high tides. On one of the cliffs of the island, there is a small solar-operated beacon for the safety of passing vessels.. [U][B][COLOR=#000000]History[/COLOR][/B][/U] Nearchus (360-300 BCE), admiral of Alexander the Great, mentioned Astola island as [B]Carnine Island[/B], inhabited by the [I]Ichthyophagoi[/I] ([I]Fish eaters[/I] in Greek) where, according to Nearchus, even the mutton had a [I]fishy taste[/I]. The Persian phrase [B]Mahi khoran[/B], ([I]Fish eaters[/I]) has become the modern name of the coastal region of [B]Makran[/B]. On the island are the remains of an ancient Hindu temple of the goddess, Kali Devi. The island was also known as to Hindus as "Satadip". There is also a prayer yard built for the Muslim Sufi Pir Khawaja Khizr who according to mainland legends is said to rule over the oceans and is believed to visit the area occasionally and offer prayers there. The prayer yard is used by the fishermen during the fishing season. [U][B][COLOR=#000000]Wild life[/COLOR][/B][/U] The isolated location of the island has helped maintain endemic life forms. The endangered Green turtle ([I]Chelonia mydas[/I]) and possibly the Hawksbill turtle ([I]Eretmochelys imbracata[/I]) nest on the beach at the foot of cliffs, and it is a very important area for endemic reptiles such as the viper [I]Echis carinatus astolae[/I]. The island is maintaining the genetic and ecological diversity of the area. The island is reported to support a large number of breeding seabirds including [I]Larus hemprichii[/I] and several species of terns. Avifauna includes: [I]Ardeola cinerea[/I], [I]Egretta gularis[/I], [I]Pluvialis squatarola[/I], [I]Numenius arquata[/I], [I]Limosa limosa[/I], [I]Calidris minutus[/I], [I]Larus argentatus[/I], [I]Larus genei[/I], [I]Cursorius coromandelius[/I], [I]Galerida cristata[/I], [I]Oenanthe deserti[/I], and [I]Prinia spp[/I]. Feral cats originally introduced by fishermen to control the endemic rodent population pose an increasing threat to birds’ nesting and breeding sites. and as such maintains the genetic and ecological diversity of the area. [/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]BHIT[/COLOR] SHAH ISLAND[/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Baba Bhit Shah Island[/B] is the smallest neighborhood of Kiamari Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It comprises three small fishing islands which in the centre of the harbour of Karachi. There are several ethnic groups in Kiamari Town including Urdu speakers, Punjabis, Sindhis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Balochs, Memons, Bohras, Ismailis. Over 99% of the population is Muslim. The population of Kiamari Town is estimated to be nearly one million. There is another place named [B]Bhit Shah[/B] located in the interior part of province of Sindh, Pakistan. Bhit Shah is the town where the shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689-1752), the patron saint of Sindh. [/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]BUDDO[/COLOR] ISLAND[/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Buddo Island[/B][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana] is a small island located in the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR] off the coast of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Buddo Island is also known as [I]Dingi[/I] by local fishermen. Buddo and [COLOR=#000000]Bundal[/COLOR] Islands serve as a temporary port for local fishermen. They clean their nets and dry fish on these islands. The Bundal and Buddo Islands comprising 12,000 acres of land, are the assets of the [COLOR=#000000]Port Qasim Authority[/COLOR]. [/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]BUNDAL[/COLOR] ISLAND[/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Bundal Island[/B] is a small island located in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Bundal, pronounced [I]Bhandar[/I] by local fishermen, is a twin island of Buddo and lies to its West. On Bundal Island the tomb of Muslim sufi Yusuf Shah is located. The annual urs of 'Yusuf Shah' which attracts thousands of coastal people to the island. The island looked like a city during the urs. Churma and Buddo Islands are also located near Bundal Island. There is a dispute between the provincial government of Sindh and Karachi Port Trust on the ownership rights of 12,000 acres of land in these Islands. [U] [B][COLOR=#000000]Development Project[/COLOR][/B][/U] In September 2006, government of Pakistan gave a Dubai property firm, [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Emaar[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] the go-ahead for a $43bn (£22.8bn) project to develop two island resorts in Bundal and [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Buddo Island[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. A bridge would be constructed at a cost of $50 million to link Karachi [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Defence Housing Society[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] Phase-8 with Bundal and Buddo Islands. The islands are situated at a distance of 1.5km from Karachi Defence Phase-8. A major portion of one of the two islands has submerged beneath the sea and the land of Emaar Group would reclaim the land by using technology. According to initial plan, about 15,000 houses would be constructed and would be sold to public. On December 8th contruction of the islands started. [U][B][COLOR=#000000]Controversy[/COLOR][/B][/U] Many local NGOs, political parties and even Sindh Government have raised their voice about these development projects. [/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]CHURMA[/COLOR] ISLAND (AKA CHURNA ISLAND)[/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Churma Island[/B][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana] or [B]Churna Island[/B] is a small island located in the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR] off the coast of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Churna is a tiny island with a big reputation embrace crystal clear water, extraordinary vistas, it’s a culmination of your search for the best Sport Fishing action in Pakistan with a plethora of choices excursions to our undersea world, scuba diving, sailing around and snorkeling, The island of Churna is frequently visited by anglers (recreational fishermen) for fishing, this is one of the biggest and most active fishing spot in Pakistan, There is enough sea life which attracts anglers for Big Game Fishing all over Pakistan. [/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]CLIFTON[/COLOR] OYSTER ROCKS[/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Clifton Oyster Rocks[/B] is an island located near [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. [/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]KHIPRIANWALA ISLAND [/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Khiprianwala Island[/B] is a small island located in the [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] off the coast of [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. [/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]MALAN[/COLOR] ISLAND[/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Malan Island[/B] is located in [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] 3 kilometres off the coast of [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. It is an offshore [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]mud volcano[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and rose out of the water overnight in March 1999. [/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]MANORA[/COLOR] (AKA MANORO)[/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Manora[/B][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana] or [B]Manoro[/B] is a small island (2.5 km²) located just south of the [COLOR=#000000]Port of Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The island is connected to the mainland by a 12 kilometre long causeway called the Sandspit. Manora and neighbouring islands form a protective barrier between [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] harbour to the north and the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR] to the south. The western bay of the harbour contains endangered mangrove forests which border the Sandspit and Manora island. To the east is Karachi Bay and the beach towns of [COLOR=#000000]Kiamari[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Clifton[/COLOR]. The island is located at [COLOR=#000000]24°48′00″N, 66°58′00″E[/COLOR] (24.800000, 66.970000). [B][COLOR=#000000] [U]History[/U][/COLOR][/B] According to the British historian Eliot, parts of city of [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and the island of Manora at [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]port of Karachi[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] constituted the city of [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Debal[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. The island was the site of a small fort constructed in the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]eighteenth century[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] when the port of Karachi traded with [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Oman[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Bahrain[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. The fort was stormed by the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]British[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] in 1839 because of the strategic location of Karachi. Although the fort is now buried beneath the naval base, the lighthouse is a visible reminder of the British presence having been built in 1889 to assist vessels approaching Karachi harbour. The island of Manora has served for more than 50 years as the main base of the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Navy[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], with berths for naval vessels located along the eastern edge of the island. The island has been governed as a military cantonment despite being located so close to Karachi. The opening of the new Jinnah Naval Base at [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Ormara[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], 250 kilometres away, has mean't that approximately half of the naval vessels have moved away from Manora. [B][COLOR=#000000] [U]Tourism[/U][/COLOR][/B] Manora is also a popular picnic spot because of the long sandy beaches along the southern edge of the island, which merge into the beaches of the Sandspit and then extend several kilometres to the beaches at Hawkesbay. At the southeastern end of Manora island is the tallest [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]lighthouse[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] (28 m or 91 feet high) in Pakistan. The island lies approximately 15-20 minutes by boat ride from mainland [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] but there are no good hotels available for an overnight stay. For this and other reasons, the Government of Pakistan has been considering developing the island into a tourist destination. The island has been envisioned as an exotic location with natural landscapes such as the beaches and the mangrove forests, and secluded beauty with an upgrade for the lighthouse to add to the quaint feel of the island. [U][B][COLOR=#000000]Development[/COLOR][/B][/U] Pakistan's Ministry for Ports and Shipping has just signed Memorandum of Understanding in 2006 with Dubai World and [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Emaar[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] Properties for the redevelopment of Manora Island. As part of the development plans, the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]KPT[/COLOR][/FONT] and all Military establishments will vacate the island and hand it over to the the companies for development. The development, so to speak, will comprise of establishing high rise hotels and apartment buildings in the areas. |
Gurdwaras in Pakistan
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Gurdwaras in Pakistan[/B] are an essential part of [COLOR=#000000]Sikhism[/COLOR] and form an important part of the [COLOR=#000000]history of Sikhism[/COLOR]. The [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR] was only divided in [COLOR=#000000]1947[/COLOR] when the separate nations of [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] were formed. Before this, the area covered by the two countries was one nation.[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]
[/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The following is a list of important places in Sikh history:[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Nankana Sahib[/COLOR][/B] This is the most sacred Sikh place; the location of the birth of the Sikh founder, [COLOR=#000000]Guru Nanak[/COLOR].[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Janam Asthan[/COLOR][/B], Nankana Sahib - This site is ‘Janam Asthan’ meaning ‘Place of Birth’ and childhood home.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Bal Lilah[/COLOR][/B], Nankana Sahib - This site is connected with adventures of the early childhood of the Guru.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Patti Sahib[/COLOR][/B], Nankana Sahib – ‘Patti’ means ‘Alphabet’ and is the site where Guru Nanak learnt the various different languages and particular the alphabet of these languages.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Mall Ji Sahib[/COLOR][/B], Nankana Sahib - This site is connected with adventures of the early childhood of the Guru in particular the events link to the [COLOR=#000000]Cobra[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Mehta Kalu[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Kiara Sahib[/COLOR][/B], Nankana Sahib - This site is where, as a youngster, Guru Nanak used to graze cattle. It is at a distance of about 1.5 Km from the Janam Asthan.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Tambu Sahib[/COLOR], [/B]Nankana Sahib[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Guru Hargobind Sahib[/COLOR][/B], Nankana Sahib[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Nihang Singhan[/COLOR], [/B]Nankana Sahib[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Sachcha Sauda[/COLOR][/B], Chuharkana[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Panja Sahib[/COLOR][/B], [COLOR=#000000]Hasan Abdal[/COLOR] – This is the site where Guru Nanak Dev stopped the rock with his hand and the palm print is impressed on the rock.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Pehli Patshahi[/COLOR][/B], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Sri Nank Garh[/COLOR],[/B] Lahore[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Baoli Sahib Sri Guru Amar Das[/COLOR],[/B] Lahore (Roofed Well)[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Parkash Asthan Sri Guru Ram Das[/COLOR][/B], Lahore[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Diwan Khana[/COLOR], [/B]Lahore[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Dharamshala Sri Guru Ramdas[/COLOR][/B], Lahore[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Baoli Sahib Guru Arjan Dev[/COLOR][/B], Lahore[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Bhai Budhu Da Awa[/COLOR][/B], Lahore[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Lal Khooh[/COLOR][/B], Lahore[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Dehra Sahib Sri Guru Arjan Dev[/COLOR][/B], Lahore[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Patshahi Chhevin[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Patshahi Chhevin Muzang[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Shikargarh Patshahi Chhevin[/COLOR][/B], Lahore[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Shahid Ganj Bhai Taru Singh[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Gurdwara Shahid Ganj Sighnian[/COLOR][/B], Lahore[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Shahid Ganj Bhai Mani Singh[/COLOR],[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] Lahore[/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST] |
Banks of Pakistan
[B][U][COLOR=#000000]Central Bank[/COLOR][/U][/B]
[COLOR=#000000]State Bank of Pakistan [/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=#000000]Nationalized Scheduled Banks[/COLOR][/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]First Women Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]National Bank of Pakistan [/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=#000000]Specialized Banks[/COLOR][/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]Industrial Development Bank[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Punjab Provincial Cooperative Bank[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]SME Bank[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Zarai Taraqiati Bank[/COLOR] (Agricultural Development Bank) [U] [B][COLOR=#000000]Private Scheduled Banks[/COLOR][/B][/U] [COLOR=#000000]Allied Bank of Pakistan Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Arif Habib Rupali Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Askari Commercial Bank Limited[/COLOR]. [COLOR=#000000]Rawalpindi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Atlas Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Bank AL Habib[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Bank Al-Falah Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Crescent Commercial Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Dawood Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Faysal Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Habib Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]JS Bank[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]KASB Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Meezan Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Metropolitan Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Muslim Commercial Bank Limited (MCB)[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Mybank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]NIB Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]PICIC Commercial Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Prime Commercial Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Saudi-Pak Commercial Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]SME Banks[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Soneri Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Union Bank[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]United Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi [/COLOR] [U][B][COLOR=#000000]Foreign Banks[/COLOR][/B][/U] [COLOR=#000000]Abn Amro Bank NV[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. [COLOR=#000000]Albaraka Islamic Bank BSC(EC)[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]American Express Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Citibank NA[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Deutsche Bank AG[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Habib Bank AG Zurich[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Oman International Bank[/COLOR] SOAG [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Rupali Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Standard Chartered Bank Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi [/COLOR] [U][B][COLOR=#000000]Development Financial Institutions[/COLOR][/B][/U] [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Industrial Credit and Investment Corp Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Pak Kuwait Investment Company Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Pak Libya Holding Company Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Pak-Oman Investment Company Limited[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Saudi Pak Industrial And Agricultural Investment Company (Pvt) Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]House Building Finance Corporation[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Investment Corporation Of Pakistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]National Development Finance Corporation[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Dubai Islamic Bank[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi [/COLOR] [U][B][COLOR=#000000]Investment Banks[/COLOR][/B][/U] [COLOR=#000000]Al-Towfeek Investment Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Asset Investment Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Atlas Investment Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Crescent Investment Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Escorts Investment Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]First International Investment Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Fidelity Investment Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Franklin Investment Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Islamic Investment Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Jahangir Siddiqui Investment Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Orix Investment Bank (Pakistan) Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Prudential Investment Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Trust Investment Bank Limited [/COLOR][U][B][COLOR=#000000]Discount & Guarantee Houses[/COLOR][/B][/U] [COLOR=#000000]First Credit & Discount Corp Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Prudential Discount & Guarantee House Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]National Discounting Services Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Speedway Fordmetall (Pakistan) Limited [/COLOR] [U][B][COLOR=#000000]Housing Finance Companies[/COLOR][/B][/U] [COLOR=#000000]Asian Housing Finance Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Citibank Housing Finance Company Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]House Building Finance Corporation[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]International Housing Finance Limited [/COLOR] [U][B][COLOR=#000000]Venture Capital Companies[/COLOR][/B][/U] [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Venture Capital Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Emerging Ventures Limited [/COLOR] [U][B][COLOR=#000000]Micro Finance Banks[/COLOR][/B][/U] [COLOR=#000000]The First Micro Finance Bank Limited[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Khushali Bank[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Network Micro Finance Bank[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Pak Oman Micro Finance Bank[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Rozgar Micro Finance Bank[/COLOR], Karachi [COLOR=#000000]Tameer Microfinance Bank Limited [/COLOR] [U][B][COLOR=#000000]Islamic Banks[/COLOR][/B][/U] [COLOR=#000000]First Dawood Islamic Bank[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Dubai Islamic Bank[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Meezan Bank[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Bank Alfalah[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]UBL Ameen Islamic Banking[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]AlBaraka Islamic Bank[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Qaiser Islamic Bank[/COLOR] |
Glaciers of Pakistan
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[/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Abruzzi Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Abruzzi Glacier[/B] is a glacier in the north of the [COLOR=#000000]Baltoro Kangri[/COLOR] peak in the [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The glacier joins the huge [COLOR=#000000]Baltoro Glacier[/COLOR] (one of the largest glaciers outside polar region) that flows northwest in the beginning and then turns westward. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Baltoro Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Baltoro Glacier[/B], at 57 kilometers long, is one of the longest glaciers outside of the polar regions. It is located in Baltistan, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan, and runs through part of the Karakoram mountain range. The Baltoro Muztagh lies to the north and east of the glacier, while the Masherbrum Mountains lie to the south. At 8,611 m (28,251 ft), K2 is the highest mountain in the region, and three others within 20 km top 8,000 m. [/SIZE] [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The glacier gives rise to the Shigar River, which is a tributary of the Indus River. Several large tributary glaciers feed the main Baltoro glacier, including the Godwin Austen Glacier, flowing south from K2; the Abruzzi and the various Gasherbrum Glaciers, flowing from the Gasherbrum group of peaks; the Vigne Glacier, flowing from Chogolisa, and the Yermandendu Glacier, flowing from Masherbrum. The confluence of the main Baltoro Glacier with the Godwin Austen Glacier is known as Concordia; this location and K2 base camp are popular trekking destinations. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The trough of this glacier is very wide and its central part is a vast snowfield. Small valley glaciers form icefalls where they meet the trunk glacier. The sidewalls vary from very steep to precipitous. The glacier has carved striations on the surrounding country rocks. Moving ice has formed depressions, which serve as basins for numerous glacial lakes.[/SIZE] [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The glacier can be approached via the important Balti town of Skardu. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Batura Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Batura Glacier[/B] (57km long) is one of the largest and longest glaciers outside the polar regions. It lies in the [COLOR=#000000]Gojal[/COLOR] region of the [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], just north of [COLOR=#000000]Batura[/COLOR] (7,795 m) and [COLOR=#000000]Passu[/COLOR] (7,500 m) massifs. It flows west to east. The lower portions can be described as a grey sea of rocks and gravelly moraine, bordered by a few summer villages and pastures with herds of sheep, goats, cows and yaks and where roses and juniper trees are common. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Biafo Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [B]Biafo Glacier[/B] is a 63 km long glacier in the Karakoram Mountains of the Northern Areas, Pakistan which meets the 49 km long Hispar Glacier at an altitude of 5,128m (16,824 feet)at Hispar La(Pass) to create the world's longest glacial system outside of the polar regions. This highway of ice connects two ancient mountain kingdoms, Nagar (immediately south of Hunza) in the west with Baltistan in the east. The traverse uses 51 of the Biafo Glacier's 63 km and all of the Hispar Glacier to form a 100 km glacial route. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Biafo Glacier presents a trekker with several days of very strenuous, often hectic boulder hopping, with spectacular views throughout and Snow Lake near the high point. Snow Lake, consisting of parts of the upper Biafo Glacier and its tributary glacier Sim Gang, is one of the world's largest basins of snow or ice in the world outside of the polar regions, up to one mile in depth. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Biafo Glacier is the world's third longest glacier outside of the polar regions, second only to the 70 km Siachen Glacier disputed between Pakistan and India and Tajikistan's 77 km long Fedchenko Glacier. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Campsites along the Biafo are located off of the glacier, adjacent to the lateral moraines and steep mountainsides. The first three (heading up from the last village before the glacier, the thousand-year-old Askole village) are beautiful sites with flowing water nearby. Mango and Namla, the first two campsites, are often covered in flowers and Namla has an amazing waterfall very near the camping area. Biantha, the third camp site, is often used as a rest day. A large green meadow, it has a few running streams near the camp and many places to spend the day rock climbing or rappelling.[/SIZE] [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Evidence of wildlife can be seen through out the trek. The Ibex and the Markhor Mountain Goat can be found and the area is famous for brown bears and snow leopards, although sightings are rare. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Biarchedi Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [B]Biarchedi Glacier[/B] is located on the northeast of Biarchedi Peak in Pakistan. It flows north into the Baltoro Glacier. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Godwin-Austen Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Godwin-Austen Glacier[/B] is located near K2 in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Its confluence with the Baltoro Glacier is called Concordia and is one of the most favorite spots for trekking in Pakistan since it provides excellent views of four of the five eight-thousanders in Pakistan. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The glacier can be approached via the important Balti town of Skardu. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Gondogoro Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Gondogoro Glacier[/B] or [B]Gondoghoro Glacier[/B] is glacier near Concordia in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It serves as an alternative means to reach Concordia; the confluence of Baltoro Glacier and Godwin-Austen Glacier. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Hainablak Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Hainablak Glacier[/B] is a glacier near Trango Tower mountain in Baltistan, Northern Areas of Pakistan. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Hispar Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Hispar Glacier[/B] is a 49 km. long glacier in the Karakoram Mountains of the (Northern Areas, Pakistan) which meets the 63 km. long Biafo Glacier at the Hispar La (Pass) at an altitude of 5,128m (16,824 feet) to create the world's longest glacial system outside of the polar regions. This 100 km. highway of ice connects two ancient mountain kingdoms, Nagar (immediately south of Hunza) in the west with Baltistan in the east. The extreme steepness of the hillsides and strenuous nature of the boulder hopping on the lateral moraines and hillsides make this route's upper half the most difficult part of the Biafo - Hispar traverse. Only the Hispar La day includes walking on the Hispar Glacier. The crossing of four major tributary glaciers from the north is most taxing, and potentially high nullah crossings can be dangerous. The views of 7800 meter (25,600 foot) peaks and of the snow covered cliffs and mountains on the south side of the glacier are particularly impressive. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Lonak Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Lonak Glacier[/B] is one of the three major glaciers of Sikhim, in the Himalaya range in Northern Areas of Pakistan. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Miar Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Miar Glacier[/B] is a glacier that forms in the north of Miar Peak (6,824 m). [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Panmah Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Panmah Glacier[/B] is a glacier in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is included in the Central Karakoram National Park. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Passu Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Passu Glacier[/B] forms in the east of the Passu Sar (Passu Peak). [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Rupal Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Rupal Glacier[/B] or [B]Tashain Glacier[/B] is a glacier in the Great Himalaya subrange of Himalayas. It starts in the north of an unnamed 6,326 m high peak (35° 8'35.93"N 74°24'52.46"E) and flows northeast in the north of Laila Peak (Rupal Valley) and in the south of Nanga Parbat's many peaks. The melt water from the glacier forms Rupal River. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Sarpo Laggo Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [B]Sarpo Laggo Glacier[/B] ([I]Sarpo Laggo[/I]: young husband) is a glacier in the Northern Areas of Pakistan, in the Karakoram mountain range of the Himalayas. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Shani Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Shani Glacier[/B] is a glacier in the north of Shani Peak (5,887 m) in Naltar Valley, Pakistan. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Siachen Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [B]Siachen Glacier[/B] is located in the eastern Karakoram Range in the Himalaya Mountains, at approximately 35.5° N 77.0° E. It is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second longest in the world's non-polar areas. It ranges from an altitude of 5753 m (18,875 ft.) above sea level at its source at Indira Col (pass) on the China border to its snout at 3620 m (11,875 ft.) [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Siachen Glacier lies south of the great watershed that separates Central Asia from the Indian subcontinent. The 70 km (43.5 mile) long Siachen glacier lies between the Saltoro Ridge line immediately to the west and the main Karakoram range to the east. The Saltoro Ridge originates in the north from the Sia Kangri peak on the China border in the Karakoram range. The crest of the Saltoro Ridge's altitudes range from 5450 to 7720 m (17,880 to 25,330 feet). The major passes on this ridge are, from north to south, Sia La at 5589 m (18,336 ft), Bilafond La at 5450 m (17,880 ft), and Gyong La at 5689 m (18,665 ft.)[/SIZE] [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][U][B][SIZE=2][COLOR=#000000]Conflict Zone[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B][/U] [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The glacier is located in the disputed region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. The average winter snowfall is 10.5 m (35 ft.) and temperatures can dip to minus 50 degrees celsius (minus 58 degrees fahrenheit. In spite of the severe climate, the word 'Siachen' ironically means 'the place of wild roses, a reference some people attribute to the abundance of Himalayan wildflowers found in the valleys below the glacier, but specifically refers to the thorny wild plants which grow on the rocky outcrops. The glacier is also the highest battleground on earth, where India and Pakistan have fought intermittently since April 13, 1984. Both countries maintain permanent military personnel in the region at a height of over 6,000 metres. The site is a prime example of mountain warfare. The glacier's melting waters are the main source of the Nubra River, which drains into the Shyok River. The Shyok in turn joins the Indus River. The glacier's melting waters are a major source of the river Indus, a vital water source. Global warming has had one of its worst impacts here in the Himalayas with the glaciers melting at an unprecedented rate. The volume of the glacier has been reduced by 35 percent over the last twenty years. One report blames military activity as much as global warming. [/SIZE] [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The conflict in Siachen stems from the confusion in the improperly demarcated territory on the map beyond the map coordinate known as NJ9842. The 1949 Karachi Agreement and the 1972 Simla Agreement did not clearly mention who controlled the glacier, merely stating that from the NJ9842 location the boundary would proceed "thence north to the glaciers." In the 1960's and 1970's, however, the United States Defense Mapping Agency (now National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) began, with no legal justification or any boundary documentation, showing an international boundary on their maps available to the public and pilots as proceeding from NJ9842 east-northeast to the Karakoram Pass at 5534 m (18,136 ft.) on the China border. Numerous governmental and private cartographers and atlas producers followed suit. This resulted in cartographically "awarding" the entire 2700 square kilometers (1040 square miles) Siachen area to Pakistan. Indian government and military took note. Prior to 1984 neither India nor Pakistan had any permanent presence in the area. [/SIZE][U][B][SIZE=2][COLOR=#000000]Fighting[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B][/U] [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In the 1970s and early 1980s several mountaineering expeditions applied to Pakistan to climb high peaks in the Siachen area, and Pakistan granted them. This reinforced the Pakistani claim on the area, as these expeditions arrived on the glacier with a permit obtained from the Government of Pakistan. Once having become aware of this in about 1978, Colonel N. Kumar of the Indian Army mounted an Army expedition to Teram Kangri peaks (in the Siachen area on the China border and just east of a line drawn due north from NJ9842) as a counter-exercise. The first public mention of a possible conflict situation was an article by Joydeep Sircar in [I]The Telegraph[/I] newspaper of Calcutta in 1982, reprinted as "Oropolitics" in the Alpine Journal, London, in 1984. India launched [B]Operation Meghdoot[/B] (named after the divine cloud messenger in a Sanskrit play) on 13 April 1984 when the Kumaon Regiment of the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force went into the glacier region. Pakistan quickly responded with troop deployments and what followed was literally a race to the top. Within a few days, the Indians were in control over most of the area, as Pakistan was beaten to most of the Saltoro Ridge high ground by about a week. The two northern passes - Sia La and Bilfond La - were quickly secured by India. In his memoirs, current Pakistani president, General Pervez Musharraf states that Pakistan lost almost 2,331 Km2 (900 Mi2) of territory. TIME states that the Indian advance captured nearly 1,000 sq. mi. of territory claimed by Pakistan. Since then Pakistan has launched several attempts to displace the Indian forces, but with little success. The most well known was in 1987, when an attempt was made by Pakistan to dislodge India from the area. The attack was led by Pervez Musharraf (later President of Pakistan) heading a newly formed elite SSG commando unit in the area. A special garrison with eight thousand troops was built at Khapalu. The immediate aim was to capture Bilafond La but after bitter fighting that included hand to hand combat, the Pakistanis were thrown back and the positions remained the same. The only Param Vir Chakra - India's highest gallantry award - to be awarded for combat in the Siachen area went to Naib Subedar Bana Singh (retired as Subedar Major/Honorary Captain), who assaulted and captured a Pakistani post in a daring daylight raid atop a 22,000 foot (6 700 m) peak, now named Bana Post. Further attempts to reclaim positions were launched by Pakistan in 1990, 1995, 1996 and even in early 1999, just prior to the Lahore Summit. The 1995 attack by Pakistan SSG was significant as it resulted in 40 casualties for Pakistan troops without any changes in the positions. [/SIZE][U][B][SIZE=2][COLOR=#000000]Current situation[/COLOR][/SIZE][/B][/U] [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Indian Army controls all of the Siachen Glacier and the three main passes of the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacier, Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La, thus holding onto the tactical advantage of high ground. Gyong La (Pass) itself is at 35-10-29N, 77-04-15 E; that high point is controlled by India. The Pakistanis control the glacial valley just five kilometers southwest of Gyong La. The line where Indian and Pakistani troops are presently holding on to their respective posts is being increasingly referred to as the Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL). [/SIZE] [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Pakistanis have been unable get up to the crest of the Saltoro Ridge, while the Indians cannot come down and abandon their strategic high posts. A ceasefire went into effect in 2003. Even before then, every year more soldiers were killed because of severe weather than enemy firing. The two sides have lost an estimated 2,000 personnel primarily due to frostbite, avalanches and other complications. Both nations have 150 manned outposts along the glacier, with some 3,000 troops each. Official figures for maintaining these outposts are put at ~$300 and ~$200 million for India and Pakistan respectively. India has built the world's highest helipad on this glacier at a place called Sonam, which is at 21,000 feet (6,400 m) above the sea level, to serve the area. India also installed the world's highest telephone booth on the glacier. Both sides have been wishing to disengage from the costly military outposts but after the Kargil War in 1999 where Pakistan sent infiltrators to occupy vacated Indian posts across the Line of Control, India has backed off from withdrawing in Siachen. India feels that Pakistan would resort to the same thing if Siachen Glacier is vacated without any official confirmation of its positions in the glacier.[/SIZE] [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]During her tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan, Ms Benazir Bhutto, visited the area west of Gyong La, making her the first premier from either side to get to the Siachen region. On June 12, 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit the area, calling for a peaceful resolution of the problem. In the previous year, the President of India, Abdul Kalam became the first head of state to visit the area. India based Jet Airways plans to open a chartered service to the glacier's nearest airlink, the Thoise airbase, mainly for military purposes. Pakistan's PIA flies tourists and trekkers daily to Skardu, which is the jumping off point for K2, the world's second highest point just 33 kilometers (20.5 miles) northwest of the Siachen area, although bad weather frequently grounds these scheduled flights. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Trango Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Trango Glacier[/B] is a glacier near Trango Tower mountain in Baltistan, Northern Areas of Pakistan. [/SIZE][/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Vigne Glacier[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Vigne Glacier[/B] is a glacier in the Northern Areas, Pakistan near Gondogoro Glacier and Baltoro Glacier.[/SIZE][/FONT] |
Rivers of Pakistan
[CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B][COLOR=#000000]Chenab River[/COLOR][/B][/U]
[/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Chenab River is formed by the confluence of the [COLOR=#000000]Chandra[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Bhaga[/COLOR] rivers at [COLOR=#000000]Tandi[/COLOR] located in the upper Himalayas, in the [COLOR=#000000]Lahul and Spiti[/COLOR] District of [COLOR=#000000]Himachal Pradesh[/COLOR], India. In its upper reaches it is also known as the [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Chandrabhaga[/I][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]. It flows through the Jammu region of [COLOR=#000000]Jammu and Kashmir[/COLOR] into the plains of the [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], forming the boundary between the Rechna and Jech interfluves ([I]Doabs[/I] in Persian). It is joined by the [COLOR=#000000]Jhelum River[/COLOR] at [COLOR=#000000]Trimmu[/COLOR], and then by the [COLOR=#000000]Ravi River[/COLOR]. It then merges with the [COLOR=#000000]Sutlej River[/COLOR] near Uch Sharif to form the Panjnad ('Five Rivers'), which joins the [COLOR=#000000]Indus[/COLOR] at [COLOR=#000000]Mithankot[/COLOR]. The total length of the Chenab is approximately 960 kilometres. The waters of the Chenab are allocated to [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] under the terms of the [COLOR=#000000]Indus Waters Treaty[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The river was known to Indians in Vedic period as [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Ashkini[/I][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] or [I]Iskmati[/I] and as [I]Acesines[/I] to the [COLOR=#000000]Ancient Greeks[/COLOR]. In [COLOR=#000000]325 BC[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Alexander the Great[/COLOR] allegedly founded the town of [COLOR=#000000]Alexandria on the Indus[/COLOR] (present day [COLOR=#000000]Uch Sharif[/COLOR] or [COLOR=#000000]Mithankot[/COLOR] or Chacharan) at the confluence of the Indus and the combined stream of Punjab rivers (currently known as the [COLOR=#000000]Panjnad River[/COLOR]).[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Chenab has the same place in the consciousness of the people of the Punjab, as, say the Rhine holds for the Germans, or the Danube for the Austrians and the Hungarians. It is the iconic river around which Punjabi consciousness revolves, and plays a prominent part in the tale of [COLOR=#000000]Heer Ranjha[/COLOR], the Punjabi national epic. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B][COLOR=#000000]Dasht River[/COLOR][/B][/U][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Dasht River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] is located in [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar District[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [COLOR=#000000]Mirani Dam[/COLOR] is being built on Dasht river to provide drinking water to [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar[/COLOR] city. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][U][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Dashtiari River[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/U] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Dashtiari River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] is located in [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar District[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Gambila River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Gambila River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] river, also called the [COLOR=#000000]Tochi River[/COLOR], is located in [COLOR=#000000]Bannu District[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]North-West Frontier Province[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]It's source are the hills six miles south of the [COLOR=#000000]Sufed Koh[/COLOR], the source of the [COLOR=#000000]Kurram River[/COLOR], which it runs parallel too and finally joins. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [B]Gambila[/B] is an important river for the inhabitants of the Dawar valley, as it serves to irragate a large area of land that it runs through. Particularly that belonging to the Bakkakhel Wazirs, and Miri and Barakzai Bannuchis. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Ghaggar-Hakra River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [B]Ghaggar-Hakra River[/B] is the (rainy) seasonal river in [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=#000000]Hakra River[/COLOR] riverbed in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is often identified with the [COLOR=#000000]Vedic Sarasvati River[/COLOR], but it is disputed if at all [COLOR=#000000]Rigvedic[/COLOR] references to the [COLOR=#000000]Sarasvati River[/COLOR] refer to this river. It is a dried out river which flow during rainy season only and used to flush out flood waters of [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Estimated period at which the river dried up range, very roughly, from 2500 to 2000 BC, with a further margin of error at either end of the date-range. This may be precise in geological terms, but for the Indus Valley Civilization (2800 to 1800 BC) it makes all the difference whether the river dried up in 2500 (its early phase) or 2000 (its late phase). Similarly, for the [COLOR=#000000]Gandhara grave culture[/COLOR], often identified with the early influx of Indo-Aryans from ca. 1600 BC, it makes a great difference whether the river dried up a millennium earlier, or only a few generations ago, so that by contact with remnants of the IVC like the [COLOR=#000000]Cemetery H culture[/COLOR], legendary knowledge of the event may have been acquired. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The identification with the [COLOR=#000000]Sarasvati River[/COLOR] is based the descriptions in Vedic texts ([I]e.g.[/I] in the enumeration of the rivers in Rigveda 10.75.05, the order is [COLOR=#000000]Ganga[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Yamuna[/COLOR], Sarasvati, [COLOR=#000000]Sutlej[/COLOR]), and other geological and paleobotanical findings. This however, is disputed. The [COLOR=#000000]Victorian era[/COLOR] scholar C.F. Oldham was the first to suggest that geological events had redirected the river, and to connect it to the lost Saraswati: "[it] was formerly the Sarasvati; that name is still known amongst the people, and the famous fortress of Sarsuti or Sarasvati was built upon its banks, nearly 100 miles below the present junction with the Ghaggar." (Oldham 1893: 51-52) [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Ghaggar River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [B]Ghaggar[/B] is a [COLOR=#000000]seasonal[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]river[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR], flowing when [COLOR=#000000]water[/COLOR] is available from [COLOR=#000000]monsoon[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]rains[/COLOR]. It originates in the [COLOR=#000000]Shivalik Hills[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Himachal Pradesh[/COLOR] and flows through [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Haryana[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]Rajasthan[/COLOR]; just southwest of Sirsa in [COLOR=#000000]Haryana[/COLOR] and by the side of [B]Tibi[/B] in [COLOR=#000000]Rajasthan[/COLOR], this seasonal river feeds two irrigation canals that extend into [COLOR=#000000]Rajasthan[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The present-day [COLOR=#000000]Sarasvati River[/COLOR] originates in a submontane region ([COLOR=#000000]Ambala[/COLOR] district) and joins the Ghaggar near Shatrana in PEPSU. Near Sadulgarh (Hanumangarh) the Naiwala channel, a dried out channel of the [COLOR=#000000]Sutlej[/COLOR], joins the Ghaggar. Near Suratgarh the Ghaggar is then joined by the dried up [COLOR=#000000]Drishadvati[/COLOR] river. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The wide river bed of the Ghaggar river suggest that the river once flowed full of water, and that it formerly continued through the entire region, in the presently dry channel of the [COLOR=#000000]Hakra River[/COLOR], possibly emptying into the [COLOR=#000000]Rann of Kutch[/COLOR]. It supposedly dried up due to the capture of its tributaries by the [COLOR=#000000]Indus[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Yamuna[/COLOR] rivers, and the loss of rainfall in much of its catchment area due to deforestation and overgrazing. This is supposed to have happened at the latest in [COLOR=#000000]1900 BCE[/COLOR], but perhaps much earlier. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Puri and Verma (1998) have argued that the present-day [COLOR=#000000]Tons River[/COLOR] was the ancient upper-part of the Sarasvati River, which would then had been fed with Himalayan glaciers. The terrain of this river contains pebbles of quartzite and metamorphic rocks, while the lower terraces in these valleys do not contain such rocks. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In India there are also various small or middle-sized rivers called Sarasvati or Saraswati. One of them flows from the west end of the [COLOR=#000000]Aravalli Range[/COLOR] into the east end of the [COLOR=#000000]Rann of Kutch[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Hakra River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [B]Hakra[/B] is the dried-out channel of a [COLOR=#000000]river[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] that until about 2000 BC - 1500 BC was the continuation of the [COLOR=#000000]Ghaggar River[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Many settlements of the [COLOR=#000000]Indus Valley Civilisation[/COLOR] have been found along the Ghaggar and Hakra rivers. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B][COLOR=#000000]Indus Valley Civilization[/COLOR][/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The river was also of great importance to the Indus Valley Civilization. Archaeologists have suggested that the drying up of this river may have been one of the causes for the decline of the [COLOR=#000000]Indus Valley Civilization[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Along the course of the Ghaggar-Hakra river are many archaeological sites of the [COLOR=#000000]Indus Valley Civilization[/COLOR]; but not further south than the middle of [COLOR=#000000]Bahawalpur[/COLOR] district. It could be that the permanent Sarasvati ended there, and its water only reached the sea in very wet rainy seasons. It may also have been affected by much of its water being taken for irrigation. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Over 600 sites of the Indus civilization have been discovered on the [COLOR=#000000]Hakra[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Ghaggar[/COLOR] river and its tributaries. In contrast to this, only 90 to 96 Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the [COLOR=#000000]Indus[/COLOR] and its tributaries (about 36 sites on the Indus river itself.) V.N. Misra states that over 530 Harappan sites (of the more than 800 known sites, not including Degenerate Harappan or OCP) are located on the Hakra-Ghaggar. The other sites are mainly in Kutch-Saurashtra (nearly 200 sites), Yamuna Valley (nearly 70 Late Harappan sites) and in the Indus Valley/ Baluchistan (less than 100 sites). [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Early Harappan sites are mostly situated on the middle Ghaggar-Hakra river bed, and some in the Indus Valley. Most of the Mature Harappan sites are located in the middle Ghaggar-Hakra river valley, and some on the Indus and in the [COLOR=#000000]Kutch[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Saurashtra[/COLOR]. However in the late Harappan period the number of late Harappan sites in the middle Hakra channel and in the Indus valley diminishes, while it expands in the upper Ghaggar-Sutlej channels and in Saurashtra. The abandonement of many sites on the Hakra-Ghaggar between the Harappan and the Late Harappan phase was probably due to the drying up of the Hakra-Ghaggar river. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Because most of the Indus Valley sites are actually located on the Hakra-Ghaggar river and its tributaries and not on the Indus river, some archaeologists have proposed to use the term "Indus Sarasvati Civilization" to refer to the Harappan culture. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In a survey conducted by M.R. Mughal between 1974 and 1977, over 400 sites were mapped along 300 miles of the Hakra river. The majority of these sites were dated to the fourth or third millennium BCE. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Painted Grey Ware sites (ca. 1000 BCE) have been found on the bed and not on the banks of the Ghaggar-Hakra river. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B][COLOR=#000000]The Ghaggar-Hakra and its ancient tributaries[/COLOR][/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Satellite photography has shown that the Ghaggar-Hakra was indeed a large river that dried up probably between ca. 2500 to 2000 B.C. The dried out Hakra river bed is between three and ten kilometers wide. Recent research indicates that the [COLOR=#000000]Sutlej[/COLOR] and possibly also the [COLOR=#000000]Yamuna[/COLOR] once flowed into the Saraswati river bed. The Sutlej and Yamuna Rivers have changed their courses over the time. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Paleobotanical information also documents the aridity that developed after the drying up of the river. [I](Gadgil and Thapar 1990 and references therein)[/I]. The disappearance of the river may have been caused by [COLOR=#000000]earthquakes[/COLOR] which may have led to the redirection of its tributaries. It has also been suggested that the loss of rainfall in much of its catchment area due to deforestation and overgrazing in what is now Pakistan may have also contributed to the drying up of the river. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B]The Ghaggar-Hakra and the Sutlej[/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]There are no Harappan sites on the Sutlej in its present lower course, only in its upper course near the [COLOR=#000000]Siwaliks[/COLOR], and along the dried up channel of the ancient Sutlej, which indicates the Sutlej did flow into the Sarasvati at that period of time. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]It has been shown by satellite imagery that at [COLOR=#000000]Ropar[/COLOR] the Sutlej river suddenly flows away from the Ghaggar in a sharp turn. The beforehand narrow Ghaggar river bed itself is becoming suddenly wider at the conjunction where the Sutlej should have met the Ghaggar river. And there is a major [COLOR=#000000]paleochannel[/COLOR] between the point where the Sutlej takes a sharp turn and where the Ghaggar river bed widens. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In later texts like the [COLOR=#000000]Mahabharata[/COLOR], the Rigvedic Sutudri ("swiftly flowing") is called Shatudri (Shatadru/Shatadhara), which means a river with 100 flows. The Sutlej (and the Beas and Ravi) have frequently changed their courses. The Sutlej has also probably sometimes flown into the Beas, and the combined stream sometimes in the Ghaggar River. The confluence of the Ghaggar and the Sutlej was downstream from the Kurukshetra region, where most Harappan sites are located. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B]The Ghaggar-Hakra and the Yamuna[/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]There are also no Harappan sites on the present Yamuna river. There are however [COLOR=#000000]Painted Gray Ware[/COLOR] (1000 - 600 BC) sites on the Yamuna channel, showing that the river must have flown in the present channel during this period. The distribution of the Painted Gray Ware sites in the Ghaggar river valley indicates that during this period the Ghaggar river was already partly dried up. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Scholars like Raikes (1968) and Suraj Bhan (1972, 1973, 1975, 1977) have shown that based on archaeological, geomorphic and sedimentological research the Yamuna may have flown into the Saraswati during Harappan times. There are several often dried out river beds (paleochannels) between the Sutlej and the Yamuna, some of them two to ten kilometres wide. They are not always visible on the ground because of excessive silting and encroachment by sand of the dried out river channels. The [COLOR=#000000]Yamuna[/COLOR] may have flown into the Sarasvati river through the [COLOR=#000000]Chautang[/COLOR] or the [COLOR=#000000]Drishadvati[/COLOR] channel, since many Harappan sites have been discovered on these dried out river beds. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Gilgit River[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Gilgit River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] is a [COLOR=#000000]tributary[/COLOR] of the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR], and flows past the town of [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR]. It is located in the [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Kashmir[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Gomal River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Gomal River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] is a river in [COLOR=#000000]Afghanistan[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], with its headwaters in the south-east of [COLOR=#000000]Ghazni[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The headwater springs of the Gomal's main leg come together close to the fort of [COLOR=#000000]Babakarkol[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Katawaz[/COLOR], a district inhabited primarily by [COLOR=#000000]Kharoti[/COLOR] and Suleiman Khel [COLOR=#000000]Pashtuns[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Gomal's chief tributary is the [COLOR=#000000]Zhob River[/COLOR]. Within [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], Gomal river surrounds [COLOR=#000000]South Waziristan[/COLOR] agency, forms the boundary between the [COLOR=#000000]North-West Frontier Province[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR]. The river passes then through the [COLOR=#000000]Damaan[/COLOR] plain in [COLOR=#000000]Kulachi[/COLOR] Tehsil and later on through [COLOR=#000000]Dera Ismail Khan[/COLOR] Tehsil and then finally falls in river [COLOR=#000000]Indus[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Hub River[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Hub River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] is located in [COLOR=#000000]Lasbela[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It forms the provincial boundary between [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], west of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. [COLOR=#000000]Hub Dam[/COLOR] is a large water storage [COLOR=#000000]reservoir[/COLOR] constructed in [COLOR=#000000]1981[/COLOR] on the Hub River in the arid plains north of Karachi. The reservoir supplies water for irrigation in the Lasbella district of Balochistan and drinking water for the city of Karachi. It is an important staging and wintering area for an appreciable number of waterbirds and contains a variety of fish species which increase in abundance during periods of high water. The [COLOR=#000000]Mahseer[/COLOR] ([I]Tor putitora[/I]), an indigenous riverine fish found in the Hub River, grows up to 2m in length and provides for excellent angling.It is in pakistan. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Hungol River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Hungol River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] or [B]Hingol River[/B] is located in [COLOR=#000000]Makran[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Hungol valley has fantastic scenery of towering cliffs, pinnacles and buttresses, the river winding between. Some 350 miles in length, the Hungol is Balochistan's longest river. Unlike most other streams in Balochistan which only flow during rare rains, the Hungol always has flowing water in it. The water is crystal–clear, reflecting the incredible blue of the sky. It makes for picture–postcard scenery. Hungol river and valley are located in [COLOR=#000000]Hungol National Park. [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Hunza River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Hunza River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] is the principal river of [COLOR=#000000]Hunza[/COLOR], in the [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas of Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is formed by the confluence of the [COLOR=#000000]Kilik[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Khunjerab[/COLOR] [I]nalas[/I] (gorges) which are fed by [COLOR=#000000]glaciers[/COLOR]. It is joined by the [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit River[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=#000000]Naltar River[/COLOR] before it flows into the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The river cuts through the [COLOR=#000000]Karakoram[/COLOR] range, flowing from north to south. The [COLOR=#000000]Karakoram Highway[/COLOR] crosses the Hunza River near [COLOR=#000000]Hunza[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Nagar[/COLOR] valleys. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Indus is the longest and most important [COLOR=#000000]river[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] and one of the most important rivers on the [COLOR=#000000]Indian subcontinent[/COLOR]. Originating in the [COLOR=#000000]Tibetan plateau[/COLOR] in the vicinity of [COLOR=#000000]Lake Mansarovar[/COLOR], the river runs a course through in [COLOR=#000000]Jammu and Kashmir[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR], flowing through the [COLOR=#000000]North[/COLOR] in a southernly direction along the entire length of country, to merge into the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR] near Pakistan's port city [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. The total length of the river is 3200 km (1988 miles). The river has a total drainage area exceeding 450,000 square miles. The river's estimated annual flow stands at around 207 cubic kilometres. Beginning at the heights of the world with [COLOR=#000000]glaciers[/COLOR], the river feeds the [COLOR=#000000]ecosystem[/COLOR] of temperate forests, [COLOR=#000000]plains[/COLOR] and arid countryside. Together with the rivers [COLOR=#000000]Chenab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Ravi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sutlej[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Jhelum[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Beas[/COLOR] and the extinct [COLOR=#000000]Sarasvati River[/COLOR], the Indus forms the [I][COLOR=#000000]Sapta Sindhu[/COLOR][/I] ("Seven Rivers") [COLOR=#000000]delta[/COLOR] in the [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR] province of Pakistan. It has 20 major tributaries. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Indus provides the key water resources for the [COLOR=#000000]economy of Pakistan[/COLOR] - especially the [I]breadbasket[/I] of [COLOR=#000000]Punjab province[/COLOR], which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. It also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of [COLOR=#000000]potable water[/COLOR] in Pakistan. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The ultimate source of the Indus is in [COLOR=#000000]Tibet[/COLOR]; it begins at the confluence of the Sengge and Gar rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan mountain ranges. The Indus then flows northwest through [COLOR=#000000]Ladakh[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Baltistan[/COLOR] into [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR], just south of the [COLOR=#000000]Karakoram[/COLOR] range. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit streams carry glacieral waters into the main river. It gradually bends to the south, coming out of the hills between [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Rawalpindi[/COLOR]. The Indus passes gigantic gorges (15,000-17,000 feet) near the [COLOR=#000000]Nanga Parbat[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]massif[/COLOR] It swiftly flows across [COLOR=#000000]Hazara[/COLOR], and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. The [COLOR=#000000]Kabul River[/COLOR] joins it near [COLOR=#000000]Attock[/COLOR]. The remainder of its route to the sea is in plains of the [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Sind[/COLOR], and the river becomes slow-flowing and highly braided. It is joined by [COLOR=#000000]Panjnad River[/COLOR] at [COLOR=#000000]Mithankot[/COLOR]. Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named as Satnad River (sat = seven, nadi = river) as the river was now carrying the waters of Kabul River, Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Passing by [COLOR=#000000]Jamshoro[/COLOR], it ends in a large delta to the east of [COLOR=#000000]Thatta[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a [COLOR=#000000]tidal bore[/COLOR]. The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Karakoram, [COLOR=#000000]Hindu Kush[/COLOR] and Himalayan ranges of Tibet, Kashmir and [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons - it diminishes greatly in the winter, while flooding its banks in the [COLOR=#000000]monsoon[/COLOR] months from July to September. There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times - it deviated westwards from flowing into the [COLOR=#000000]Rann of Kutch[/COLOR]. It is the Official and [B][COLOR=#000000]National River[/COLOR][/B] of Pakistan in Urdu as [B]Qaumi Daryaa[/B] and Sindhi it is called [B]Daryaa Badshah[/B] ,[B]The King River[/B]. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B][COLOR=#000000]History[/COLOR][/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][COLOR=#000000]Paleolithic[/COLOR] sites have been discovered in [COLOR=#000000]Pothohar[/COLOR], with the stone tools of the [COLOR=#000000]Soan Culture[/COLOR]. In ancient [COLOR=#000000]Gandhara[/COLOR], evidence of cave dwellers dated 15,000 years ago has been discovered at [COLOR=#000000]Mardan[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The major cities of the [COLOR=#000000]Indus Valley Civilization[/COLOR] (IVC), such as [COLOR=#000000]Harappa[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Mohenjo Daro[/COLOR], date back to around 3300 BC, and represent some of the largest human habitations of the ancient world. The IVC was extended from [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]Gujarat[/COLOR], with an upward reach to the darcon from east of River [COLOR=#000000]Jhelum[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]Rupar[/COLOR] on the upper [COLOR=#000000]Sutlej[/COLOR]. The coast settlements extended from [COLOR=#000000]Sutkagan Dor[/COLOR] at [COLOR=#000000]Iranian[/COLOR] border to [COLOR=#000000]Lothal[/COLOR] in Gujarat. There is an Indus site on the [COLOR=#000000]Oxus[/COLOR] river at Shortughai in northern [COLOR=#000000]Afghanistan[/COLOR] (Kenoyer 1998:96), and the Indus site Alamgirpur at the Hindon river is located only 28 km from Delhi. To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the [COLOR=#000000]Ghaggar-Hakra River[/COLOR] and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centers of [COLOR=#000000]Harappa[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Mohenjo-daro[/COLOR], as well as [COLOR=#000000]Lothal[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Dholavira[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Ganeriwala[/COLOR], and [COLOR=#000000]Rakhigarhi[/COLOR]. Only 90 to 96 of the over 800 known Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries. The [COLOR=#000000]Sutlej[/COLOR], now a tributary of the Indus, in Harappan times flowed into the [COLOR=#000000]Ghaggar-Hakra River[/COLOR], in the watershed of which were more Harappan sites than along the Indus. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Some scholars believe that settlements of [COLOR=#000000]Gandhara grave culture[/COLOR] of the early [COLOR=#000000]Indo-Aryans[/COLOR] flourished in Gandhara from 1700 to 600 BCE, when Mohenjo Daro and Harappa had already been abandoned. However many modern researchers believe that the IVC was indeed an Aryan civilization. Researchers such as professor Egbert Richter Ushanas concerning the IVC seals has said, "[I]All the seals are based on Vedas -- Rig Veda and Atharva Veda.[/I]" The name [I]Indus[/I] is a Latinization of [I]Hindu[/I], in turn the [COLOR=#000000]Iranian[/COLOR] variant of [I]Sindhu[/I], the name of the Indus in the [COLOR=#000000]Rigveda[/COLOR]. [COLOR=#000000]Sanskrit[/COLOR] [I]sindhu[/I] generically means "river, stream", probably from a root [I]sidh[/I] "to go, move"; [I]sindhu[/I] is attested 176 times in the Rigveda, 95 times in the plural, more often used in the generic meaning. Already in the Rigveda, notably in the later hymns, the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular, for example in the list of rivers of the [COLOR=#000000]Nadistuti sukta[/COLOR]. This resulted in the anomaly of a river with masculine gender: all other [COLOR=#000000]Rigvedic rivers[/COLOR] are female, not just grammatically, being imagined as [COLOR=#000000]goddesses[/COLOR] and compared to cows and mares yielding milk and butter. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Indus has formed a natural boundary between the Indian hinterland and its frontier with Afghanistan and [COLOR=#000000]Iran[/COLOR]. It has been crossed by the armies of [COLOR=#000000]Alexander the Great[/COLOR] - Greek forces retreated along the southern course of the river at the end of the Indian campaign. The Indus plains have also been under the domination of the [COLOR=#000000]Persian empire[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=#000000]Kushan empire[/COLOR]. The [COLOR=#000000]Muslim[/COLOR] armies of [COLOR=#000000]Muhammad bin Qasim[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Mahmud of Ghazni[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Babur[/COLOR] also crossed the river to strike into the inner regions of [COLOR=#000000]Gujarat[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Rajputana[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The word [COLOR=#000000]"India"[/COLOR] is a reference to the Indus River. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B][COLOR=#000000]Geology[/COLOR][/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Indus River feeds the Indus submarine fan located in the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR], which is the second largest sediment body on the Earth at around 5 million cubic kilometers of material eroded from the mountains. Studies of the sediment in the modern river indicate that the [COLOR=#000000]Karakoram[/COLOR] Mountains in northern Pakistan are the single most important source of material, with the Himalaya provide the next largest contibution, mostly via the large rivers of the Punjab (i.e., the Ravi, Jhellum, Chenab and the Sutlej). Analysis of sediments from the Arabian Sea by marine geologists [COLOR=#000000]Peter Clift[/COLOR] and Jerzy Blusztajn has demonstrated that prior to five million years ago the Indus was not connected to these Punjab Rivers which instead flowed east into the Ganges and were captured after that time. Earlier work, also by Peter Clift, showed that sand and silt from western Tibet was reaching the Arabian Sea by 45 million years ago, implying the existence of an ancient Indus River by that time. The delta of this proto-Indus river has subsequently been found in the Katawaz Basin, on the Afghan-Pakistan border. Most recently the Indus was paralleled by the ancient [COLOR=#000000]Saraswati River[/COLOR], which the [COLOR=#000000]Rigveda[/COLOR] suggests flowed from the [COLOR=#000000]Himalaya[/COLOR] between the [COLOR=#000000]Sutlej[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=#000000]Yamuna[/COLOR] Rivers, close to modern day [COLOR=#000000]Chandigarh[/COLOR]. The Saraswati river was totally dried by 1900 BC as confirmed by archeological hydrological radio carbon datings. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B][COLOR=#000000]Climate[/COLOR][/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Indus delta is one of the driest in the Indian subcontinent, lying just to the west of the [COLOR=#000000]Thar Desert[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Rajasthan[/COLOR] - and rainfall is extraordinarily erratic owing to the passage of [COLOR=#000000]cyclones[/COLOR] from the Arabian Sea. The Punjab plains, however, receive considerable rainfall from the summer monsoon: at [COLOR=#000000]Abbottabad[/COLOR] the average annual rainfall is around 1,200mm (47 inches) and at Murree around 1,700mm (67 inches) with as much as 730mm (28 inches) in July and August alone. The upper basin of the Indus receives 4-8 inches of rainfall (higher in the west) in the winter months owing to northwestern winds. Higher elevations in Kashmir and the [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR] receives a large amount of precipitation in the form of snow, but the lower valleys are extremely dry and quite warm in the summer. Annual temperatures fall below freezing in the northern mountainous regions in the winter, while exceeding 100 degrees Fahrenheit in the plains of Punjab and Sindh in the summer. [COLOR=#000000]Jacobabad[/COLOR], which is one of the hottest spots in the world, lies to the west of the river in Sindh. [/SIZE][/FONT][LEFT][U][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Wildlife[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/U] [/LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Accounts of the Indus valley from the times of Alexander's campaign indicate a healthy forest cover in the region, which has now considerably receded. The Mughal Emperor Babar writes of encountering rhinoceroses along its bank in his memoirs (the BaberNameh). Extensive [COLOR=#000000]deforestation[/COLOR] and human interference in the ecology of the [COLOR=#000000]Shivalik Hills[/COLOR] has led to a marked deterioration in vegetation and growing conditions. The Indus valley regions are arid with poor vegetation. Agriculture is sustained largely due to irrigation works. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [COLOR=#000000]Blind[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Indus River Dolphin[/COLOR] (Platanista gangetica minor) is a sub-species of Dolphins found only in the Indus River. It formerly also occurred in the tributaries of the Indus river. [COLOR=#000000]Palla fish[/COLOR] ([I][COLOR=#000000]Hilsa ilisha[/COLOR][/I]) of the river is a delicacy for people living along the river. The population of fishes in the river is moderate, with Sukkur, Thatta and Kotri being the major fishing centres - all in the lower Sindh course. But damming and irrigation has made fish farming an important economic activity. Located southeast of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], the large delta has been recognised by conservationists as one of the world's most important ecological regions. Here the river distributes into many marshes, streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow levels. Here marine fishes are found in abundance, including [COLOR=#000000]pomfret[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]prawns[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B][COLOR=#000000]Economy[/COLOR][/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR] plains - it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan. The river is especially critical as rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley. Irrigation canals were first built by the peoples of the Indus valley civilization, and later by the engineers of the [COLOR=#000000]Kushan Empire[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=#000000]Mughal Empire[/COLOR]. Modern irrigation was introduced by the [COLOR=#000000]British East India Company[/COLOR] in 1850 - the construction of modern canals accompanied with the restoration of old canals. The British supervised the construction of one of the most complex irrigation networks in the world. The [COLOR=#000000]Guddu Barrage[/COLOR] is 4,450 feet long - irrigating [COLOR=#000000]Sukkur[/COLOR], Jacobabad, [COLOR=#000000]Larkana[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Kalat[/COLOR]. The [COLOR=#000000]Sukkur Barrage[/COLOR] serves over five million acres (20,000 km²). [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]After partition, the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority undertook the construction of the Chashma-Jhelum link canal - linking the waters of the Indus and Jhelum rivers - extending water supplies to the regions of [COLOR=#000000]Bahawalpur[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Multan[/COLOR]. Pakistan also constructed the [COLOR=#000000]Tarbela Dam[/COLOR] near Rawalpindi - standing 9,000 feet long and 470 feet high, with a 50 mile-long reservoir. The [COLOR=#000000]Kotri Barrage[/COLOR] near [COLOR=#000000]Hyderabad[/COLOR] is 3,000 feet long and provides additional supplies for Karachi. The [COLOR=#000000]Taunsa Barrage[/COLOR] near [COLOR=#000000]Dera Ghazi Khan[/COLOR] produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity. The extensive linking of tributaries with the Indus has helped spread water resources to the valley of [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR], the [COLOR=#000000]Northwest Frontier Province[/COLOR]. The extensive irrigation and dam projects provide the basis for Pakistan's large production of crops such as [COLOR=#000000]cotton[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]sugarcane[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]wheat[/COLOR]. The dams also generate electricity for heavy industries and urban centres. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B][COLOR=#000000]People[/COLOR][/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The inhabitants of the regions through whom the Indus river passes and forms a major natural feature and resource are diverse in ethnicity, religion, national and linguistic backgrounds. On the northern course of the river in Kashmir live the [COLOR=#000000]Buddhist[/COLOR] people of [COLOR=#000000]Ladakh[/COLOR], of [COLOR=#000000]Tibetan[/COLOR] stock, with [COLOR=#000000]Kashmiris[/COLOR] who practise both [COLOR=#000000]Islam[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Hinduism[/COLOR]. As it descends into [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], the Indus river forms a distinctive boundary of ethnicity and cultures - upon the western banks the population is largely [COLOR=#000000]Pashtun[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Balochi[/COLOR], and of other [COLOR=#000000]Afghan[/COLOR] stock, with close cultural, economic and ethnic ties to [COLOR=#000000]Iran[/COLOR] and Afghanistan. The eastern banks are largely populated with peoples of [COLOR=#000000]Punjabi[/COLOR] stock, with smaller populations of [COLOR=#000000]Sindhis[/COLOR] and people from regions in modern [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR]. In northern Punjab and the NWFP, [COLOR=#000000]Pathan[/COLOR] peoples and ethnic [COLOR=#000000]Pashtun[/COLOR] tribes live alongside [COLOR=#000000]Punjabi peoples[/COLOR]. In the southern portion of the Punjab province, the [COLOR=#000000]Serakai[/COLOR] peoples speak a distinctive tongue and practise distinctive traditions. In the province of Sindh, peoples of [COLOR=#000000]Sindhi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Gujarati[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjabi[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Urdu[/COLOR]-speaking [COLOR=#000000]Mohajir[/COLOR] backgrounds form the local populations. Upon the western banks of the river live the [COLOR=#000000]Balochi[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Pashtun[/COLOR] peoples of [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B][COLOR=#000000]Modern issues[/COLOR][/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]A flooded Indus river inundates the [COLOR=#000000]Srinagar[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Kargil[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Leh[/COLOR] highway. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Due to its location and vast water resources, Indus is a strategically vital resource for Pakistan's economy and society. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B]Indus Waters treaty[/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]After the [COLOR=#000000]partition of India[/COLOR] in 1947, the use of the waters of the Indus and its five eastern tributaries became a major dispute between India and Pakistan. The irrigation canals of the Sutlej valley and the Bari Doab were split - with the canals lying primarily in Pakistan and the headwork dams in India - disrupting supply in some parts of Pakistan. The concern over India building large dams over various Punjab rivers that could undercut the supply flowing to Pakistan, as well as the possibility that India could divert rivers in the time of war, caused political consternation in Pakistan. Holding diplomatic talks brokered by the World Bank, India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. The treaty gave India the control of the three easternmost rivers of the Punjab, [COLOR=#000000]Sutlej[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Beas[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=#000000]Ravi[/COLOR], while Pakistan gained control of the three western rivers, [COLOR=#000000]Jhelum[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Chenab[/COLOR] and the Indus. India retained the right to use of the western rivers for non irrigation projects. (See discussion regarding a recent dispute about a hydroelectric project on the Chenab (not Indus) known as the Baghlighar project). [/SIZE][/FONT][LEFT][U][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Pilgrimage[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/U] [/LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Hindu pilgrimage to holy sites alongside the river has been a source of conflict between the nations. Pakistan does generally allow Indian citizens to visit the country for religious purposes, However, owing to the volatile nature of bilateral relations, most pilgrimage and religious ceremonies are performed by Hindus in Kashmir. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B]Conservation[/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]There are concerns that extensive deforestation, industrial pollution and [COLOR=#000000]global warming[/COLOR] are affecting the vegetation and wildlife of the Indus delta, while affecting agricultural production as well. There are also concerns that the Indus river may be shifting its course westwards - although the progression spans centuries. On numerous occasions, Water-clogging owing to poor maintenance of canals has affected agricultural production and vegetation. In addition, extreme heat has caused water to evaporate leaving salt deposits that render lands useless for cultivation. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Jhelum River[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Jehlum River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] or [B]Jhelum River[/B] is the largest and most western of the five rivers of [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], and passes through [COLOR=#000000]Jhelum District[/COLOR]. It is a tributary of the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B][COLOR=#000000]History[/COLOR][/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]A photograph from 1900 shows a passenger traversing the river precariously seated in a small suspended cradle. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The river Jhelum was called [I]Vitasta[/I] by the [COLOR=#000000]ancient Indians[/COLOR] in the Vedic period and [I]Hydaspes[/I] by the [COLOR=#000000]ancient Greeks[/COLOR]. The Vitastā is mentioned as one of the major river by the holy scriptures of the Indo-Aryans—the [COLOR=#000000]Rigveda[/COLOR]. It has been speculated that the Vitasta must have been one of the seven rivers (sapta-sindhu) mentioned so many times in the Rigveda. The name survives the a Kashmiri name for this river as [I]Vyath[/I]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The river was regarded as a god by the [COLOR=#000000]ancient Greeks[/COLOR], as were most mountains and streams; the poet [COLOR=#000000]Nonnus[/COLOR] in the [COLOR=#000000]Dionysiaca[/COLOR] (section 26, line 350) makes the [I]Hydaspes[/I] a [COLOR=#000000]titan[/COLOR]-descended god, the son of the sea-god [COLOR=#000000]Thaumas[/COLOR] and the cloud-goddess [COLOR=#000000]Elektra[/COLOR]. He was the brother of [COLOR=#000000]Iris[/COLOR] the goddess of the [COLOR=#000000]rainbow[/COLOR], and half-brother to the [COLOR=#000000]harpies[/COLOR], the [I]snatching[/I] winds. Since the river is in a country foreign to the [COLOR=#000000]ancient Greeks[/COLOR], it is not clear whether they named the river after the god, or whether the god [I]Hydaspes[/I] was named after the river. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][COLOR=#000000]Alexander the Great[/COLOR] and his army crossed the Jhelum in [COLOR=#000000]326 BC[/COLOR] at the [COLOR=#000000]Battle of the Hydaspes[/COLOR] where he defeated the Indian king, [COLOR=#000000]Porus[/COLOR]. According to Arrian ([I]Anabasis,[/I] 29), he built a city "on the spot whence he started to cross the river Hydaspes", which he named [COLOR=#000000]Bukephala[/COLOR] (or [COLOR=#000000]Bucephala[/COLOR]) to honour his famous horse Bukephalis which was buried in Jalalpur Sharif. It is thought that ancient Bukephala was near the site of modern [COLOR=#000000]Jhelum City[/COLOR]. According to a historian of Gujrat district,Mansoor Behzad Butt, Bukephala was buried in Jalalpur Sharif, but the people of Mandi Bahauddin, a district close to Jehlum, believed that their tehsil Phalia was named after Bucephala, Alexander`s dead horse. They say that the name Phalia was the distortion of the word Bucephala. The waters of the Jhelum are allocated to [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] under the terms of the [COLOR=#000000]Indus Waters Treaty[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][LEFT][U][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Course[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/U] [/LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The river Jhelum rises from north-eastern [COLOR=#000000]Jammu and Kashmir[/COLOR] and is fed by [COLOR=#000000]glaciers[/COLOR], and then passes through the [COLOR=#000000]Srinagar[/COLOR] district. At the city of Srinagar, the serpentine Jhelum, along with the lake [COLOR=#000000]Dal[/COLOR] which lies in its course, presents a very picturesque site. The Kishenganga(Neelum)River, the largest tributary of the Jhelum, joins it near Muzaffarabad, as does the next largest, the [COLOR=#000000]Kunhar River[/COLOR] of the [COLOR=#000000]Kaghan valley[/COLOR].It also connects with Pakistan and Pakistan-held Kashmir on [COLOR=#000000]Kohala Bridge[/COLOR] east of [COLOR=#000000]Circle Bakote[/COLOR]. It is then joined by the Poonch river, and flows into the [COLOR=#000000]Mangla Dam[/COLOR] reservoir in the district of [COLOR=#000000]Mirpur[/COLOR]. The Jhelum enters the [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR] in the [COLOR=#000000]Jhelum District[/COLOR]. From there, it flows through the plains of Pakistan's Punjab, forming the boundary between the [COLOR=#000000]Chaj[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Sindh Sagar[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Doabs[/COLOR]. It ends in a confluence with the [COLOR=#000000]Chenab[/COLOR] at [COLOR=#000000]Trimmu[/COLOR] in District [COLOR=#000000]Jhang[/COLOR]. The Chenab merges with the [COLOR=#000000]Sutlej[/COLOR] to form the [COLOR=#000000]Panjnad River[/COLOR] which joins the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR] at [COLOR=#000000]Mithankot[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U][B][COLOR=#000000]Dams and Barrages[/COLOR][/B][/U] [/SIZE][/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][COLOR=#000000]Mangla Dam[/COLOR], completed in 1967, is one of the largest earthfill dams in the world, with a storage capacity of 5.9 million acre-feet (7.3 km³)[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][COLOR=#000000]Rasul Barrage[/COLOR], constructed in 1967, has a maximum flow of 850,000 ft³/s (24,000 m³/s).[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][COLOR=#000000]Trimmu Barrage[/COLOR], constructed in 1939 at the confluence with the Chenab, has maximum discharge capacity of 645,000 ft³/s (18,000 m³/s).[/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST][LEFT][U][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Canals[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/U] [/LEFT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Upper Jhelum Canal runs from Mangla to the [COLOR=#000000]Chenab[/COLOR].[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Rasul-Qadirabad Link Canal runs from the Rasul barrage to the Chenab.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [COLOR=#000000]Chashma[/COLOR]-Jhelum Link Canal runs from the [COLOR=#000000]Chashma Barrage[/COLOR] on the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR] to the Jhelum river downstream of [COLOR=#000000]Rasul Barrage[/COLOR].[/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Kabul River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Kabul River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] or [B]Kabal River[/B] is a river that rises in the [COLOR=#000000]Sanglakh Range[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Afghanistan[/COLOR], separated from the watershed of the [COLOR=#000000]Helmand[/COLOR] by the [COLOR=#000000]Unai Pass[/COLOR]. It is the main river in the eastern part of Afghanistan. It flows 700 km before joining the Indus River near [COLOR=#000000]Attock[/COLOR] . It passes through the cities of [COLOR=#000000]Kabul[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Chaharbagh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Jalalabad[/COLOR], and (flowing into Pakistan some 30 km north of the [COLOR=#000000]Khyber Pass[/COLOR]) [COLOR=#000000]Nowshera[/COLOR]. The major [COLOR=#000000]tributaries[/COLOR] of the Kabul River are the [COLOR=#000000]Logar[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Panjshir[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Kunar[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Alingar[/COLOR] rivers. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Kabul river itself is little more than a trickle for most of the year, but swells in summer due to melting snows. Its largest tributary is the Kunar, which starts out as the [COLOR=#000000]Mastuj River[/COLOR], flowing from the Chiantar glacier in [COLOR=#000000]Chitral[/COLOR], Pakistan and once it flows south into Afghanistan it is met by the Bashgal river flowing from [COLOR=#000000]Nurestan[/COLOR]. The Kunar meets the Kabul near [COLOR=#000000]Jalalabad[/COLOR]. In spite of the Kunar carrying more water than the Kabul, the river continues as the Kabul River after this confluence, mainly for the political and historical significance of the name. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]This river is attested in the [COLOR=#000000]Rig Veda[/COLOR], the earliest scripture of [COLOR=#000000]Hinduism[/COLOR], under the name [I]Kubhā[/I] (many of the rivers of Afghanistan are mantioned in the Rig Veda). The Sanskrit word later changed to [I]Kābul[/I]. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Swaan River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [B]Swaan River[/B] is the most important stream of the [COLOR=#000000]Pothohar[/COLOR] region of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It drains much of the water of [COLOR=#000000]Pothohar[/COLOR]. It starts near a small village Bun in the foothills of Patriata and Murree. It provides water to Simlbee Dam, which is reservoir of water for [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR]. Near Pharwala Fort it cuts through a high mountain range and that is a wonderful phenomenon of nature. The place is called [COLOR=#000000]Swan Cut[/COLOR]. No stream can cut such a high mountain. It proves the Swaan was there before the formation of this range. And when the mountain rose through millions of years, the stream continued its path by cutting the rising mountain. Ling stream, following a relatively long course though Lehtrar and Kahuta falls in the Swaan near Sihala. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Islamabad Highway crosses this stream near Sihala where famous bridge Cock Pull is constructed over it. Another famous, Lai stream joins this stream near Swaan Camp. After walking a tortuous path and creating a big curve, the stream reaches Kalabagh where it falls into the [COLOR=#000000]Indus river[/COLOR]. This relatively small stream is more than 250 kilometers long. Due to its mountainous course and shallow bed, it is hardly used for irrigation purposes. For grinding wheat, you can find ancient types of flour mills near Chakian.Fishing is not possible in this stream as a profession. Rohu is the main species of fish in this stream. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Kundar River[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Kundar River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] is located in [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The meltwater from the [COLOR=#000000]Sulaiman Mountains[/COLOR] forms Kundar River and it flows through Balochistan and drains into [COLOR=#000000]Gomal River[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The two principal drainage channels of the Zhob district are the Zhob River and the Kundar River, both flow into the Gomal River. The general direction of the rivers is from Southwest to northeast. The Zhob River rises at Tsari Mehtarazai pass, the watershed a distance of about 400 kilometers. The broad plain of the Zhob River is occupied by the alluvial formation. The Kundar River rises from the central and highest point of the TobaKakar range, a few kilometers northeast of the Sakir. It constitutes boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan territory for a considerable length. The other subsidiary rivers or streams are the Baskan, Chukhan, Sri Toi, Sawar, Surab, etc. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Kunhar River[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Kunhar River [/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]is located in [COLOR=#000000]North-West Frontier Province[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. A main source of the river is [COLOR=#000000]Lulusar[/COLOR] lake, nearly 48km from [COLOR=#000000]Naran Valley[/COLOR]. Glaciers of [COLOR=#000000]Malka Parbat[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Makra Peak[/COLOR] and the waters of [COLOR=#000000]Saiful Muluk[/COLOR] lake feed the river. The Kunhar flows through the entire [COLOR=#000000]Kaghan Valley[/COLOR] through [COLOR=#000000]Jalkhand[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Naran[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Kaghan[/COLOR], Jared, Paras and [COLOR=#000000]Balakot[/COLOR], and joins the [COLOR=#000000]Jhelum River[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Kunhar river trout is considered to be the best throughout the sub-continent [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Kurram River[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [B]Kurrum River[/B] flows in the [COLOR=#000000]Kurrum Valley[/COLOR], stretching across the [COLOR=#000000]Afghan[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Pakistani[/COLOR] border west to east (crosses from the [COLOR=#000000]Paktia Province[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Afghanistan[/COLOR] into the [COLOR=#000000]Kohat[/COLOR] border region of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]) at [COLOR=#000000]33°49[/COLOR][COLOR=#000000]′[/COLOR][COLOR=#000000]N 69°58[/COLOR][COLOR=#000000]′[/COLOR][COLOR=#000000]E[/COLOR], about 150 km west-to-south-west of the [COLOR=#000000]Khyber Pass[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [COLOR=#000000]Kurram Agency[/COLOR] is part of the [COLOR=#000000]Peshāwar[/COLOR] Division of the [COLOR=#000000]Northwest Frontier Province[/COLOR]. The Kurram River drains the southern flanks of the [COLOR=#000000]Safed Koh[/COLOR] (Range), and enters the plains a north of Bannu, and joins the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR] at [COLOR=#000000]32°35′N 71°27′E[/COLOR] near [COLOR=#000000]Isa Khel[/COLOR] after a course of more than 320 km (200 miles). The district has an area of 3,310 km² (1,278 sq miles); pop. approx. 300,000. It lies between the [COLOR=#000000]Miranzai[/COLOR] Valley and the Afghan border, and is inhabited by the [COLOR=#000000]Turis[/COLOR], a tribe of [COLOR=#000000]Turki[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Parthian[/COLOR] origin who are supposed to have subjugated the [COLOR=#000000]Bangash[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Pathans[/COLOR] about six hundred years ago. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]It is highly irrigated, well peopled, and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards and groves, to which a fine background is afforded by the dark pine forests and alpine snows of the Safed Koh. The beauty and climate of the valley attracted some of the [COLOR=#000000]Mogul[/COLOR] emperors of Delhi, and the remains exist of a garden planted by [COLOR=#000000]Shah Jahan[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Kurram River crosses the Afghan-Pakistan border about 80 km southwest of [COLOR=#000000]Jalalabad[/COLOR] and in ancient times offered the most direct route to [COLOR=#000000]Kabul[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Gardez[/COLOR]. The route crossed the [COLOR=#000000]Peiwar[/COLOR] Pass 3,439 m (11,283 ft) high, just over 20 km west of [COLOR=#000000]Parachinar[/COLOR], which was blocked by snow for several months of the year. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Formerly the Kurram Valley was under the government of [COLOR=#000000]Kabul[/COLOR], and every five or six years a military expedition was sent to collect the revenue, the soldiers living meanwhile at free quarters on the people. It was not until about 1848 that the Turis were brought directly under the control of Kabul, when a governor was appointed, who established himself in Kurram. The Turis, being [COLOR=#000000]Shiah[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Muslims[/COLOR], never liked the Afghan rule. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]During the second Afghan War, when Sir [COLOR=#000000]Frederick Roberts[/COLOR] advanced by way of the Kurram Valley and the Peiwar Kotal to Kabul, the Turis lent him every assistance in their power, and in consequence their independence was granted them in 1880. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The administration of the Kurram Valley was finally undertaken by the British government, at the request of the Turis themselves, in 1890. Technically it ranked, not as a British district, but as an agency or administered area. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Two expeditions in the Kurram Valley also require mention: [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2](1) The Kurram expedition of 1856 under Brigadier-General Sir Neville Chamberlain. The Turis on the first annexation of the Kohat district by the British had given much trouble. They had repeatedly leagued with other tribes to harry the Miranzai valley, harbouring fugitives, encouraging resistance, and frequently attacking Bangash and Khattak villages in the [COLOR=#000000]Kohat[/COLOR] district. Accordingly, in 1856 a British force of 4,896 troops traversed their country, and the tribe entered into engagements for future good conduct. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2](2) The Kohat-Kurram expedition of 5,897 under Colonel W. Hill. During the frontier risings of 1897 the inhabitants of the Kurram valley, chiefly the Massozai section of the [COLOR=#000000]Orakzais[/COLOR], were infected by the general excitement, and attacked the British camp at [COLOR=#000000]Sadda[/COLOR] and other posts. A force of 14,230 British troops traversed the country, and the tribesmen were severely punished. In [COLOR=#000000]Lord Curzon[/COLOR]'s reorganization of the frontier in 1900-1901, the British troops were withdrawn from the forts in the Kurram Valley, and were replaced by the Kurram militia, reorganized in two battalions, and chiefly drawn from the Turi tribe. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]In recent years the Kurram Valley has once again assumed a very strategic position and has been an area of intense military activity between the [COLOR=#000000]Taliban[/COLOR] and American and allied forces. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Lyari River[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Lyari River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] is located in [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Lyari River passes through the city of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] from north east to the center and drains into the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR]. Lyari river is one of the two rivers passing through [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] and the other is [COLOR=#000000]Malir River[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Malir River[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Malir River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] is located in [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Malir River passes through the city of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] from northeast to the centre and drains into the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR]. Malir river is one of the two rivers passing through [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] and the other is [COLOR=#000000]Lyari River[/COLOR].it has two other little river help one is Thadho and other is Sukhan.In a rainy season this river flow with lot of water and millions of gallons of water waste in Arabian Sea. If the goverment becomes searious to this matter and construct a dam on this river, it will benefit the whole of Karachi a great deal. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Panjkora[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [B]Panjkora River[/B] rises rises high in the [COLOR=#000000]Hindu Kush[/COLOR] at lat. 35.45 and joins the [COLOR=#000000]Swat River[/COLOR] near [COLOR=#000000]Chakdara[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Malakand[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]NWFP[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Its name is derived from the [COLOR=#000000]Persian[/COLOR] for 'panj' (meaning 'five') and 'kora' (meaning 'river'). [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Panjnad River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Panjnad River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] (panj = five, nadi = river) is a river in [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Panjnad River is formed by successive confluence of the five rivers of [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], namely [COLOR=#000000]Jhelum[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Chenab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Ravi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Beas[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Sutlej[/COLOR]. Jhelum and Ravi join Chenab, Beas joins Sutlej, and then Sutlej and Chenab join to form Panjnad near Uch Sharif. The combined stream runs southwest for approximately 45 miles and joins [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR] at [COLOR=#000000]Mithankot[/COLOR]. The Indus continues into the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR]. A dam on Panjnad has been erected; it provides irrigation channels for Punjab and [COLOR=#000000]Sind[/COLOR] provinces south of the Sutlej and east of the Indus rivers. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Beyond the confluence of Indus and Panjnad rivers, the Indus river was known as Satnad (Sat = seven) carrying the waters of seven rivers including Indus river, Kabul river and the five rivers of Punjab. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Ravi River[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The [B]Ravi River[/B] is a [COLOR=#000000]river[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is one of the five rivers which give [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR] its name. The Ravi was known as [I]Parushani[/I] or [I]Iravati[/I] to Indians in [COLOR=#000000]Vedic times[/COLOR] and [I]Hydraotes[/I] to the [COLOR=#000000]Ancient Greeks[/COLOR]. It originates in the [COLOR=#000000]Himalayas[/COLOR] in the Chamba district of [COLOR=#000000]Himachal Pradesh[/COLOR] following a north-westerly course. It turns to the south-west, near [COLOR=#000000]Dalhousie[/COLOR], and then cuts a gorge in the Dhaola Dhar range entering the Punjab plain near [COLOR=#000000]Madhopur[/COLOR]. It then flows along the Indo-Pak border for some distance before entering Pakistan and joining the [COLOR=#000000]Chenab[/COLOR] river. The total length of the river is about 720 km. The waters of the Ravi river are allocated to India under the [COLOR=#000000]Indus Waters Treaty[/COLOR] between India and Pakistan. It is also called 'The river of [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR]' since that great city is located on its eastern bank. On its western bank is located the famous [COLOR=#000000]tomb[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Jahangir[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][LEFT][U][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Rig Veda[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/U] [/LEFT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Part of the battle of the ten kings was fought on the Parushani river, which according to [COLOR=#000000]Yaska[/COLOR] (nirukta 9.26) refers to the Iravati river (Ravi River) in the [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR]. Macdonell and Keith write that "the name [Parusni] is certainly that of the river later called Ravi (Iravati)" [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Shigar River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Shigar River [/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]is located in [COLOR=#000000]Baltistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The [B]Shigar River[/B] is formed from the melt water of the [COLOR=#000000]Baltoro Glacier[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Biafo Glacier[/COLOR]. The river is [COLOR=#000000]tributary[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR] and meets the [COLOR=#000000]Indus[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Skardu[/COLOR] valley. [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Sutlej River[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Sutlej River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] (also known as [B][I]Satluj[/I][/B]), is the longest of the five rivers that flow through [COLOR=#000000]Indian Punjab[/COLOR] in northern [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR]. Its source is in [COLOR=#000000]Tibet[/COLOR] near [COLOR=#000000]Mount Kailash[/COLOR] and its terminus in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistani Punjab[/COLOR]. It is the easternmost afluent of the Punjab, and it receives the [COLOR=#000000]Beas River[/COLOR] in the state of [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], India and continues into [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] to join the [COLOR=#000000]Chenab River[/COLOR] to form the [COLOR=#000000]Panjnad River[/COLOR], which further down its course joins the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR] at [COLOR=#000000]Mithankot[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The Sutlej was known as [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Shatadru[/I][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] or [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Su[/I][I]ṭ[/I][I]udri[/I][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] to Indians in [COLOR=#000000]Vedic period[/COLOR] and [I]Zaradros[/I] or [I]Hesidros[/I] to the [COLOR=#000000]Greeks[/COLOR], and [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][I]Sydrus[/I][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] to the [COLOR=#000000]Romans[/COLOR].[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The waters of the river are allocated to India under the [COLOR=#000000]Indus Waters Treaty[/COLOR] between India and Pakistan. At present, most of its water is diverted to irrigation canals and used up in India. The [COLOR=#000000]Bhakra-Nangal Dam[/COLOR] is a huge multipurpose dam on the river. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]There is substantial evidence to indicate that prior to 1700 B.C. the Sutlej was once an important tributary of the [COLOR=#000000]Sarasvati River[/COLOR], instead of the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR]. It is believed that [COLOR=#000000]tectonic activity[/COLOR] created elevation changes that redirected the Sutlej from southeast to southwest. Once flowing in its new westward direction, the river eventually joined the Beas river. As a result, the mighty Sarasvati River began to dry up, causing the desertification of [COLOR=#000000]Cholistan[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR], as well as the abandonment of numerous ancient human settlements along its banks. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]A canal is being built between the Sutlej and [COLOR=#000000]Yamuna[/COLOR] rivers, known as the [COLOR=#000000]SLY[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Swat River[/COLOR] [/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Swat River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] flows from [COLOR=#000000]Hindukush Mountains[/COLOR] through [COLOR=#000000]Kalam[/COLOR] valley and merges into [COLOR=#000000]Kabul River[/COLOR] in peshawer valley [COLOR=#000000]Sarhad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Swat River irrigates vast area of [COLOR=#000000]Swat District[/COLOR] and contributes to fishing industry of the region. Saidu Group's of teaching hospitals also located at the banks of Swat River. [COLOR=#000000]Malamjaba[/COLOR] ski resort is about 10 miles away from the river. Ayub Bridge is one of the attractions for visitors. The scenery attracts many tourists from all over [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] during the summer. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]It is said that [COLOR=#000000]Alexander the Great[/COLOR] crossed the Swat River with part of his army and before turning south to subdue the locals at what are now [COLOR=#000000]Barikoot[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Odegram[/COLOR]. Also, the banks of this river, which was earliest known as [I]Shrivastu[/I], later [I]Suvastu[/I] and currently the present name, is the place of origin of the [COLOR=#000000]Shrivastava[/COLOR] sub-clan of the [COLOR=#000000]Indo-Aryan[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Kayastha[/COLOR] clan[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Some 30 years ago, the water was fit for drinking even in [COLOR=#000000]Mingora[/COLOR] (100 km downstream from Kalam), but now it is not safe even in Kalam. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Tochi river[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Tochi river[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] is located in [COLOR=#000000]North Waziristan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Federally Administered Tribal Areas[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Tochi river flows eastward, in [COLOR=#000000]North Waziristan[/COLOR], to join the [COLOR=#000000]Kurram River[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=#000000]Indus[/COLOR]. It surrounds Waziristan in the North while the [COLOR=#000000]Gomal River[/COLOR] river surrounds [COLOR=#000000]South Waziristan[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]It is also sometimes referred to as the [COLOR=#000000]Gambila River[/COLOR]. [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Zhob River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Zhob River[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]is located in [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The meltwater from the [COLOR=#000000]Sulaiman Mountains[/COLOR] forms Zhob Rivers and it flows through Balochistan and drains into [COLOR=#000000]Gomal River[/COLOR]. [COLOR=#000000]Zhob[/COLOR] city is located on banks of Zhob river. [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]The two principal drainage channels of the Zhob district are the Zhob River and the [COLOR=#000000]Kundar River[/COLOR], both flow into the Gomal River. The general direction of the rivers is from Southwest to northeast. The Zhob River rises at Tsari Mehtarazai pass, the watershed a distance of about 400 kilometers. The broad plain of the Zhob River is occupied by the alluvial formation. The Kundar River rises from the central and highest point of the TobaKakar range, a few kilometers northeast of the Sakir. It constitutes boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan territory for a considerable length. The other subsidiary rivers or streams are the Baskan, Chukhan, Sri Toi, Sawar, Surab, etc.[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT] |
Rivers in Pakistan
[CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][U]Haro River[/U][/B]
[/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Haro[/B] is the name of a river and its valley in the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Abbottabad District[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], northern [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], identified with the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Rigvedic[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] [B][I]Arjikiya[/I][/B]. It is fed by four major tributaries, the Lora Haro, rising in the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Muree Hills[/COLOR][/FONT] around [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Lora[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], the Stora Haro, rising in the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Nahiagali Hills[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], the Neelan, rising in the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Nara Hills[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], the Kunhad, draining the area of [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Siribang[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Dubran[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. Minor tributaries include rivulets of Jab, Hally' Desera and Najafpur. [/FONT][CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B][U]Soan River[/U][/B] [/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Soan River[/B][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] is a river in [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [B][U]History[/U][/B] [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The oldest evidence of human life (8,000 to 6,000 years ago) in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] was found in the Soan River valley of [COLOR=#000000]Pothohar Plateau[/COLOR] region of [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR]. This human activity, called [COLOR=#000000]Soan Culture[/COLOR], discovered in the form of pebble tools scattered long the river. In [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR] Valley of ancient [COLOR=#000000]Gandhara[/COLOR], there is evidence of existence of [COLOR=#000000]Stone Age[/COLOR] men found at [COLOR=#000000]Sanghao[/COLOR] near [COLOR=#000000]Mardan[/COLOR]. Stone tools and burnt bones dated 7,000 years were found near caves. Cave dwellers of middle Stone Age used [COLOR=#000000]quartz[/COLOR] flakes tools. [B][U]Soan Culture[/U][/B] The [B]Soan Culture[/B] is an extinct human culture, found along the [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Soan River[/COLOR][/FONT] valley in the [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pothohar[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] region of the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. The oldest evidence of human life in [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]South Asia[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] was found in the Soan River valley. Along the river, in the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Rawalpindi[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] Division hundreds of man made tools can be found. These tools have been dated to 500,000 to 300,000 years ago. On [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Adiyala[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Khasala[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] about 16 km (10 miles) from Rawalpindi terrace on the bend of the river hundreds of edged pebble tools were discovered. At [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Chauntra[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]hand axes[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and cleavers were found. Due to the peculiarity of the tools to the valley [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]archaeologists[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] named this human activity the Soan Culture. No human skeletons of this age have yet been found. In the Soan River Gorge many [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]fossil[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] bearing rocks are exposed on the surface. The 14 million year old fossils of [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]gazelle[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]rhinoceros[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]crocodile[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]giraffe[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]rodents[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] have been found there. Some of these fossils are in display at the Natural History Museum of [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. [/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Hispar River[/COLOR][/U][/B] [/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The [B]Hispar River[/B] forms from the melt water of the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Hispar Glacier[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] - a 49 kilometer-long glacier in the Northern Areas of Pakistan's Karakoram Mountains. The Hispar Glacier and river both flow northwest, passing through [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Hispar[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Hopar[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Nagar[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] (Nagir) villages until the confluence with the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Hunza River[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] in the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Hunza Valley[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. Road conditions are spectacular at best, treacherous at worst. In August 2006, a bridge below Hispar village was condemned, and the Hunza River washed the road away at the confluence, eliminating all vehicular access to the entire valley for some months. [/FONT][CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Gujjar Nallah[/COLOR][/U][/B] [/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Gujjar Nallah [/B]is a stream in [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. It passes through the city from northwest to the center and merges with [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Lyari River[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] before draining into the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. [/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][U]The Indus River Delta[/U][/B] [/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana] The [B]Indus River Delta[/B] occurs where the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] flows into the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] in [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. The delta covers an area of about 16,000 square miles (41,440 km²), and is approximately 130 miles across where it meets the sea. Unlike many other deltas, the Indus River Delta consists of [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]clay[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and other infertile [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]soils[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], and is very swampy. The delta receives between 10 and 20 inches of rainfall in a normal year. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]'s fifth largest city, [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Hyderabad[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], lies about 130 miles north of the mouths of the Indus. Towns are found throughout the delta, but there are no large cities on the delta south of Hyderabad. [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], Pakistan's largest city, lies west of the delta on the coast of the Arabian Sea. Average temperatures for the delta region in July range from 70 - 85 °F, and 50 - 70 °F in January. The Indus River Delta is an important region for migrating water [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]birds[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], and is an area rich in freshwater [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]fauna[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. Fish found in the delta include the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Hilsa[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], Indus baril, Indus garua (a [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]catfish[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]), the giant snakehead, golden mahaseer and the Rita catfish. [/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Kunar River[/COLOR][/U][/B] [/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The [B]Kunar River[/B] ([I]Kunar Rud[/I]) is about 480 [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]km[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] long, located in eastern [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Afghanistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and north-western [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. The Kunar river system is fed from melting [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]glaciers[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]snow[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] of the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Hindu Kush[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] mountains. The [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Lutkho[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] River joins the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Mastuj[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] River just north of the important regional centre of [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Chitral[/COLOR][/FONT] in Pakistan and is then called the Chitral River, before flowing south into the upper [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Kunar Valley[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] in Afghanistan, where it is referred to as the Kunar River. The Kunar River empties into the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Kabul River[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] just to the east of the city of [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Jalalabad[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] in Afghanistan. The combined rivers then flow eastwards into Pakistan, joining the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] at the city of [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Attock[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. Before the political division of Afghanistan and Pakistan divided the Kunar/Chitral Valley, it formed an important trade route, being the easiest way to travel from the [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pamir Mountains'[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] passes to the plains of the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Indian subcontinent[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. [/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Peche River[/COLOR][/U][/B] [/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Peche[/B] river is located in [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Afghanistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. Peche river system is fed from [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]glaciers[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]snow[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. It includes the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Kunar River[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], which rises in [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Nuristan[/COLOR][/FONT] province of Afghanistan, and the main Kunar River, which rises in the eastern [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pamir Mountains[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] before flowing through [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Chitral[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] in [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] into the upper [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Kunar Valley[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] in Afghanistan. [/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Rupal River[/COLOR][/U][/B] [/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Rupal River[/B] rises from the melt water of [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Rupal Glacier[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] in the south of the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Nanga Parbat[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] peak and flows northeast through the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Rupal Valley[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Tarashing[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. [/FONT][CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Neelum River[/COLOR][/U][/B] [/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana][B]Neelum[/B] is a river in [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Azad Kashmir[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. [/FONT] [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Shyok River[/COLOR][/U][/B] [/FONT][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The [B]Shyok River[/B] is a [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]river[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] flowing through [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Ladakh[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] and the disputed [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] of [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] ([/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Ghangche District[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]). Shyok river (a tributary of the Indus) originates from the Rimo glacier, one of the tounges of Siachin glacier and and becomes very wide at the confluence with the Nubra river (a tributary of Shyok, originating from Siachin Glacier). The alignment of the Shyok river is very unusual, originating from the Rimo glacier it flows in a SE direction and at joining the Pangong range it takes a NW turn and flows parallel to its previous path. The Shyok flowing in a wide valley suddenly enters a narrow gorge after Chalunka and then joins the Indus at Skardu (Pakistan). The Nubra river originating from the Siachin glacier also behaves like the Shyok, before Tirit the SE flowing river takes a NW turn on meeting the river Shyok. The similarity in the courses of these two important rivers probably indicates a series of palaeo fault lines trending NW-SE in delimiting the upper courses of the rivers. The importance of the Indus and the Shyok rivers is in the deposition of a huge thickness of Quaternary sediments a treasure trove for geology researchers. [/FONT][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Sohan River[/COLOR][/U][/B][/FONT] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The [B]Sohan[/B] is a river of the [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], northern [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana], forming the northern border of the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Bannu District[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] (at ca. [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]33.02° 71.73 E[COLOR=#000000]°[/COLOR][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] ). It has been identified with the [B][I]Sushoma[/I][/B] of the [/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Rigveda[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana]. The name "Sohan" derives from this river. I.e: Sohan mikkilinenineni...etc...[/FONT] |
Univesities of Pakistan
[CENTER][SIZE=3][U][B]NATIONAL[/B][/U][/SIZE]
[/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]National University of Sciences and Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Rawalpindi[/COLOR] [B][U]Private institutions[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences[/COLOR], formerly [COLOR=#000000]FAST Institute of Computer Science [/COLOR] [CENTER][SIZE=3][U][B]AZAD KASHMIR[/B][/U][/SIZE] [/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Muzaffarabad [/COLOR] [B][U]Private institutions [/U][/B][COLOR=#000000]Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Nerian Sharif[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Al-Khair University AJK[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Mir Pur Azad Kashmir[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Computer Science College (NIIT Blue area )[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad [/COLOR] [CENTER][SIZE=3][U][B][COLOR=#000000]BALOCHISTAN[/COLOR][/B][/U][/SIZE] [/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Khuzdar[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan University of Information Technology and Management Sciences[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Quetta[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Quetta[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Quetta[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Agriculture Uthal[/COLOR],[COLOR=#000000]Bela [/COLOR] [CENTER][SIZE=3][U][B][COLOR=#000000]FATA[/COLOR][/B][/U][/SIZE] [/CENTER] [CENTER][U][B][COLOR=#000000]Islamabad Capital Territory[/COLOR][/B][/U] [/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]Allama Iqbal Open University[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]International Islamic University[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Bahria University[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]COMSATS Institute of Information Technology[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]AIR University[/COLOR], a project of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Air Force[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]National University of Modern Languages[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Nilore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Quaid-e-Azam University[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Institute of Space Technology[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Shifa College of Medicine[/COLOR] [B][U]Private institutions [/U][/B][COLOR=#000000]Al-Khair University[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Foundation University, Islamabad[/COLOR], a project by Fauji Foundation [COLOR=#000000]Riphah International University[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Iqra University[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]SS-CARE School Of Engineering[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Prism Institute of Information Technology[/COLOR] [CENTER][SIZE=3][B][U][COLOR=#000000]NORTH-WEST[/COLOR] FRONTIER PROVINCE[/U][/B][/SIZE] [/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]Gomal University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Dera Ismail Khan[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Kohat University of Science & Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Kohat[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]NWFP Agricultural University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]The University of Science & Tecnology Bannu[/COLOR][COLOR=#000000]Bannu[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Engineering and Technology (NWFP)[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Hazara[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Hazara[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Malakand[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Chakdara[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Peshawar[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Institute of Management Sciences(IMSciences)[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Hayatabad[/COLOR] [B][U]Private institutions[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]CECOS University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]City University of Science and Information Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Gandhara University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Swabi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Northern University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Nowshera[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR] [CENTER][SIZE=3][U][B][COLOR=#000000]NORTHERN AREAS[/COLOR][/B][/U][/SIZE] [/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]Karakorum International University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit [/COLOR] [CENTER][SIZE=3][B][U]COLLEGES IN GILGIT[/U][/B][/SIZE] [/CENTER] [COLOR=#000000]F.G.Degree College, Jutiyal[/COLOR], Gilgit [COLOR=#000000]boys[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]F.G.Degree College,Danyore[/COLOR], Gilgit [COLOR=#000000]boys[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]F.G.Degree College,for Girls[/COLOR], Gilgit [CENTER][SIZE=3][U][B][COLOR=#000000]PUNJAB[/COLOR][/B][/U][/SIZE] [/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]Bahauddin Zakariya University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Multan[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Fatima Jinnah Women University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Rawalpindi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Government College University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Government College University ,Faisalabad[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Islamia University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Bahawalpur[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Lahore College for Women University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]COMSATS Institute of Information Technology[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Minhaj University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]National College of Arts[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]National Textile University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Faisalabad[/COLOR] The [COLOR=#000000]Islamia University[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Bahawalpur[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Agriculture, Faisalabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Faisalabad[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Arid Agriculture[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Rawalpindi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Education[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Taxila[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Health Sciences[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of the Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Sargodha[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sargodha[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Virtual University of Pakistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [B][U]Private institutions[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]GIFT University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Gujranwala[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Imperial College of Business Studies Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Lahore School of Economics[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Lahore University of Management Sciences[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University Of Management and Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]IMS, Institute of Management Sciences Lahore (Pak-AIMS).[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Minhaj University[/COLOR] , [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Syed Ali Hajvery Institute of Technology and Management Sciences[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Central Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Faisalabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Faisalabad[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of South Asia[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Beaconhouse National University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] Pakistan College of Law [COLOR=#000000]Supeior University[/COLOR] , [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [B][U]Private Colleges[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]Chenab College[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Jhang[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Divisional Model College[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Fasailabad[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Wah Medical College[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Wah Cantt[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]FMH College of Medicine and Dentistry[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Islamic International Medical College[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Rawalpindi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Shifa College of Medicine[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Cybernetics Institute of Management Sciences[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Chenab Group Collages[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Gujrat [/COLOR] [CENTER][SIZE=3][U][B][COLOR=#000000]SINDH[/COLOR][/B][/U][/SIZE] [/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]Karachi University Business School[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Dow University of Health Sciences[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Bahria University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Institute of Business Administration[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Jamshoro[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Mehran University of Enginnering and Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Jamshoro[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Minhaj University[/COLOR] , [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]NED University of Engineering and Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Nawabshah[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Khairpur[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Sindh Agriculture University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Tandojam[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]University of Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Jamshoro[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Dawood College of Engineering and Technology[/COLOR] , [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Virtual University of Pakistan[/COLOR] , [COLOR=#000000]Karachi [/COLOR] [B][U]Private institutions[/U][/B] Fusion University, Rawalpindi. [COLOR=#000000]Aga Khan University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Ali Jinnah University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Baqai Medical University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Dadabhoy Institutes of Higher Education[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Fatima Jinnah Dental College[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Hamdard University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Institute of Business Management[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Institute of Business & Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Iqra University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Isra University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Hyderabad[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Jinnah University for Women[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]KASB Institute of Information Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Ali Jinnah University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Newports Institute of Communications and Economics[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]PAF-Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Preston Institute of Management Sciences and Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Usman Institute of Technology[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Textile Institute of Pakistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Yousaf Intitute Of Information Technology[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Tando Allahyar[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Ziauddin Medical University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences[/COLOR] - [COLOR=#000000]FAST-NU[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR],[COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR],[COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR],[COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Bahria University[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]2001[/COLOR] |
People on the postage stamps of Pakistan
[LIST][*][COLOR=#000000]Aga Khan III[/COLOR] Spiritual Leader of Ismailies (1977)[*][COLOR=#000000]Kemal Atatürk[/COLOR], Turkish president (1973, 1976, 2005)[*][COLOR=#000000]Alexander Graham Bell[/COLOR], inventor (1976)[*][COLOR=#000000]Zulfikar Ali Bhutto[/COLOR], president, Prime Minister (1975, 198)[*] Abu Raihan Mohammad Ibn-Ahmad, [COLOR=#000000]al-Biruni[/COLOR], astronomer (1973)[*][COLOR=#000000]Copernicus[/COLOR], astronomer (1973)[*][COLOR=#000000]Farah[/COLOR], Iranian empress (1967)[*][COLOR=#000000]Mirza Ghalib[/COLOR], poet (1969)[*][COLOR=#000000]Armauer Hansen[/COLOR], medical researcher (1973)[*][COLOR=#000000]King Hussein[/COLOR] of Jordan (1971)[*][COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Iqbal[/COLOR], poet and philosopher (1967, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1997, 2005)[*][COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Ali Jinnah[/COLOR], 1st governor general (1966, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1997, 1998, 2006)[*][COLOR=#000000]Liaqat Ali Khan[/COLOR], prime minister 1947-51 (1974)[*][COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Ayub Khan[/COLOR], president (1966)[*][COLOR=#000000]Hazrat Amir Khusrau[/COLOR], musician and inventor (1975)[*][COLOR=#000000]Maria Montessori[/COLOR], educator (1970)[*][COLOR=#000000]Henri Dunant[/COLOR], (1978)[*][COLOR=#000000]Kazi Nazrul Islam[/COLOR], poet and composer (1968)[*][COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Reza Pahlavi[/COLOR], Iranian shah (1967, 1976)[*][COLOR=#000000]Albert Schweitzer[/COLOR], doctor (1975)[*][COLOR=#000000]Abdus Salam[/COLOR], physicist (1997)[*][COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Ali Jauhar[/COLOR], (1978)[*][COLOR=#000000]Mihai Eminescu[/COLOR] , Romanian Poet (2005)[*][COLOR=#000000]Professor Ahmed Ali[/COLOR] , Writer (2005)[*][COLOR=#000000]Sadat Hasan Manto[/COLOR], Writer (2005)[*][COLOR=#000000]Akhtar Shairani[/COLOR], Poet (2005)[*][COLOR=#000000]Rehman Baba[/COLOR] , Poet (2005)[*][COLOR=#000000]Khwaja Sarwar Hasan[/COLOR], Writer (2005)[*][COLOR=#000000]Justice Shaykh Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari[/COLOR], (2004)[*][COLOR=#000000]Maulvi Abdul Haq[/COLOR], Writer (2004)[*][COLOR=#000000]Prof A. B. A. Haleem[/COLOR], Vice-Chancellor, University of Karachi (2003)[*][COLOR=#000000]Rashid Minhas (Shaheed)[/COLOR], Recipient, Nishan-e-Haider (2003)[*][COLOR=#000000]Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah[/COLOR], (2003)[*][COLOR=#000000]Samandar Khan Samandar[/COLOR], Poet (2002)[*][COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Aly Rangoonwala[/COLOR], Philantrophist(2002)[*][COLOR=#000000]Hakim Muhammad Hasan Qarshi[/COLOR], Hakim and Founder of Qarshi Dawakhana(2002)[*][COLOR=#000000]Noor us Sabah Begum of Sherpur[/COLOR],Tehreek-e-Pakistan Key Mujahid (2002)[*][COLOR=#000000]Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar[/COLOR],Prime Minister in 1957 (2002)[*][COLOR=#000000]Habib lbrahim Rahimtoola[/COLOR], Tehreek-e-Pakistan Key Mujahid(2002)[*][COLOR=#000000]Qazi Mureed Ahmed[/COLOR] ,Tehreek-e-Pakistan Key Mujahid (2002)[*][COLOR=#000000]Sir Adamjee Haji Dawood[/COLOR], Philantrophist/Industrialist (1997)[*][COLOR=#000000]Begum Raana Liaquat Ali Khan[/COLOR], Wife of 1st PM, founder of APWA (2006)[/LIST]
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Research Institutes in Pakistan
[LIST][*]Agriculture Research Institute, Quetta[*]Agricultural Census Organization[*]Agriculture Training Institute[*]Applied Economic Research Center, Hyderabad[*]Applied Economics Research Centre, Karachi[*]Asian Management Institute[*]Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan[*]Central Cotton Research Institute, Nawabshah[*]Centre Of Excellence In Analytical Chemistry, Jamschoro[*]Centre of Excellence In Geology, Peshawar[*]Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies[*]Civil Aviation Training Institute[*]Commecs Institute of Faculty Training[*]Computer Training Centre[*]Directorate of Research and Training[*]Directorate of Manpower and Training, Sindh[*]Directorate Of Veterinary Research Institute[*]Directorate Of Staff Development, Punjab[*]Environmental Protection Agency, Punjab[*]Farm Guide Agricultural Consultancy Services[*]Geological Survey Of Pakistan[*]H. E. J. Research Institute Of Chemistry[*]Hydrocarbon Development Institute Of Pakistan[*]In-service Agricultural Training Institute Rahim Yar Khan[*]Industrial Relations Institute Lahore[*]Inspectorate of Mines, Government of Punjab Lahore[*]Institute of Education and Research, Karachi[*]Institute of Meteorology & Geophysics[*]Institute of Marine Engineers Pakistan (IMarE)[*]Institute of Policy Studies (IPS)[*]Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad (ISSI)[*]Institute Of Cost And Management Accountants Of Pakistan[*]Integrated Health Services, Islamabad (IHS Pakistan)[*]International Institute of Islamic Studies and Research IISAR Karachi[*]Local Govt. and Rural Development Training Institute, Lalamusa[*]Margala Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad[*]Marine Fisheries Department[*]NDFC- Pakistan Development Banking Institute[*]National Centre Of Excellence In Analytical Chemistry, Jamschoro[*]National Centre of Excellence In Geoloy, Peshawar[*]National Centre Of Excellence In Physical Chemistry, Peshawar[*]National Fertilizer Development Centre (NFDC)[*]National Fertilizer Corporation (Nfc) Technical Training Centre[*]National Institute of Electronics[*]National Institute of Historical and Culural Research[*]National Institute Of Labour Administration Training[*]National Institute Of Malaria Research And Training[*]National Transport Research Centre[*]PARC-IIBC Station, International Institute Of Biological Control[*]Pakistan Administrative Staff College, Lahore[*]Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad[*]Pakistan Forest Research Institute, Peshawar[*]Pakistan Industrial Technical Assistance Centre (PITAC)[*]Pakistan Institute for Air Defence Studies[*]Pakistan Institute Of Cotton Research And Technology[*]Pakistan Design Institute of Historical Perspective[*]Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research (PILER)[*]Pakistan Institute of Management Karachi[*]Pakistan Institute of National Development (PIND)[*]Pakistan Marine Academy[*]Pakistan Manpower Institute[*]Pakistan Space And Upper Atmosphere Research Commission[*]Pakistan Scientific & Technological Information Centre[*]Perac Research & Development Foundation.[*]Petroman[*]PIA, Training Centre, Karachi Airport, Pakistan[*]Sindh Bureau of Statistics[*]Sindh Development Studies Centre[*]Sindh Regional Plan Organization[*]Soil Survey of Pakistan[*]Technical Training Centre, Peshawar[*]Textiles Industry Research & Development Centre[*]The Family Planning Association of Pakistan[*]The Institute Of Bankers In Pakistan[*]Training and Management Development Dept. of the Agricultural Development Bank[*]Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore[*]Water Management Training Institute, Punjab[/LIST]
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Pakistani family names
[CENTER][U][B]Tribal Names[/B][/U]
[/CENTER] [B][U][COLOR=#000000]Baloch[/COLOR] tribal names[/U][/B][LIST][*][COLOR=#000000]Baloch[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Bhutani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Bizenjo[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Bugti[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Buzdar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Domki[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Gabol[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Gichki[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Gorshani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Hasni[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Hooth[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Jam[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Jamali[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khetran[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khosa[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Lashari[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Lasi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mazari[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Magsi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Marri[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mengal[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Nothazai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Rind[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Sanjrani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Talpur[/COLOR][/LIST][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Kashmiri[/COLOR] tribal names[/U][/B][LIST][*][COLOR=#000000]Bhat[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Butt[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Dar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Dogar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Lone[/COLOR][/LIST][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Pashtun[/COLOR] tribal names[/U][/B][LIST][*][COLOR=#000000]Afridi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Burki[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Chamkanni[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Daulat Khel[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Daulatzai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Davi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Durrani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Edo-Khel[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Gandapur[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Ghilzai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Jadoon[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Jahangiri[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kakakhel[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kakar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kakazai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khan[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kharoti[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khattak[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khudiadadzai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khulozai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kuchelai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kuchis[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kundi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Lodhi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Maghdud Khel[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mahmud Khel[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mahsud Khel[/COLOR][*]Sultan[*][COLOR=#000000]Mamund[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Marwat[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mashwanis[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Miankhel[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mohamedzai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mohmand[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Niazi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Noorzai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Popalzai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Sadozai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Salarzai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Sarbans[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Shilmani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Shirani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Suri[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Swati[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Tanoli[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Tareen[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Tarkani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Umar Khel[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Umarzai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Wur[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Yousafzai[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Yusaf Khel[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Zaimukhes[/COLOR][/LIST][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Punjabi[/COLOR] tribal names[/U][/B][LIST][*][COLOR=#000000]Mughal[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Arain[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Awan[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Bajwa[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Bhalli[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Bhatti[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Chadhar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Chatha[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Chaudhry[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Chauhan[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Cheema[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Gakhar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Ghuman[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Gill[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Gujjar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]JatRahan[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Janjua[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Jatyal[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Jatkang[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Johiya[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khokhar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Langah[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Malik[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Meghwar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Minhas[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mir[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Rajput[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Noon[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Rajar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Rathore[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Sahni[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Sial[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Sipra[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Sheikh (Punjabi)[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Tarkhan[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Thind[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Tiwana[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Virk[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Wattu[/COLOR][/LIST][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Sindhi[/COLOR] tribal names[/U][/B][LIST][*][COLOR=#000000]Abro[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Chachar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Channa[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Hakro[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Joyo[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Junejo[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kalhora[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khaskheli[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khokhar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Manjhi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mehri[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Palijo[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Panhwar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Rajar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Sirki[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Soomro[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Pechuho[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Amersy[/COLOR][/LIST][CENTER][B][U]Ancestral Names[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [B][U][COLOR=#000000]Arab[/COLOR] ancestral names[/U][/B][LIST][*]Arain[*][COLOR=#000000]Abbāsi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Alavi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Arby[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Farooqi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Hāshmi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Hassāni[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Hussaini[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Jāfari[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kāzmi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khālili[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khāwāja[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kirmani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Makhdoom[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Malik[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mian[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Naqvi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Osmāni[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Qāsimi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Quraishi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Sajjadi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Sazwari[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Shaikh[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Siddiqui[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Suhrawardi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Taqi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Tirmirzi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Zaidi[/COLOR][*]Āwān[/LIST][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Iranian[/COLOR] ancestral names[/U][/B][LIST][*][COLOR=#000000]Agha[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Alamdar[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Ansari[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Chishti[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Firdausi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Gardezi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Ghazali[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Hamadani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Isfahani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Jamshed[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Jamshedipur[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kiani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kashani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Kermani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khanum[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khorasani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mir[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Montazeri[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Nishapuri[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Noorani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Qizilbash[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Reza[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Razavi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Rizvi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Saadi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Sabzvari[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Shirazi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Sistani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Yazdani[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Zahedi[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Zand[/COLOR][/LIST][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Turkish[/COLOR] ancestral names[/U][/B][LIST][*][COLOR=#000000]Baig[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Barlas[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Khan[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mirza[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mughal[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Pasha[/COLOR][*][FONT="][COLOR=#000000]Piracha[/COLOR][/FONT][/LIST] |
Schools & Colleges administrated by Pakistan Military
[B][U]Pakistan Army[/U][/B]
APS&CD look after these schools[LIST][*]Army Public School & College, Attock Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College, Sialkot.[*]Army Public School & College, Gujranwala Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College, Sargodha Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College, 208 humayun Road, Rawalpindi.[*]Army Public School & College,(Qasim Aviation Base), Dhamial camp Rawalpindi.[*]Army Public School & College, Jhelum Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College, Ordnance Road, Rawalpindi.[*]Army Public School & College, Bahawalpur Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College, Rahimyarkhan.[*]Army Public degree College, Sher shah Road, Multan Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College, Chunian Cantt.[*]Askari College (girls campus) 122-a market Road, Saddar, Rawalpindi Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College, manser camp: Attock.[*]Army Public School & College, Malir Cantt.Karachi.[*]Army Public School & Inter College, Pano Akil Cantt.[*]Army Inter College, Badin.[*]Army Public School & College, Chhor Cantt.[*]Army Public Higher Secondary School, [COLOR=#000000]Hyderabad[/COLOR] Cantt.[*]Army Burn Hall College for boys Abbottabad.[*]Army Public School & College (Armour) Nowshera Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College, [COLOR=#000000]Kohat[/COLOR] Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College, Peshawar Cantt.[*]Army Burn Hall College for girls [COLOR=#000000]Abbottabad[/COLOR].[*]Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Army School & College, [COLOR=#000000]Mardan[/COLOR] Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College, D I. khan.[*]Army Public School & College, Shinkiari Camp.[COLOR=#000000]Mansehra[/COLOR].[*]Army Public School & girls College, [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR].[*]Army Public School & College, [COLOR=#000000]Bannu[/COLOR] Cantt.[*]Army Public College (ASC) Centre Nowshera Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College Cherat Cantt, [COLOR=#000000]NWFP[/COLOR][*]Army Public School & College, Thal Cantt, Hangu (NWFP).[*]Army Public School & College, (Zamzama), [COLOR=#000000]Nowshera[/COLOR] Cantt.[*]Army Public School & Intermediate College, Khar (Bajaur Agency)[*]Army Public School & College, seven streams, Quetta Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College, Bhimber (A.K).[*]Army Public School & College, [COLOR=#000000]Bagh[/COLOR] (A.K)[*]Army Public School & College, Jutial, [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR].[*]Army Public School & College, [COLOR=#000000]Muzaffarabad[/COLOR] (A.K).[*]Army Public School & College, Rawalakot.[*]Army Public science College, Sir Syed Road, Okara Cantt.[*]Armed Forces Institute of pathology Rawalpindi Cantt.[*]Army Public College, Westridge-iii, Rawalpindi Cantt.[*]Army Public School & College, [COLOR=#000000]Mangla[/COLOR] Cantt[*]Army Public School & College, Sadar, [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR].[*]Army Public School & College, Faisal,[COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR][*]Hamza Army Public School & College, Shah-Rah-e-stadium, RWP.[*]Iqra Army Public School & College, Command & Staff College Quetta.[*]Joint services Public School & College,Chaklala Rawalpindi.[*]Nisar Shaheed College Risalpur.[*]Sir Syed Science College for boys, Tipu Road, Rawalpindi.[*]Sir Syed Science College for girls, Tipu Road, [COLOR=#000000]Rawalpindi[/COLOR].[*]Sir Syed Higher Secondary School, POF, Havelian Cantt:[*]Garrison Science degree College for boys, Lahore Cantt.[*]Garrison post graduate College for women, [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] Cantt.[*]Garrison Academy, Kharian Cantt.[*]Garrison Academy, [COLOR=#000000]Quetta[/COLOR] Cantt.[*]Garrison Academy, [COLOR=#000000]Gujranwala[/COLOR] Cantt.[*]Army public school jalal pu jattan[*]Army Public School And College Kharian Cantt.[*]ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL FAISAL [COLOR=#000000]KARACHI[/COLOR].[/LIST][B][U]Federal Government[/U][/B] Looked by FGEID under Ministry of Defence[LIST][*]F.G. Post Graduate College for Men H-8, Islamabad.[*]F.G. College for Men, H-9, Islamabad.[*]F.G. College for Women, F-7/2, Islamabad.[*]F.G. Margalah College for Women, f-7/4, Islamabad.[*]F.G. Neelum Public School and College Muzaffarabad[*]F.G. Girls Higher Sec: School g-9/2, Islamabad.[*]F.G. Girls Model Higher Sec School g-8/4, Islamabad.[*]F.G. College of Commerce, H-8/4, Islamabad.[*]F.G. Boys Higher Sec. School, Sihala, (F.A.), Islamabad.[*]F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School, Nilore,(F.A.),Islamabad.[*]F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School, Mughal, (F.A.), Islamabad.[*]F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School Rewat, (F.A.) Islamabad.[*]F.G. Girls Higher Secondary School, Herdoghar (F.A.), Islamabad.[*]F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School, chak shahzad (F.A) Islamabad[*]F.G. Public School Shorkot Cantt.[*]F.G. Public School Abdul Hakim Cantt.[*]F.G. Public School Bahawalpur.[*]F.G Public School Multan Cantt.[*]F.G. Girls Higher Secondary School, Rewat (F.A.), Islamabad.[*]F.G. Boys Higher Secondarys School, i-10/1, Islamabad.[*]F.G. (Late)Begum Salim Kiyani Higher Sec. School for Boys Bhara kau (F.A) Islamabad.[*]F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School, g-6/2, Islamabad.[*]F.G. Model Higher Sec. School, for Girls, I-9/1, Islamabad[*]F.G. College for Men, f-10/4, Islamabad.[*]F.G. Girls Higher Sec: School, G-6/1-4, Islamabad.[*]F.G. College for Women, g-10/4, Islamabad.[*]F.G. Girls Higher Secondary School, humak (F.A) Islamabad.[*]F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School Tarnaul, Federal Area, Islamabad.[*]F.G. Sir Syed College, the mall Rawalpindi Cantt.[*]F.G. College for Women, Kashmir Road Rawalpindi Cantt.[*]F.G. Degree College for Boys Wah Cantt.[*]F.G. Degree College for Women, Wah Cantt.[*]F.G. Degree College for Men, kharian Cantt.[*]F.G. Degree College for Women, Kharian Cantt.[*]F.G. Inter College Mangla Cantt[*]F.G. Degree College, Gujranwala Cantt.[*]F.G. Degree College, Okara Cantt.[*]F.G. Degree College for Women, Multan Cantt.[*]F.G. Science Degree College Wah Cantt.[*]F.G. Degree College, Aziz Bhatti Road, Lahore Cantt.[*]F.G. College for Women, Abid Majid Road, Rawalpindi Cantt.[*]F.G. Inter College Zafar Ali Road, sialkot Cantt.[*]F.G. Quaid-e-Azam College, Chaklala-iii Rawalpindi Cantt.[*]F.G. Inter College, Bilal Colony, bahawalpur.[*]F.G. Inter College Jhelum Cantt.[*]F.G. College, Daud Pota Road Karachi Cantt[*]F.G. Inter Girls College,Askari Road, Karachi Cantt.[*]F.G Public School Manora Karachi Cantt[*]F.G. Degree College for Men, Peshawar Cantt.[*]F.G. Degree College for Women, Peshawar Cantt.[*]F.G. Degree College for Women, Bannu Cantt.[*]F.G. Degree College for Women, Kohat Cantt.[*]F.G. Girls Inter College Narian Road, Abbottabad.[*]F.G. Inter College, Batkhela.[*]F.G. Degree College, Quetta Cantt.[*]F.G. Degree College Gilgit.[*]F.G. Inter College for Women, Gilgit.[*]F.G. Inter College for Boys, chilas.[*]F.G. Degree College, Skardu.[*]F.G. Inter College for Boys, Ali Abad (Hunza), N.A..[*]F.G. Inter College for Boys & Girls, gahkuch, Ghizer (N.A.)[*]F.G. Inter College for Boys& Girls, Astore, Diamer (N.A.)[*]F.G. Inter College for Boys, Chalt, Nagar. Gilgit.[*]F.G. Boys Inter College Khalpudist. Ghanche, baltistan (N.A.)[*]F.G. Girls Inter College Karimabad Hunza Gilgit.[*]F.G. Inter College, Kotli (A.K.)[*]F.G. Inter College for Women, Skardu (N.A.).[*]F.G. Inter College, Hyderabad Cantt.[/LIST][B][COLOR=#000000]PAF[/COLOR][/B][LIST][*]PAF Public School,Lower Topa,Murree.[*]Fazaia Inter College Sakesar (boring) Khushab.[*]Fazaia Inter College, Samungli, Quetta.[*]Fazaia Inter College, Kohat.[*]Fazaia Degree College, MRF ,kamra.[*]Fazaia Inter College, Chaklala, Rawalpindi.[*]Fazaia Intermediate College, e-9, Islamabad.[*]Fazaia Inter College, Shaheen Camp, Peshawar Cantt.[*]Fazaia Degree College, Peshawar.[*]Fazaia Degree College, Risalpur.[*]Fazaia Inter College, Korangi kreek, Karachi.[*]Fazaia Inter College, Malir, Karachi.[*]Fazaia Degree College, Faisal, Karachi.[*]Fazaia Inter College, Jinnah Camp, Khana Road, Rawalpindi.[*]Fazaia Model Inter College, Mushaf Sargodha.[*]Fazaia Inter College, Minhas (Kamra).[*]Fazaia Inter College Kallarkahar, Chakwal.[*]Fazaia Inter College,(paf) Lahore Cantt.[*]Fazaia Degree College, Rafiqui, Shorkot Cantt.[*]Fazaia Inter College, Lower Topa, Murree.[*]Fazaia Degree College, F-6RF PAC kamra, Attock.[*]Fazaia Inter College, Mushaf Sargodha.[/LIST][B][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Navy[/COLOR][/B][LIST][*]Bahria College, Naval Complex, E-8, Islamabad.[*]Bahria College Karsaz Habib Rahmathullah Road, Karsaz Karachi.[*]Bahria College, NORE-I, Karachi.[/LIST] |
Pakistani Companies
[CENTER][CENTER][B][U]PUBLICALY TRADED COMPANIES[/U][/B][/CENTER]
[/CENTER] This is a list of companies that are traded on Pakistani stock exchanges. [B][U]Automobile Assembler[/U][/B][LIST][*]Adam Motor Company[*]Al-Ghazi Tractors[*]Atlas Honda[*]Dewan Farooque Motors[*]Ghandhara Industries[*]Ghandhara Nissan[*]Ghani Automobile Industries[*]Hinopak Motors[*]Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan[*]Indus Motors Company[*]Millat Tractors[*]Pak Suzuki Motor Company[*]Suzuki Motorcycles Pakistan[*]Saif Nadeem Kawasaki Motor[*]Agriauto Industries[*]Allwin Engineering Industries[*]Atlas Battery[*]Automotive Battery[*]Baluchistan Wheels[*]Bela Automotive[*]Bela Engineering[*]Dewan Automotive Engineering[*]Exide Pakistan[*]General Tyre & Rubber Company Pakistan[*]Taga Pakistan[*]Transmission Engineering Industries[*]Casspak Industries[*]Climax Engineering Company[*]Johnson and Phillips Pakistan[*]Myfip Video Industries[*]Pak Elektron[*]Pakistan Cables[*]Pakistan Telephone Cables[*]Siemens Pakistan Engineering Company[*]Singer Pakistan[/LIST][B][U]Cement[/U][/B][LIST][*]Al-Abbas Cement Industries[*]Attock Cement Pakistan[*]Bestway Cement[*]Chakwal Cement Company[*]Cherat Cement Company[*]Dadabhoy Cement Industries[*]Dandot Cement Company[*]Dera Ghazi Khan Cement Company[*]Dewan Cement[*]Dewan Hattar Cement[*]Fauji Cement Company[*]Fecto Cement[*]Gharibwal Cement[*]Javedan Cement[*]Kohat Cement Company[*]Lucky Cement[*]Maple Leaf Cement Factory[*]Mustehkam Cement[*]Pakistan Cement Company[*]Pakistan Slag Cement Industries[*]Pioneer Cement[*]Zeal Pak Cement Factory[/LIST][B][U]Chemical[/U][/B][LIST][*]Bawany Air Products[*]Berger Paints Pakistan[*]Biafo Industries[*]BOC Pakistan[*]Buxly Paints[*]Clariant Pakistan[*]Colgate-Palmolive Pakistan[*]Data Agro[*]Dynea Pakistan[*]ICI Pakistan[*]Ittehad Chemicals[*]Kausar Paints[*]Leiner Pak Gelatine[*]Nimir Industrial Chemicals[*]Nimir Resins[*]Pakistan Gum & Chemicals[*]Pakistan PTA[*]Pakistan PVC[*]Sardar Chemical Industries[*]Shaffi Chemical Industries[*]Sind Alkalis[*]Sitara Chemical Industry[*]Wah Noble Chemicals[/LIST][B][U]Commercial Bank[/U][/B][LIST][*]Allied Bank of Pakistan[*]Askari Commercial Bank[*]Atlas Bank[*]Bank Alfalah[*]Bank AL Habib[*]BankIslami Pakistan[*]Bank of Khyber[*]Bank of Punjab[*]Crescent Commercial Bank[*]Faysal Bank[*]KASB Bank[*]Meezan Bank[*]Metropolitan Bank[*]Muslim Commercial Bank[*]MyBank[*]National Bank of Pakistan[*]NIB Bank[*]PICIC Commercial Bank[*]Prime Commercial Bank[*]Saudi Pak Commercial Bank[*]Soneri Bank[*]Union Bank[*]United Bank[/LIST][B][U]Engineering[/U][/B][LIST][*]ADOS Pakistan[*]Bolan Castings[*]Crescent Steel and Allied Products[*]Dadex Eternit[*]Gauhar Engineering[*]Huffaz Seamless Pipe Industries[*]International Industries[*]KSB Pumps Company[*]Metropolitan Steel Corporation[*]Pakistan Engineering Company[*]Quality Steel Works[*]Sazgar Engineering Works[*]Taxila Engineering[/LIST][B][U]Fertilizer[/U][/B][LIST][*]Dawood Hercules Chemicals[*]Engro Chemical Pakistan[*]Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim[*]Fauji Fertilizer Company[/LIST][B][U]Food and Personal Care-Products[/U][/B][LIST][*]Ahmed Foods (Pvt) Ltd.[*]Clover Pakistan[*]Good Luck Industries[*]Gillette Pakistan[*]Haleeb Foods Pvt limited[*]Indus Fruit Products[*]Ismail Industries[*]Mitchell's Fruit Farms[*]Mubarik Dairies[*]Murree Brewery Company[*]National Foods Limited[*]Nestle Milkpack[*]Noon Pakistan[*]Pakistan Dairies[*]Quice Food Industries[*]Rafhan Bestfoods[*]Rafhan Maize Products Company[*]Shezan International[*]Shield Corporation[*]Treet Corporation[*]Unilever Pakistan[*]Uqab Breeding Farms[*]Zulfeqar Industries[/LIST][B][U]Glass and Ceramics[/U][/B][LIST][*]Balochistan Glass[*]EMCO Industries[*]Frontier Ceramics[*]Ghani Glass[*]Ghulam Mohammad Dadabhoy[*]Karam Ceramics[*]Medi Glass[*]Regal Ceramics[*]Shabbir Tiles & Ceramics[*]Tariq Glass Industries[/LIST][B][U]Insurance[/U][/B][LIST][*]Adamjee Insurance Company[*]American Life Insurance Company of Pakistan[*]Asia Insurance Company[*]Askari General Insurance Company[*]Atlas Insurance[*]Beema-Pakistan Company[*]Business & Industrial Insurance Company[*]Central Insurance Company[*]Century Insurance Company[*]Crescent Star Insurance Company Ltd[*]Dadabhoy Insurance Company[*]Delta Insurance Company[*]East West Insurance Company[*]EFU General Insurance Company[*]EFU Life Assurance[*]Habib Insurance Company[*]International General Insurance Company of Pakistan[*]Ittefaq General Insurance Company[*]Metropolitan Life Assurance Company of Pakistan[*]New Jubilee Insurance Company[*]New Jubilee Life Insurance Company[*]Pakistan General Insurance Company[*]Pakistan Guarantee Insurance Company[*]Pakistan Northen Insurance[*]Pakistan Reinsurance Company[*]PICIC Insurance[*]Platinum Insurance Company[*]Premier Insurance Company of Pakistan[*]Progressive Insurance Company[*]Raja Insurance Company[*]Reliance Insurance Company[*]Shaheen Insurance Company[*]Silver Star Insurance Company[*]Standard Insurance Company[*]Sterling Insurance Company[*]Union Insurance Company of Pakistan[*]United Insurance Company of Pakistan[*]Universal Insurance Company[/LIST][B][U]Investment Bank / Investment Companies[/U][/B][LIST][*]Al-Mal Security & Services[*]Arif Habib Securities[*]Asset Investment Bank[*]AMZ Ventures[*]BMA Capital Management[*]Crescent Standard Investment Bank[*]Dawood Capital Management[*]Escorts Investment Bank[*]First Capital Securities Corporation[*]First Dawood Investment Bank[*]First International Investment Bank[*]First National Equities[*]International Housing Finance[*]Islamic Investment Bank[*]Investec Securities[*]Jahangir Siddiqui Capital Markets[*]Jahangir Siddiqui & Company[*]Jahangir Siddiqui Investment Bank[*]Javed Omer Vohra & Company[*]Network Micro Finance Bank[*]ORIX Investment Bank Pakistan[*]PICIC Assets Management Company[*]Prudential Discount & Guarantee House[*]Prudential Investment Bank[*]Security Investment Bank[*]Trust Securities & Brokerage[*]Mohsin Traders[/LIST][B][U]Jute[/U][/B][LIST][*]Amin Fabrics[*]Crescent Jute Products[*]Latif Jute[*]Mehran Jute Mills[*]Suhail Jute Mills[*]Thal Limited[/LIST][B][U]Leasing[/U][/B][LIST][*]Asian Leasing Corporation[*]Askari Leasing[*]Capital Assets Leasing Corporation[*]Crescent Leasing Corporation[*]Dadabhoy Leasing Company[*]English Leasing[*]Grays Leasing[*]InterAsia Leasing Company[*]International Multi Leasing Corporation[*]National Assets Leasing Corporation[*]Natover Lease and Refinance[*]Network Leasing Corporation[*]Orix Leasing Pakistan[*]Pak-Gulf Leasing Company[*]Pakistan Industrial & Commercial Leasing[*]Saudi Pak Leasing Company[*]Security Leasing Corporation[*]Sigma Leasing Corporation[*]Trust Leasing and Investment Bank[*]Union Leasing[*]Universal Leasing[/LIST][B][U]Leather and Tanneries[/U][/B][LIST][*]Bata Pakistan[*]Fateh Industries[*]Leather Up[*]Pak Leather Crafts[*]Service Industries[*]Shafi Tanneries[/LIST][B][U]Carpets and Rugs[/U][/B][LIST][*]Abbas Corporation[*]Jamal Rugs[*]Usman Carpet House[*]Pak Persian Carpets[*]Asiatic[*]Hilltop Carpets[/LIST][B][U]Modarabas[/U][/B][LIST][*]Al-Zamin Leasing Modaraba[*]B.R.R. International Modaraba[*]B.F. Modaraba[*]Crescent Standard Modaraba[*]Fayzan Manufacturing Modaraba[*]First Allied Bank Modaraba[*]First Al-Noor Modaraba[*]First Constellation Modaraba[*]First Dadabhoy Modaraba[*]First Elite Capital Modaraba[*]First Equity Modaraba[*]First Fid Leasing Modaraba[*]First Habib Bank Modaraba[*]First Habib Modaraba[*]First I.B.L. Modaraba[*]First Interfund Modaraba[*]First Investec Modaraba[*]First Islamic Modaraba[*]First Mehran Modaraba[*]First National Bank Modaraba[*]First National Bank Modaraba[*]First Pak Modaraba[*]First Paramount Modaraba[*]First Prudential Modaraba[*]First Punjab Modaraba[*]First Schon Modaraba[*]First Tawakkal Modaraba[*]First Tri-Star Modaraba[*]First UDL Modaraba[*]Guardian Modaraba[*]Imrooz Modaraba[*]Long Term Venture Capital Modaraba[*]Modaraba Al-Mali[*]Modaraba Al-Tijarah[*]Standard Chartered Modaraba[*]Trust Modaraba[*]Unicap Modaraba[*]Unity Modaraba[/LIST][B][U]Oil and Gas Exploration[/U][/B][LIST][*]BHP Billiton[*]Mari Gas Company[*]Oil and Gas Development Company[*]Pakistan Oilfields[*]Pakistan Petroleum[*]Hycarbex-American Energy Inc.[/LIST][B][U]Oil and Gas Marketing[/U][/B][LIST][*]Attock Petroleum[*]Haroon Oils[*]Pakistan State Oil[*]Shell Pakistan[*]Sui Northern Gas Pipelines[*]Sui Southern Gas Company[/LIST][B][U]Oil Refineries[/U][/B][LIST][*]Attock Refinery[*]Bosicor Pakistan[*]National Refinery[*]Pakistan Refinery[/LIST][B][U]Paper and Board[/U][/B][LIST][*]Abson Industries[*]Balochistan Particle Board[*]Central Forest Products[*]Century Paper & Board Mills[*]Cherat Papersack[*]Dadabhoy Sack[*]Merit Packaging[*]Packages Limited[*]Pakistan Paper Products[*]Security Papers[/LIST] [B][U]Pharmaceuticals[/U][/B][LIST][*]Abbott Laboratories Pakistan[*]Ferozsons Laboratories[*]Glaxo Smith Kline Pakistan[*]Highnoon Laboratories[*]Otsuka Pakistan[*]Sanofi-Aventis Pakistan[*]Searle Pakistan[*]Wyeth Pakistan[/LIST][B][U]Power Generation and Power Distribution[/U][/B][LIST][*]Altern Energy[*]Genertech Pakistan[*]Hub Power Company[*]Ideal Energy[*]Japan Power Generation[*]Kot Addu Power Company[*]Karachi Electric Supply Corporation[*]Kohinoor Energy[*]Kohinoor Power Company[*]Sitara Energy[*]Southern Electric Power Company[*]S.G. Power[*]Tri-Star Power[/LIST][B][U]Rice Exporters[/U][/B][LIST][*]Raza Trading Corporation[/LIST][B][U]Sugar and Allied Industries[/U][/B][LIST][*]Adam Sugar Mills[*]Al-Abbas Sugar Mills[*]Al-Asif Sugar Mills[*]Al-Noor Sugar Mills[*]Ansari Sugar Mills[*]Baba Farid Sugar Mills[*]Bawany Sugar Mills[*]Chashma Sugar Mills[*]Crescent Sugar Mills & Distillery[*]Dewan Sugar Mills[*]Faran Sugar Mills[*]Fecto Sugar Mills[*]Frontier Sugar Mills & Disitillery Company[*]Habib Sugar Mills[*]Habib-ADM[*]Haseeb Waqas Sugar Mills[*]Hussein Sugar Mills[*]JDW Sugar Mills[*]Khairpur Sugar Mills[*]Kohinoor Sugar Mills[*]Mehran Sugar Mills[*]Mian Mohammad Sugar Mills[*]Mirpurkhas Sugar Mills[*]Mirza Sugar Mills[*]Noon Sugar Mills[*]Pangrio Sugar Mills[*]Premier Sugar Mills & Disitillery Company[*]Sakrand Sugar Mills[*]Saleem Sugar Mills[*]Sanghar Sugar Mills[*]Shahmurad Sugar Mills[*]Shahtaj Sugar Mills[*]Shakarganj Mills[*]Sindh Abadgar's Sugar Mills[*]Tandlianwala Sugar Mills[*]Thal Industries[*]United Sugar Mills[/LIST][B][U]Synthetic and Rayon[/U][/B][LIST][*]Adil Polypropylene Products[*]Al-Abid Silk Mills[*]Dewan Salman Fibre[*]Gatron Industries[*]Ibrahim Fibres[*]Indus Polyester Company[*]Karim Silk Mills[*]Kashmir Polytex[*]Liberty Mills[*]National Fibers[*]National Silk & Ryon Mills[*]Noor Silk Mills[*]Pak Fiber Industries[*]Pakistan Synthetics[*]Polyron Limited[*]Rupali Polyester[*]S.G. Fibre[*]Tawakkal Polyester Industeries[*]Tri-Star Polyester[*]Basa water tank[/LIST][B][U]Technology and Communication[/U][/B][LIST][*]Apollo Telecom Private Limited[*]AutoSoft Dynamics Private Limited[*]Callmate Telips Telecom[*]Ovex Technologies[*]Eye Television Network[*]Naseeb Networks[*]NetSol Technologies[*]Pak Datacom[*]Intel Pakistan[*]Pakistan Telecommunication Company[*]Southern Networks[*]TeleCard[*]Telecomm Group[*]The Resource Group Pakistan[*]Worldcall Telecom[*]Royal Cyber[*]Warid Telecom[*]Wateen Telecom[/LIST][B][U]Textile Composite[/U][/B][LIST][*]Artistic Denim Mills[*]Ahmed Hassan[*]Alif Textile[*]Azgard Nine[*]Aruj Garments[*]Bhawalpur Textile[*]Bhanero Textile[*]Blessed Textile[*]Caravan Fabrics[*]Chenab Limited[*]Colony Mills[*]Crescent Textile[*]Dawood Lawrencepur[*]Faisal Spinning[*]Fateh Sports[*]Fateh Textile[*]Gul Ahmed Textile Mills Limited[*]Ghazi Fabrics[*]Hafiz Textile[*]Hamid Textile[*]Hala Enterpries[*]Hussain Industries[*]International Knitwear[*]Ishaq Textile[*]Jubilee Spinning[*]Kaiser Art and Kr[*]Khyber Textile[*]Kohinoor Textile Mills[*]Kohinoor Industries[*]Libaas Textile[*]Mehmood Textile[*]Mohammad Farooq Textile Mills[*]Modern Textile[*]Masood Textile[*]Mian Textile[*]Mubarak Textile[*]Nishat (Chunian)[*]Nishat Mills[*]Nina Industries[*]Parmount Spinning[*]Quetta Textile[*]Rashid Textile[*]Redco Textile[*]Reliance Weaving[*]Sapphire Textile[*]Schon Textile[*]Safa Textile[*]Sapphire Fiber[*]Shams Textile[*]Suraj Cotton[*]Tawakkal Enterprises[*]Tawakkal Garments[*]Taj Textile[*]Towellers[*]Usman Textile[*]Zahoor Cotton[*]Zahoor Textile[/LIST][B][U]Textile Spinning[/U][/B][LIST][*]Accord Textile[*]Adil Textile[*]Ahmed Spining[*]Ali Asghar Textile[*]Allawasaya[*]AL-Azhar Textile[*]AL-Qadir Textile[*]Al-Qaim Textile[*]Amin Spinning[*]Annoor Textile[*]Apollo Textile[*]Asim Textile[*]Awan Textile[*]Ayesha Textile[*]Azam Textile[*]Azmat Textile[*]Babri Cotton[*]Baig Spinning[*]Bilal Fibres[*]Brothers Textile[*]Chakwal Spinning[*]Chaudhry Textile[*]Chenab Textile[*]Crescent Fibres[*]Crescent Spinning[*]Dar Es Salam Textile Mills[*]Data Textile[*]Dawood Fibre Mills[*]Dewan Farooque Spinning[*]Dewan Khalid Textile[*]Dewan Mushtaq Textile[*]Dewan Textile[*]Din Textile[*]D.M. Textile[*]D.S. Industries[*]Elahi Cotton[*]Ellcot Spinning[*]Fatima Enterprises[*]Fawad Textile[*]Fazal Cloth[*]Fazal Textile[*]Gadoon Textile[*]Glamour Textile[*]Globe Textile[*]Gulshan Spinning[*]Gulistan Spinning[*]Gulistan Textile[*]Hajra Textile[*]Hala Spinning[*]H.M. Ismail[*]Harum Textile Mills[*]Idrees Textile[*]Ideal Spinning[*]Indus Dyeing[*]Island Textile[*]Ishtiaq Textile[*]Ittefaq Textile[*]J.A. Textile[*]Janana D Mal[*]J.K. Spinning[*]Junaid Cotton[*]Karim Cotton[*]Khurshid Spinning[*]Kohat Textile[*]Kohinoor Spinning[*]Khalid Siraj[*]Lafayette Industries[*]Land Mark Spinning[*]Mehr Dastgir[*]Maqbool Textile[*]Mukhtar Textile[*]Nagina Cotton[*]Nadeem Textile[*]Nazir Cotton[*]Noon Textile[*]Norrie Textile[*]N.P. Spinning[*]Olympia Spinning[*]Olympia Textile[*]Premium Textile[*]Qayyum Spinning[*]Quality Textile[*]Ravi Textile[*]Reliance Cotton[*]Regent Textile[*]Resham Textile[*]Ruby Textile[*]Saif Textile[*]Salfi Textile[*]Salman Noman Textile[*]Saitex Spinning[*]Shaheen Cotton[*]Service Textile[*]Siftaq International[*]Sind Fine Textile[*]Shadman Cotton[*]Shadab Textile[*]Shahpur Textile[*]Sajjad Textile[*]Sally Textile[*]Sana Industries[*]Sargoda Spinning[*]Sahrish Textile[*]Saritow Spinning[*]Sunshine Cotton[*]Sunrays Textile[*]Shahzad Textile[*]Tanveer Cotton[*]Tanveer Spinning & Weaving[*]Tata Textile[*]Taha Spinning[*]Tariq Cotton[*]ZahidJee Textile[/LIST][B][U]Textile Weaving[/U][/B][LIST][*]Al-Jadeed Textile[*]Amazai Textile[*]Apex Fabrics[*]Ashfaq Textile[*]Ayaz Textile[*]Combined Industries[*]Dyed Fabrics[*]Hakkim Textile[*]I.C.C. Textile[*]Itti Textile[*]Kohinoor Looms[*]Kohinoor Weaving Mills[*]Mohib Exports[*]Nakshbandi Industries[*]Prosperity[*]Saleem Denim[*]Sadoon Textile[*]Service Fabrics[*]Samin Textile[*]Shahtaj Textile[*]Yousuf Weaving[*]Zephyr Textile[*]R.N Textile[/LIST][B][U]Tobacco[/U][/B][LIST][*]Khyber Tobacco Company[*]Lakson Tobacco Company[*]Pakistan Tobacco Company[*]Sarhad Cigarette Industries[/LIST][B][U]Transport[/U][/B][LIST][*]Pakistan International Airlines Corporation[*]Pakistan International Container Terminal[*]Pakistan National Shipping Corporation[*]Pan Islamic Steam Ship Company[*]Tri-Star Shipping Lines[*]Marine Express Agencies[/LIST] [B][U]Vanaspati and Allied Industries[/U][/B][LIST][*]Associated Industries[*]Extraction Pakistan[*]Fazal Vegetable Ghee Mills[*]Kakakhel Pakistan[*]Kashmir Edible[*]Morafco Industries[*]Muslim Ghee Mills[*]Pak Ghee Industries[*]Punjab Oil Mills[*]S.S. Oil Mills[*]Suraj Ghee Industries[*]Universal Oil & Vegetable Ghee Mills[*]Wazir Ali Industries[/LIST][B][U]Woollen[/U][/B][LIST][*]Bannu Woollen Mills[*]Colony Woollen Mills[*]Harnai Woollen Mills[*]Moonlite Pakistan[*]Valika Woollen Mills[/LIST][B][U]Ghauri[/U][/B][LIST][*]AKD Capital[*]Al-Khair Gadoon[*]Arpak International Investments[*]Dadabhoy Construction Technology[*]Diamond Industries[*]Dreamworld Limited[*]ECOPACK Limited[*]Gammon Pakistan[*]Grays of Cambridge Pakistan[*]Haji Dossa Limited[*]Hashimi Can Company[*]Haydery Constructions Company[*]MacDonald Lyton & Company[*]MACPAC Films[*]Mandviwalla Mauser Plastic Industries[*]Mineral Grinding Mills[*]Pakistan Hotels Developers[*]Pakistan House International[*]Pakistan Services[*]Shifa International Hospitals[*]Siddiquesons Tin Plate[*]Syed Match Company[*]Tawakkal Limited[*]Tri-Pack Films[*]Turbo Tec Limited[*]United Brands[*]United Distributors Pakistan[/LIST] [CENTER][B][U]PRIVATELY HELD COMPANIES[/U][/B][/CENTER] This is a list of major Pakistani companies that are privately held. This list is highly incomplete – a full list that included companies of all sizes would necessarily have to be very much larger. [B][U]Industrial Machinery Suppliers[/U][/B][LIST][*]Munir Associates[*]Sonutech[*]Gandharar Associates[/LIST][B][U]Software[/U][/B] [B][U]Companies[/U][/B][LIST][*]Akilix[*]InfiniLogic[*]Askari Information Systems Ltd[*]Avanza Solutions[*]Bramerz[*]Digital Processing Systems[*]Dynabyte Solution[*]eDev Technologies[*]Electronic Solutions Pakistan[*]ITIM Associates[*]KalSoft[*]LMK Resources[*]TPS Pakistan[*]NetSolIR[*]DesCon[*]Ovex Tech[*]NCR[*]Etilize[*]TechLogix[*]Softech World Wide[*]Softflux Pvt. LTd.[*]National Logistics & Technology[*]Abacus Consulting[*]Abacus Consulting[*]Systems Private Limited[*]Uraan Software Solutions[/LIST][B][U]Woodworking machinery and plywood manufacturers[/U][/B][LIST][*]Zeemko Group of Companies Lahore[*]Zeemko International Lahore[*]Pakistan Panel Products[*]Lahore Woods[/LIST][B][U]Zipper manufacturers[/U][/B][LIST][*]Zeemko Group of Companies Lahore[/LIST][B][U]Other[/U][/B][LIST][*]A.J Containers[*]Burhan Printers & Packages[*]Fecto Belarus Tractors[*]Crescsoft[*]Vohra Chemical Coproration[*]Vohra International[*]Vohra Agencies[*]Mughal Agencies[*]Sheikh Sons[*]NEWAGE Nutraceutical[*]Source Systems[*]Supremes Engineering Works[*]MARKCOM International[*]Munir Brothers[*]East West Infiniti[*]Yousaf Food Industries[*]Descon Chemicals[*]DESCON Engineering[*]Descon IT24[*]Digital Prodigy[*]Gadoon Textile Mills[*]Nasim & Brothers[*]Nishat Shuaiba Paper Products Company[*]PEACE International Network[*]Sammi Daewoo Express[*]Sonutech[*]True Light Sports[*]Micro-Inn (Pvt) Ltd[*]Petrosin Ravi Industries Ltd[/LIST][B][U]Major Pakistani Business Groups / Alliances[/U][/B][LIST][*]Al-Karam Group of Companies[*]Atlas Group[*]Attock Group of Companies[*]Bajwa Group[*]Chapal Group[*]Chenab Group[*]Cowasjee Group[*]Crescent Group[*]Dawood Group of Companies[*]First Dawood Group[*]The Dawood Group[*]Dewan Mushtaq Group[*]Fecto Group of Industries[*]Ghani Group of Companies[*]Gul Ahmed Group[*]Jahangir Siddiqui Group[*]Lakson Group[*]Nagina Group[*]Saigol Group[*]Servis Group[*]Shahnawaz Group of Companies[*]Petrosin Group[/LIST][B][U]Defunct[/U][/B][LIST][*]Zelin[*]Al Azam Ltd[*]Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI)[/LIST] |
Wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan
[LIST][*][B] Astor Wildlife Sanctuary[/B]: Kaghan Valley, Northern Areas[*][B] Baltistan Wildlife Sanctuary[/B]: Baltistan, Northern Areas[*][B] Cholistan Wildlife Sanctuary[/B]: Multan, Punjab[*][B] Hub Dam Wildlife Sanctuary:[/B] Hub District, Balochistan[*][B] Naltar Wildlife Sanctuary[/B]: Hunza, Northern Areas[*][B] Nara Desert Wildlife Santuary:[/B] Mirpurkhas District, Sindh[*][B] Chashma and Taunsa Barrage Dolphin Santuary:[/B] Mianwali District, Punjab[*][B] Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary[/B]: Badin District, Sindh[*][B] Ras Koh Wildlife Sanctuary
[/B][*][B] Sukkur and Guddu Barrage Dolphin Reserve [/B][*][B] Tooshi Game Reserve [/B][*][B] Kilik/Mintaka Game Reserve[/B][/LIST] |
Hospitals in Pakistan
[CENTER][B][U]AZAD KASHMIR[/U][/B]
[/CENTER][LIST][*]Riaz Hospital, Mirpur[*]Jinnah Hospital, Mirpur[/LIST][CENTER][B][U] BALOCHISTAN[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions[/U][/B][LIST][*]Akram Hospital, Quetta[*]Children Hospital Quetta, Quetta[*]Sardar Bahadur Khan TB Sanatorium, Quetta[/LIST][B][U]FATA[/U][/B][LIST][*]DHQ Hospital – FATA[/LIST][CENTER][B][U] ISLAMABAD CAPITAL TERRITORY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions[/U][/B][LIST][*]Dar-ul-Shifa Hospital, Islamabad[*]Federal Government Services Hospital, Islamabad[*]Glora Welfare Hospital (Ghosia-Mahria Trust), Islamabad[*]Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad[*]PAEC Hospital, Islamabad[*]Nescom Hospital, Islamabad[*]KRL Hospital, Islamabad[*]{Aslam Memorial Medicare Hospital (ISLAMABAD)[/LIST][B][U]Private institutions[/U][/B][LIST][*]Islamic International Medical Complex, Islamabad[*]Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad[/LIST][CENTER][B][U] NWFP[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions[/U][/B][LIST][*]Lady Reading Hospital[*]Khyber Teaching Hospital[*]Hayatabad Medical Complex[*]Ayub Medical Complex[*]Mardan Medical Complex[*]Saidu Group Hospitals, Swat[*]Tank Christian Hospital, Tank, Dera Ismail Khan[/LIST][B][U]Private institutions[/U][/B][LIST][*]Al-Khidmat Hospital, Peshawar[*]Naseer Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Gandhara University[*]Al Ishaq Hospital, Abbottabad[*]Gulshanara Maternity Clinic, Kohat[*]Health Care Centre, Peshawar[*]Captain Ali Children Hospital, Saidu Sharif, Swat[*]Hira General Hospital, Abbottabad[*]Khattak Medical Centre And Hospital, Peshawar[*]Mardan Surgical Hospital, Mardan[*]Medicare Hospital And Maternity Home, Kohat[*]Orthopedics & Surgical Hosp, Peshawar[*]Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar[*]Rang Mahal Welfare Hospital & Education Center, Swat[*]salim Medical centre Dherai swat[/LIST][CENTER][B][U] NORTHERN AREAS[/U][/B] [/CENTER][LIST][*]Dherai Welfare centre[/LIST][CENTER][B][U] PUNJAB[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions(government owned and operated)[/U][/B][LIST][*]The Children's Hospital, Lahore[*]Data Darbar Hospital, Lahore[*]District Headquarters Hospital, Rawalpindi[*]Lahore General Hospital, Lahore[*]Gulaab Devi Hospital, Lahore[*]Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi[*]HOPE Rehabilitation Center for disabled, Lahore[*]Jinnah Hospital, Lahore[*]Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore[*]Lady Willingdon Hospital, Lahore[*]Mayo Hospital, Lahore[*]Nisthar Hospital, Multan[*]Punjab Institute of Cardiology(PICS), Lahore[*]Psychiatric hospital, Lahore[*]Railway Cairns Hospital, Lahore[*]Rawalpindi General Hospital, Rawalpindi[*]Services Hospital, Lahore[*]Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore[*]Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore[/LIST][CENTER][B][U] Private institutions(privately owned and operated)[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Note: most private 'hospitals' are little more than small houses/shops with little or no furniture/equipment and a few self-employed doctors that pay fees to the owners of the property to practice there. There is no regulation of private health care services in Punjab.[LIST][*]Nanotech Neurology Center, 56-e WAPDA TOWN Lahore[*]Malik Surgical Hospital & Shazia Maternity Home, Lahore[*]Bakhtawar Amin Memorial Trust Hospital, Multan[*]Muazzam Shaheed Welfare Hospital, Jhelum[*]Mumtaz Bakhtawar Memorial Trust Hospital,Wahdat road, Lahore[*]National Hospital, Lahore[*]Ihsan Mumtaz Hospital,Shaukat Ali Road, Jahor Town Lahore[*]Iqraa Medical Complex, Lahore[*]Ittefaq Hospital (Trust), Lahore[*]Jaanki Devi Hospital, Lahore[*]Shalimar Hospital, Lahore[*]Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Lahore[*]Margalla Welfare Hospital, Rawalpindi[*]Masood Hospital,Gardentown, Lahore[*]Memorial Christian Hospital, Paris Road, Sialkot[*][[{Heart and city ScanHospital]] Thokkar Niaz Baig Road[*]Surgimed Hospital, Zafar Ali Road, Lahore[*]United Christian Hospital, Lahore[*]Umer Hospital, Wah[*]Gulberg Hospital, Lahore[*]Doctor's Hospital, Lahore[*]Family Hospital, Lahore[*]Fatima Memorial, Lahore[*]Aadil Hospital, Lahore[*]Ali Hospital, Lahore[*]Ammar Medical Complex, Lahore[*]Cardex Clinic Jail Road, Lahore[*]Masood Children's Clinic, Lahore[*]Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi[*]Aziz Bhatti Hospital, Gujrat[*]Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur[*]Fatima Medical Centre, Multan[*]Fazal Hospital, Jhelum[*]Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi[*]Hameed Latif Hospital, Lahore[*]Healers Centre (Pvt.) Ltd., Rawalpindi[*]Maryam Memorial Hospital, Rawalpindi[*]Medicare Hospital , Multan[*]Mian Muhammad Trust Hospital, Faisalabad[*]National Hospital, Faisalabad[*]Rasheed Hospital , Lahore[*]Razzaq Hospital, Lahore[*]Saahil Hospital, Faisalabad[*]Sadiq Hospital, Sargodha[*]Salamat Hospital, Gujranwala[*]Sharif Meidcal City Hospital, Lahore[*]Valley Clinic (Pvt) Limited, Rawalpindi[*]WAPDA hosital, Lahore[*]Mubarik Nursing Home,Rawalpindi[*]Mekki Hospital,Faisalabad[*]Bait-ul-Shifa Trust, Township, Lahore[/LIST][CENTER][B][U] SINDH[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [B][U]Public institutions[/U][/B][LIST][*]Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi[*]Civil Hospital, Karachi[*]Civil Hospital, Sukkur[*]Civil Hospital - Burns Centre, Karachi[*]Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi[*]Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases, Karachi[*]Kunri Christian Hospital, Umarkot[*]Lady Dufferin Hospital, Karachi[*]Leprosy Hospital, Karachi[*]Liaqat University of Health Sciences, Hyderabad[*]Lyari General Hospital, Karachi[*]National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi[*]National Institute of Child Health, Karachi[*]PNS Shifa, Karachi[*]Police Hospital, Karachi[*]Sindh Government Qatar Hospital, Karachi[*]Sindh Government Hospital New Karachi, Karachi[*]Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases, Karachi[*]Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi[*]Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases, Karachi[*]Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry, Hyderabad[*]Sobhraj Maternity Home, Karachi[*]Spencer Eye Hospital, Karachi[/LIST][B][U]Private institutions[/U][/B][LIST][*]ABM Hospital, Hyderabad[*]Aga Khan Hospital, Hyderabad[*]Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi[*]Bismillah Taqee Institute of Health Sciences & Blood Diseases Centre, Karachi[*]Bantwa Memon Hospital, Karachi[*]Burhani Hospital, Karachi[*]Children Cancer Hospital, Karachi[*]CityCare Hospital, Hyderabad[*]Dar-ul-Sehat Hospital, (Liaquat Medical & Dental College) Karachi[*]Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi[*]Health Care Hospital, Karachi[*]Hilal-e-Ahmar Hospital, Hyderabad[*]Holy Family Hospital, Karachi[*]Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Karachi[*]Ibne-Sina (Avicenna) Hospital, Karachi[*]Imam Clinic and General Hospital, Karachi[*]Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad[*]Jinnah Medical College Hospital, Karachi[*]Karachi Adventist Hospital, Karachi[*]Kharadar General Hospital, Karachi[*]Kidney Centre Post Graduate Training Institute, Karachi[*]Kiran Hospital for Nuclear Medicine, Karachi[*]Kutiana Memon Hospital, Karachi[*]Layton Rahmatulla Benevolent Trust Eye Hospital, (LRBT) Karachi[*]Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi[*]Majee Hospital, Hyderabad[*]Marie Adelaide Leprosy Centre (MALC), Karachi[*]Al-Mehrab Tibbi Imdad, Karachi[*]Masoomeen Hospital, Karachi[*]MidEast Hospital, Karachi[*]Murshid Hospital and Health Care Center, Karachi[*]OMI Hospital, Karachi[*]Patel Hospital, Karachi[*]PIMS Hospital, Rawalpindi[*]Safee Hospital, Karachi[*]Shilokh Mission Hospital, Jalapur Jattan, Gujrat[*]South City Hospital, Karachi[*]Tabba Heart Institute, Karachi[*]Usman Memorial Hospital, Karachi[*]Wapda Hospital, Hyderabad[*]Zainab Punjwani Memorial Hospital, Karachi[*]Dr Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi[/LIST] |
Lakes of Pakistan
[CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana][FONT=Lucida Sans Unicode][SIZE=3]MAJOR LAKES[/SIZE][/FONT]
Ansoo Lake[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Ansoo Lake[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] is a high-altitude lake (elevation 16,490 feet or 5027 metres) in the [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Kaghan Valley[/COLOR][COLOR=black] near [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Malika Parbat[/COLOR][COLOR=black] in the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Himalayan[/COLOR][COLOR=black] range.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]It can be reached by a difficult trek from [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Saiful Mulook Lake[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. The name comes from its tear-like shape. The lake is said to have been discovered in [/COLOR][COLOR=black]1993[/COLOR][COLOR=black] by [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan Air Force[/COLOR][COLOR=black] pilots who were flying low above the area. Earlier, the lake was not even known to the locals.[/COLOR][/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Borith Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Borith Lake[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] is a lake in the [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Northern Areas of Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. Borith is a hamlet in the surroundings of the Borith Lake to the northwest of [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Hussaini[/COLOR][COLOR=black], a village near [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Gulmit[/COLOR][COLOR=black], [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Gojal[/COLOR][COLOR=black], in the upper [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Hunza[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. The altitude of Borith is roughly 8500 feet above sea level.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]It lies approximately 2 km to the north of Ghulkin, a saline body of water occupying a small hollow at an elevation of 2500 meters. The lake can be reached via a 2 km unpaved jeep route from Hussaini village, which lies adjacent to Ghulkin village. It is also accessible by a 2-3 hour trekking route directly from Ghuylkin, across the end of the Ghulkin glacier. The site is an important sanctuary for migrating [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]wildfowl[/COLOR][COLOR=black] and is a must to be included in the itinerary of bird-watchers and nature lovers. To witness the large number of ducks arriving from the warmer parts of southern [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black], one should visit between the months of March and June. The birds rest here on their way northwards to the cooler waters of [/COLOR][COLOR=black]central Asia[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. Similarly, from September–November, the spectacle occurs in reverse with the onset of winter towards the north.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]A short trek of one hour each way will bring you to Ghulkin Glacier. Just follow the trekking route towards Borith Lake as far as the edge of the glacier, and return by the same route.[/FONT][/COLOR] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]For the more adventurous, a longer walk to Passu Gar Glacier is another attraction, crossing both Ghulkin Glacier and Borith Lake. Having crossed Ghulkin Glacier by the same route, continue on the southern side of Borith Lake past the settlement of Borith Bala and the now deserted settlement of Shahabad. The lack of a continuous water supply led to the desertification of this village many years ago. On reaching Passu Gar, one finds a spectacular view of all the icy crenellations along its length. The walk takes about 4–5 hours form Ghulkin to [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Passu[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. From the glacier, a path leads down to the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Karakorum Highway[/COLOR][COLOR=black] and the Shisper Hotel.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Alternatively, transport can be obtained locally, enabling the exploration of many routes around this area from different starting points, such as Gulmit.[/FONT][/COLOR] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Dudipatsar Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Dudiptsar lake[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] or Dudipat Lake is a beautiful lake encircled by snow clad peaks. The lake lies in the extreme north of [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Kaghan Valley[/COLOR][COLOR=black] and is about a four hours drive from chief town [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Naran[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. The road is not entirely accessible for cars, even [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Jeeps[/COLOR][COLOR=black] and from a certain point the visitors have to trek to reach the lake. Its water is beautiful greenish blue and very cold too Dudipatsar is also close to another major [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Lake lulusar[/COLOR][COLOR=black] which is main contributory to [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Kunhar river[/COLOR][COLOR=black] that runs through [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Kaghan valley[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. At a distance from the lake lies the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Babusar Top[/COLOR][COLOR=black] or the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Babusar Pass[/COLOR][COLOR=black] which is the end of 150 km long Kaghan valley.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]The word "dudi" means white and "sar" means lake. This name has been given to the lake because of the white color of snow at surrounding peaks. In summer the water of lake reflects like a mirror. Its not easy to visit this lake as there is tough hike. Its gonna take you four to six hours for this lake after tough hiking and [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]trekking[/COLOR][COLOR=black].[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]The word "sar" is used with the name of each lake in the area meaning lake. In the summer when the water of the lake reflects like a mirror a large number of visitors from different areas of the country come to watch the enchanting views of these lake. [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Dudipat Lake[/COLOR][COLOR=black] (Dudipat Sar in local language) is six or seven hours walking distance from Besal. Half of this distance is steady climbing on a clear path then the valley opens out to wide, flat pastureland.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]The deep blue Dudipat Sar, at 3,800 meters, is surrounded by green hills at about 4,800 meters, with snow patches in the shady hollows. This lake is very little visited by people and its natural beauty is still very much protected. [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]October 8, 2005's earthquake[/COLOR][COLOR=black] in North [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black] has made it more difficult to be accessed. However the government of [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black] decided on March 14, [/COLOR][COLOR=black]2006[/COLOR][COLOR=black] to take all steps to restore tourism of the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Kaghan valley[/COLOR][COLOR=black] which includes building new tourism spots and rebuilding previously destroyed ones.[/COLOR][/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Haleji Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Haleji Lake[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] is located in [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Thatta District[/COLOR][COLOR=black], [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR][COLOR=black], [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black].[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Originally haleji Lake was a very small lake. During World War II the then British Government of Sind decided to increase the capacity of this lake by having a feeder canal from River Sindh. This lake supplies water to Karachi. During War time thousands of American and British Troops were stationed in Karachi. The lake work was taken on War Footing and was completed within 24 months. It is a huge lake-perhaps 2Kmx2Kmsx0.25Km..[/FONT][/COLOR] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Hanna Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Hanna Lake[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] is a lake near [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Quetta[/COLOR][COLOR=black] city and is one of the main attractions in the city. The lake is located a little short of the place where the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Urak[/COLOR][COLOR=black] Valley begins and 10 km from [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Quetta[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Golden fish[/COLOR][COLOR=black] in the lake comes swimming right up to the edge of the lake. There is a lakeside restaurant with picnic tables shaded by pine trees. At one end, the irrigation dam rises out of the depths like battlements of a [/COLOR][COLOR=black]fort[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. It is very attractive for holidaymakers, and is crowded with hikers and campers in holidays.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]The greenish-blue waters of the lake provide a rich contrast to the sandy brown of the hills in the background. One can promenade on the terraces or hire a boat and paddle on the lake and round the island in the middle. Wagon service operates from city bus station at Circular Road. The transport can be hired through the [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]PTDC[/COLOR][COLOR=black] Tourist Information Centre, Muslim Hotel, Jinnah Road Quetta.[/COLOR][/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Kachura Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Kachura Lakes[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] are two of the lakes in [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Skardu[/COLOR][COLOR=black] (nearly 2500 m or 8,200 feet); the Upper Kachura Lake and Lower Kachura Lake. The latter is also known as [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Shangrila Lake[/COLOR][COLOR=black] and is inside a tourist resort called [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Shangrila Resort[/COLOR][COLOR=black].[/COLOR][/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Kallar Kahar[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Kallar Kahar[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] is a subdivision of [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Chakwal District[/COLOR][COLOR=black] in [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Punjab[/COLOR][COLOR=black], [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. It is known as a tourist destination. located 25 killometer southwest of chakwal along the motorway. It is famous for its natural gardens, peacocks and a salt water lake.[/COLOR][/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Kalri[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] or Keenjhar Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Kalri Lake[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] is located in [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Thatta District[/COLOR][COLOR=black], [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR][COLOR=black], [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. [/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Around 10000 people have drowned in this lake. The biggest incident took place on June 1st 2003, when a boat with 26 people on board sunk and they all died. They were all from the same family.[/FONT][/COLOR] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]The [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Sindhi[/COLOR][COLOR=black] legend of [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Noori Jam Tamachi[/COLOR][COLOR=black] took place around the lake, and to this day there is a shrine in the middle of the lake marking Noor's grave. Everyday hundreds of devotees visit the shrine.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]It also goes by the name "Keenjhar lake"[/FONT][/COLOR] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Lulusar Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Lulusar[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] lake is 48 kilometers away from Naran, on Naran-Babusar road. The word "sar" is used with the name of lake meaning "lake".[/FONT][/COLOR] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]It is wreathed in blue and gold wild flowers, and is the main source of river [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Kunhar[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. The river then flows through the entire [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Kaghan Valley[/COLOR][COLOR=black] through [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Jalkhand[/COLOR][COLOR=black], [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Naran[/COLOR][COLOR=black], [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Kaghan[/COLOR][COLOR=black], Jared, Paras and [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Balakot[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. Near Gittidas is the 3,353m (11,000) feet high Lulusar Lake out of which river Kunhar issues anew with redoubled strength to flow down the valley first as placid blue stream and then a roaring torrent until it joins the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Jhelum[/COLOR][COLOR=black] river. Lulusar is the Reminiscent of those 55 participants of [/COLOR][COLOR=black]1857[/COLOR][COLOR=black] war of independence who had been arrested near Lulusar.[/COLOR][/FONT] [LEFT][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Tourist attraction[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/LEFT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Lulusar has very enchanting beauty and its view remains in the mind of tourist for a long time. This lake is much bigger in size as compared to other lakes around the valley. It is surrounded by snowcapped hills whose purple and white forms are reflected in the green-blue waters of the silent lake, making it one of the most beautiful spots in the valley. Lake Lalusar offers a splendid opportunity for fishing in dark blue waters surrounded by high mountains. The serene beauty and peace, which permeates the [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Kaghan Valley[/COLOR][COLOR=black], makes this an ideal spot for relaxation and reflection.From [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Gittidas[/COLOR][COLOR=black] the road goes on through the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Babusar Pass[/COLOR][COLOR=black] into [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Gilgit[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. This road is one of the highest roads in the world. In the summer when the water of lakes reflects like a mirror, a large number of visitors from different areas of the country come to enjoy the enchanting views.[/COLOR][/FONT] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Getting to Lulusar[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]A jeep can be hired from [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Naran[/COLOR][COLOR=black] to visit Lake Lulusar. From [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Naran[/COLOR][COLOR=black], Lulusar lake can be reached at in about four and a half hours. The average jeep rent for this return-trip is about Rs. 3,000 (US$30 appox.). Jeeps leave [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Naran[/COLOR][COLOR=black] in the morning so that tourists can reach the lake at afternoon and spend about an hour at lake before returning so that the return journey is completed in daylight.[/COLOR][/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Manchar Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Lake Manchar[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] is the largest freshwater [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]lake[/COLOR][COLOR=black] in [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black] and one of [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Asia[/COLOR][COLOR=black]'s largest. It is located west of the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Indus River[/COLOR][COLOR=black] in [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. The area of the lake fluctuates with the seasons from as little as 350 km² to as much as 520 km². The lake collects water from numerous small streams in the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Kirthar Mountains[/COLOR][COLOR=black] and empties into the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Indus River[/COLOR][COLOR=black].[/COLOR][/FONT] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]History[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]The lake was created in the [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]1930[/COLOR][COLOR=black]'s when the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Sukkur[/COLOR][COLOR=black] Barrage was constructed on the river Indus. The lake is fed by two canals , the Aral Wah Canal and the Danister Canal from the river Indus. Until recently the lake supported thousands of fisherfolk who depended on the freshwater fish they caught in the lake. However, the lake is now undergoing environmental degradation resulting in the water becoming saline killing off the fish and forcing the fisherfolk to look elsewhere for employment.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]The degradation has been occurring for a long time but only recently have the effects been felt. The diversion of water from the Indus and a diminished storm runoff from the Kirthar mountains have contributed to the reduction in fresh water supplies. At the same time, saline drainage water from agricultural fields in surrounding areas has started to flow into Lake Manchar.[/FONT][/COLOR] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]The lake was a stop-off on the Indus flyway for Siberian migratory birds, but recently the numbers have fallen from 25,000 birds counted in 1988 to just 2800 bird counted in 2002, because the lake no longer provides the birds' main food, the lake fish. In the place of the birds, the lake now hosts a saline water reed.[/FONT][/COLOR] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]The lake also provided large volumes of water for irrigation but this has also been reduced and has resulted in a great reduction in the area irrigated by the lake.[/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Population[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Nowadays, Lake Manchar is populated by the houseboat people of [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Mohana[/COLOR][COLOR=black].[/COLOR][/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Namal[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] [B][U]Lake[/U][/B] [/FONT][/COLOR] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Namal Lake[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] is located in one corner of the Namal valley in [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Mianwali[/COLOR][COLOR=black], [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Punjab[/COLOR][COLOR=black], [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. This lake was created when Namal Dam was constructed in 1913. Namal Dam is situated some 32 km from Mianwali city. Namal Lake spread over 5.5 sq km, in Namal valley. There are mountains on its western and southern sides. On the other two sides are agricultural areas.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Namal Lake is an ideal abode for the migratory birds in winter season when thousands of water fowls, including Russian ducks and Siberian cranes, land in the lake water.[/FONT][/COLOR] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Rama Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Rama Lake[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] is a lake near [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Astore[/COLOR][COLOR=black] in [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Northern Areas[/COLOR][COLOR=black], [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. It is on the top of the beautiful [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Astore[/COLOR][COLOR=black] Valley, covered with [/COLOR][COLOR=black]oak[/COLOR][COLOR=black]trees[/COLOR][COLOR=black] and [/COLOR][COLOR=black]greenery[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. [/COLOR][/FONT] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Location[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]On the way to Rama Lake, from [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Astore[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Valley[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], there are three small [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]lakes[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] called [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Sarot[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] in the local [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Shina[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]language[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana].[/FONT][/COLOR] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Before [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]2005[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Astore[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] was a [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Tehsil[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] of [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]District Diamir[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], the 5th District of [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Northern Areas[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]. Now [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Astore[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] has been upgraded to a District.[/FONT][/COLOR] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]There are more than 50 small beautiful villages in [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Astore[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]. Some of which are [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Chilm[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Bubin[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Gorikot[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Eid Ghah[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Fina[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Bulen[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Chongra[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] and [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Pari Shing[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]. [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Chilm[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] is the most beautiful village among all the villages of [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Astore[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], because it is the starting point of [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Deosai[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], the world's second highest plane.[/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]People[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]The people of [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Chilm[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] are called [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Mirmats[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] or [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Mirs[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], who are the descendants of Mirmat, Gyalday and then [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Akhon[/COLOR][/FONT][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Muhammad.[/FONT][/COLOR] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Saiful Muluk [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Lake Saiful Muluk is a lake located at the northern end of the [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Kaghan Valley[/COLOR][COLOR=black] (34°52'37.34" N, 73°41'37.71" E) near [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Naran[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. It is in the north east of [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Mansehra[/COLOR][COLOR=black] district of [/COLOR][COLOR=black]North West Frontier Province[/COLOR][COLOR=black], [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. At an altitude of 3,224 m (10,578 feet) above sea level it is amongst one of the highest lakes in Pakistan.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]The lake is accessible by a 14km jeep road from Naran (which is accessible by a metalled road from [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Mansehra[/COLOR][COLOR=black] via [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Balakot[/COLOR][COLOR=black] and [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Kaghan[/COLOR][COLOR=black]) during the summer months. On foot, the trek from Naran to the lake takes about 4-6 hours. The water is spectacularly clear with a slight green tone. The clarity of the water comes from the multiple glaciers all around the high basin feeding the lake which provides a spectacular scenery. [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Malka Parbat[/COLOR][COLOR=black] that is shining in the lake is the biggest source.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]A fairy tale called [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][I][COLOR=black]Saiful Muluk[/COLOR][/I][COLOR=black], written by the famous [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Panjabi[/COLOR][COLOR=black]sufi[/COLOR][COLOR=black] poet [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Mian Muhammad Bakhsh[/COLOR][COLOR=black],is associated with the lake .[/COLOR][/FONT] [CENTER] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Satpara Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Satpara Lake[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] is an important lake in [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Skardu[/COLOR][COLOR=black] Valley which supplies water for the town of [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Skardu[/COLOR][COLOR=black], which is located at 2286 meters (7500 ft). It is one of the most picturesque lakes in [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black].[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]In [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]2002[/COLOR][COLOR=black], the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Government of Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black] decided to build a dam on the Satpara Lake. The Government allocated Rs. 600 million ($10 million) for Satpara Dam project in [/COLOR][COLOR=black]2004[/COLOR][COLOR=black]'s financial year. The progress on the project, however, has been slow. [/COLOR][/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Shangrila Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Shangrila Lake[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] or Lower Kachura Lake is a part of the Shangrila resort located at a drive of about 20 minutes from [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Skardu[/COLOR][COLOR=black] (nearly 2500 m or 8,200 feet) town.[/COLOR][/FONT] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]It is a popular tourist destination, and has a unique restaurant that is built on the [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]fuselage[/COLOR][COLOR=black] of an [/COLOR][COLOR=black]aircraft[/COLOR][COLOR=black] that had crashed nearby.[/COLOR][/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Snow Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Snow Lake, or Lukpe Lawo[/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana], is a high-altitude glacial basin in the [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Karakoram mountain range[/COLOR][COLOR=black] in the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Northern Areas[/COLOR][COLOR=black] of [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][COLOR=black].[/COLOR][/FONT] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Characteristics[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Snow Lake is located 16,000 feet above sea level, and is approximately 10 miles wide. The basin lies at the head of the [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Biafo[/COLOR][COLOR=black] and [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Hispar[/COLOR][COLOR=black] glaciers, which spread down from the Hispar Pass in opposite directions, forming a 75-mile river of ice that is among the world's longest continuous glacier systems outside of the polar regions.[/COLOR][/FONT] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Famous visitors[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Martin Conway[/COLOR][COLOR=black], the first foreign visitor, gave Snow Lake the name in 1892. Conway described Snow Lake as "beyond all comparison the finest view of mountains it has ever been my lot to behold, nor do I believe the world can hold a finer." Snow Lake is very difficult to reach, however, and only about 200 people manage to reach it per year. In 1899, the husband-wife team of [/COLOR][COLOR=black]William Hunter Workman[/COLOR][COLOR=black] and [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Fanny Bullock Workman[/COLOR][COLOR=black] came and speculated that Snow Lake might be an ice-cap like those in the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]polar regions[/COLOR][COLOR=black], from which glacier flowed out in all directions, and estimated its total size at 300 square miles.[/COLOR][/FONT] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Getting there[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]The journey to Snow Lake typically begins in [/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Skardu[/COLOR][COLOR=black], which can be reached by plane or jeep from [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. From Skardu, a jeep may escort travellers through the Braldu Gorge to the village of [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Askole[/COLOR][COLOR=black]. The trek from Askole initially proceeds towards [/COLOR][COLOR=black]K2[/COLOR][COLOR=black], then turns northwest up the Biafo Glacier to Snow Lake. The descent differs from the ascent, going through the [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Hunza Valley[/COLOR][COLOR=black] and ending in [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Gilgit[/COLOR][COLOR=black], from where a return to [/COLOR][COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR][COLOR=black] can be arranged by plane or jeep.[/COLOR][/FONT] [CENTER][U][FONT=Lucida Sans Unicode][SIZE=3][B]OTHER LAKES[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/U] [/CENTER] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Attar Lake [/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Ishkoman and Yasin Valleys Northern Areas .[/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Chachor Lake:[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Chachor Pass, Northern Areas [/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Dudibach Lake:[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Kaghan Valley, North-West Frontier Province[/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Karambar Lake:[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Ghizer, Northern Areas [/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Kutwal Lake:[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Haramosh Valley, Northern Areas [/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Naltar[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] [B][U]Lake:[/U][/B] Naltar Valley, Northern Areas [/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Rawal Lake:[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory [/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Rush Phari Lake:[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Barpu and Hispar Valleys, Northern Areas [/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Saral Lake:[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Kaghan Valley, North-West Frontier Province [/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Siranda Lake:[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Las Bela, Balochistan [/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Marav Lake:[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Dera Bugti, Balochistan[/FONT][/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Mahodand Lake:[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Swat Valley, North-West Frontier Province [/FONT][/COLOR] [B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Subri Lake:[/FONT][/COLOR][/B][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana] Jhelum River, Muzaffarabad[/FONT][/COLOR] |
Magazines in Pakistan
[B][U][COLOR=windowtext]ENGLSIH[/COLOR][/U][/B]
[LIST][*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Cricket He[/COLOR][COLOR=windowtext]rald[/COLOR][/B] (Monthly [COLOR=windowtext]Cricket[/COLOR] Magazin), [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR].[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Weekly Cutting Edge[/COLOR] [/B](Weekly Magazine).[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Fashion Mag[/COLOR] [/B][COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR].[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Good Food[/COLOR] [/B](Monthly [COLOR=windowtext]Diet[/COLOR] Magazine), [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR].[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Herald[/COLOR] [/B](Newsmagazine), [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR].[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Internet[/COLOR] [/B](Monthly [COLOR=windowtext]Internet[/COLOR] Magazine), [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR].[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Mag[/COLOR] [/B](Weekly [COLOR=windowtext]News[/COLOR] Magazine), [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR].[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Moorad Shipping News[/COLOR][/B] (Weekly [COLOR=windowtext]News[/COLOR] Magazine), [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR].[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Newsline[/COLOR][/B][*][B][COLOR=windowtext]She[/COLOR] [/B](Monthly Magazine|[COLOR=windowtext]Women[/COLOR]), [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR].[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Spider[/COLOR] [/B](Monthly Magazine|[COLOR=windowtext]Computer[/COLOR]), [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR].[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]The Cricketer[/COLOR] [/B](Monthly [COLOR=windowtext]Cricket[/COLOR] Magazine), [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR].[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Wajood[/COLOR][/B] (Weekly Magazine), [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR].[/LIST][B][U][COLOR=windowtext]SINDHI[/COLOR][/U][/B] [LIST][*][B]Affair Magazine[/B][/LIST][B][U][COLOR=windowtext]URDU[/COLOR][/U][/B] [LIST][*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Aadaab Arz[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Aanchal[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Adventure[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Aina-e-Qismat[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Akhbar-e-Cricket[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Akhbar-e-Jahan[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Akhbar-e-Khawateen[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Akhbar-e-Watan[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Ambar Bail Digest[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Anchal[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Asia[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Ataa e Rasool[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Aurat Digest[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Audio Video Satellite[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Bachoon Ki Dunya[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Batool[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Brides & You[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Chand[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Computing[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Cricketer[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Dalda ka Dastarkhan[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Dilkash[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Diva[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Dosheeza[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]EN Style[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]FAATEH International Urdu Magazine[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Family[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Fashion Collection[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B]Fashion Mag,[/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Fasla[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Friday Special[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Global Science[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Good Food[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Hikayat[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Hina[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Imran Digest[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Ibtada.com, Online Magazine[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Intikhab[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Jasosi Digest[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Javeda[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Jawab Arz[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Jehad e Kashmir[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Khauf Nakk[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Khawateen Digest[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Kiran[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Kitchen[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Koomal[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Libas[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Link Own[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Maah e Nau[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Me & My Wedding[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Motherhood[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Mystery Magazine[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Nida e Millat[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Naya Uffaq[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Nigar[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Pakeeza[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Phool[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Prime Fashion[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Qomi Digest[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Raabta[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Rohani Digest[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Rohani Duniya[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Sabrang[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Sachi Kahaniyan[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Sarguzsht[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Sathi[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Sayarah Digest[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Shabash[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Shama[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B]She,[/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Shoa[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Shuaa[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Shugoofa[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B]Star & Style[/B], [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Super Star Dust[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Suspense Digest[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Taleem-o-Tarbiat[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Tarjuman-ul-quran[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR][*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Urdu Digest[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Visage[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Women's Own[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Zaiqa[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[/LIST][B][COLOR=windowtext][U]URDU MAGAZINES FOR CHILDREN[/U] [/COLOR][/B] [LIST][*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Anokhi Kahaniyan[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Shabash[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Naunehal[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Saathi[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Taleem-o-Tarbiat[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Paighaam[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore-Rawalpindi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Phool[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Ankh Macholi[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR][*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Chanda[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Hyder Abad[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Nat Khat[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Hyder Abad[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Bhai Jan[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Hyder Adad[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Bachoon Ki Dunia[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Noor[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Masoom[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Rawalpindi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Zauq-o-Shauq[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Bzm-e-Quran[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=windowtext]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=windowtext]Rawalpindi[/COLOR], [COLOR=windowtext]Peshawar[/COLOR], [COLOR=windowtext]Muzaffarabad[/COLOR],[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Kausar[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=windowtext]Lahore[/COLOR],[/LIST] |
Electric Supply companies in Pakistan
[CENTER][B][U][COLOR=#000000]FAISAL[/COLOR]ABAD ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY[/U][/B]
[/CENTER] Faisalabad Electric Supply Company (FESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to [COLOR=#000000]Faisalabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=#000000]GUJRANWALA[/COLOR] ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Gujranwala Electric Power Company (GEPCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to [COLOR=#000000]Gujranwala[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][U][B][COLOR=#000000]HUB[/COLOR] POWER COMPANY LIMITED[/B][/U] [/CENTER] Hub Power Company Limited (HUBCO) is located at [COLOR=#000000]Hub[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Lasbela District[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The Hub Power Company is a large, private-sector power company and its 1,200 MW plant is located 60 km from Karachi in [COLOR=#000000]Hub[/COLOR]. The electricity at HUBCO is generated by four 323 megawatt oil-fired units that are supplied by a 78km long pipeline from [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan State Oil[/COLOR] (HUBCO, 1999b). In simple terms, the electricity is produced when oil is heated with steam. [CENTER][U][B]HYDERABAD ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY[/B][/U] [/CENTER] Hyderabad Electric Supply Company or HESCO is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to all the districts of [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], excluding [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. Hyderabad had an Area Electricity Board (AEB) as one of the eight AEBs constituted through amendments in WAPDA Act during 1981. Later on as the Government of Pakistan approved the revamping of the [COLOR=#000000]Water and Power Development Authority[/COLOR] (WAPDA) power sector in April 1998, the Hyderabad Electric Supply Company took over responsibilities of the Hyderabad Area Electricity Board. Hyderabad Electric Supply Company is owned and operated by WAPDA though. The company was incorporated on 23rd April 1998 and certificate for commencement of business was obtained on 1st July 1998 from NEPRA under section 146(2) of Companies Ordinance 1984. [CENTER][U][B][COLOR=#000000]ISLAMABAD[/COLOR] ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY[/B][/U] [/CENTER] Islamabad Electric Supply Company(IESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] Head Office in Islamabad and Head Office includes many Directorates Planning & Engineering Directorate is one of it. Mr. Muhammad Yousaf Awan is the Manager P&E and Mr. Sarbuland Khan is Deputy Manager (Planning) [CENTER][U][B]KARACHI ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY[/B][/U] [/CENTER] Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC) is a privately owned public [COLOR=#000000]utility[/COLOR] company. It was [COLOR=#000000]incorporated[/COLOR] on 13th September 1913. The Corporation was originally in private hands, but the [COLOR=#000000]Government[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] took control of the Corporation by acquiring majority share holdings in 1952. It is principally engaged in [COLOR=#000000]generation[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]transmission[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]distribution[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]electric[/COLOR] energy to [COLOR=#000000]industrial[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]commercial[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]agricultural[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]residential[/COLOR] consumers in [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. KESC is the sole supplier of electricity to [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] and its suburbs up to [COLOR=#000000]Dhabeji[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Gharo[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR] and over [COLOR=#000000]Hub[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Uthal[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Vindhar[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Bela[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Baluchistan[/COLOR]. Recently, KESC was sold to a Saudi Arabian company in December 2005 via an open bid organised by the [COLOR=#000000]Privatisation Commission of Pakistan[/COLOR]. Since then its operation management is under control of [COLOR=#000000]Siemens Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][U][B][COLOR=#000000]KOT[/COLOR] ADDU POWER COMPANY[/B][/U] [/CENTER] The Kot Addu Power Company Limited (KAPCO), was incorporated in [COLOR=#000000]1996[/COLOR], location in [COLOR=#000000]Kot Addu[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]District Muzaffargarh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Kot Addu Power Plant was built by the [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority[/COLOR] (WAPDA). In [COLOR=#000000]April[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1996[/COLOR], Kot Addu Power Company was incorporated as a public limited company. On [COLOR=#000000]April 18[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]2005[/COLOR] Kot Addu Power Company was formally listed on all three [COLOR=#000000]Stock Exchanges of Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][U][B][COLOR=#000000]LAHORE[/COLOR] ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY[/B][/U] [/CENTER] Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][U][B][COLOR=#000000]MULTAN[/COLOR] ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY[/B][/U] [/CENTER] Multan Electric Power Company (MEPCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to [COLOR=#000000]Multan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][U][B][COLOR=#000000]PESHAWAR[/COLOR] ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY[/B][/U] [/CENTER] Peshawar Electric Power Company' (PESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]NWFP[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][U][B][COLOR=#000000]QUETTA[/COLOR] ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY[/B][/U] [/CENTER] Quetta Electric Supply Company (QESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to [COLOR=#000000]Quetta[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][U][B][COLOR=#000000]TRIBAL[/COLOR] ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY[/B][/U] [/CENTER] Tribal Electric Supply Company (TESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to [COLOR=#000000]FATA[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][U][B][COLOR=#000000]WATER[/COLOR] AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY [/B][/U] [/CENTER] Water And Power Development Authority (WAPDA) is the acronym for the government owned firm known to produce electricity across Pakistan, to maintain energy creating plants and supply water to public. It services many grid stations through the country and looks over large dams such as Tarbela and Mangla. |
Mobile phone companies in Pakistan
[CENTER][B][U][COLOR=#000000]WARID[/COLOR] TELECOM[/U][/B]
[/CENTER] Warid Telecom International is an [COLOR=#000000]Abu Dhabi[/COLOR] based mobile telecommunication firm providing telephony services in [COLOR=#000000]Bangladesh[/COLOR] (launching soon), [COLOR=#000000]Congo[/COLOR](launching soon), [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] and in [COLOR=#000000]Uganda[/COLOR] (launching soon). Warid Telecom is backed by The Abu Dhabi Group, one of the largest groups in the Middle East. The group is led by HH Shaikh Nahyan Mabarak Al Nahayan who is also Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research [COLOR=#000000]United Arab Emirates[/COLOR]. In 2004, Warid Telecom International LLC, purchased a lisence for operating a nationwide mobile telephony network, ([COLOR=#000000]WLL[/COLOR]) and long distance international (LDI) for $291 million US dollars and was the first venture of Warid Telecom International LLC. Warid Pakistan launched its services in May [COLOR=#000000]2005[/COLOR]. Within 80 days of launch Warid Pakistan attracted more then 1 million users. Currently the network has around 7.6 million subscribers. [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=#000000]MOBILINK[/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] Pakistan Mobile Communications Limited, better known as Mobilink GSM, is a telecommunication service provider in Pakistan. According to Mobilink's official statistics, Mobilink had over 22 million customers at the end of December 2006. Mobilink's Head office is located in [COLOR=#000000]Kulsum Plaza[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Blue Area[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad [/COLOR] Mobilink started operations in [COLOR=#000000]1994[/COLOR] as the first [COLOR=#000000]GSM[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]cellular[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Mobile[/COLOR] service in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] by [COLOR=#000000]MOTOROLA[/COLOR] Inc., later it was sold to [COLOR=#000000]ORASCOM[/COLOR], an [COLOR=#000000]Egypt[/COLOR]-based multi-national company. Mobilink's corporate postpaid package is sold under the [COLOR=#000000]brand name[/COLOR] "Indigo" and prepaid by the name of "Jazz". [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=#000000]UFONE[/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] Ufone GSM is a Pakistani [COLOR=#000000]GSM[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]cellular[/COLOR] service provider, Its one of five GSM Mobile companies in Pakistan, and is a subsidiary of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Telecommunication Company[/COLOR]. The company commenced its operations, under the brand name of Ufone, from Islamabad on January 29, 2001. Ufone expanded its coverage and has added new cities and highways to its coverage network. After the privatization of PTCL, Ufone is now owned by [COLOR=#000000]Etisalat[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=#000000]TELENOR[/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] Telenor ([COLOR=#000000]OSE[/COLOR]: [COLOR=#000000]TEL[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]NASDAQ[/COLOR]: [COLOR=#000000]TELN[/COLOR]) is the incumbent [COLOR=#000000]telecommunications[/COLOR] company in [COLOR=#000000]Norway[/COLOR], with headquarters located at [COLOR=#000000]Fornebu[/COLOR], close to [COLOR=#000000]Oslo[/COLOR]. Today, Telenor is mostly an international [COLOR=#000000]wireless[/COLOR] carrier with operations in [COLOR=#000000]Scandinavia[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Eastern Europe[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Asia[/COLOR]. In addition, it has extensive broadband and TV distribution operations in four [COLOR=#000000]Nordic Countries[/COLOR]. [COLOR=#000000]Telenor Pakistan[/COLOR] is a wholly owned subsidiary that started operations on the 15th of March [COLOR=#000000]2005[/COLOR] and holds one of six mobile licences in Pakistan. Its also the fastest growing cellular network of Pakistan. Currently telenor holds the second largest GSM and the largest GPRS and EDGE coverage in Pakistan. It has also achieved the second largest retailer network in Pakistan with in the 2 years of its operations. [CENTER][B][U][COLOR=#000000]PAKTEL[/COLOR][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [B]Paktel[/B] is a mobile telecommunication company in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It was the first ever company granted license to carry out [COLOR=#000000]cellular phone[/COLOR] services in Pakistan. It carried out [COLOR=#000000]AMPS[/COLOR] services until [COLOR=#000000]2004[/COLOR],when the company launched GSM services as well. Its main competitor emerged in late [COLOR=#000000]1990s[/COLOR] as [COLOR=#000000]Instaphone[/COLOR] and soon began to dominate the market. However after the launch and rapid success of [COLOR=#000000]Mobilink[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]1998[/COLOR], both services lost market share. In [COLOR=#000000]2003[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Millicom[/COLOR] Corporation, owners of [COLOR=#000000]Instaphone[/COLOR], bought Paktel as well. |
Pakistani Architects
[B][COLOR=#000000]HABIB[/COLOR] FIDA ALI[/B]
[COLOR=#000000]British Deputy High Commission[/COLOR] (Karachi), [COLOR=#000000]Lahore University of Management Sciences[/COLOR] (Lahore), [COLOR=#000000]Commercial Union Assurance Building[/COLOR] (Karachi) [B][COLOR=#000000]AHMED MUKHTAR[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=#000000]SHAAHDIN MANZIL RENOVATION[/COLOR] (LAHORE) [B]ARSHAD SHAHID ABDULLAH [COLOR=#000000](Pvt) Ltd.[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=#000000]MCB Tower[/COLOR] (Karachi), [COLOR=#000000]CDC House[/COLOR] (Karachi), [COLOR=#000000]Unilever Office[/COLOR](Karachi) [B][COLOR=#000000]KAUSAR[/COLOR] BASHIR AHMED[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Bureau of Statistics[/COLOR] (Karachi) [B]ABDUL ADIR MIRZA BAIG[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Caltex Terminal Mosque[/COLOR] (Karachi) [B][COLOR=#000000]AMJAD[/COLOR] MUKHTAR CHOHAN[/B] [COLOR=#000000]The Punjab School[/COLOR] (Lahore), [COLOR=#000000]Bab-e-Pakistan[/COLOR] (Lahore) [B][COLOR=#000000]ANJAD[/COLOR] ALI[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Leaders Inn Hotel[/COLOR] (Lahore), [COLOR=#000000]Cadet College Sialkot[/COLOR] (Sialkot) [B][COLOR=#000000]NAYYA[/COLOR]R ALI DADA[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Al-Hamra Theatre Complex[/COLOR] (Lahore), [COLOR=#000000]Gaddafi Stadium[/COLOR] (Lahore), [COLOR=#000000]Habib Bank[/COLOR] (Lahore), [COLOR=#000000]Saudi-Pak Tower[/COLOR] (Islamabad) [B][COLOR=#000000]M.A.FAOOQI[/COLOR] AND COMPANY[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Bait-ul Mukarram Mosque[/COLOR] (Karachi) [B][COLOR=#000000]ARIF[/COLOR] HASAN[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Hasan Square[/COLOR] (Karachi), Sports Complex and Stadium (Cairo) [B][COLOR=#000000]MUKHTA[/COLOR]R HUSSAIN[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Karachi International Airport[/COLOR] - Jinnah Terminal (Karachi) [B]KASHIRF A. RASHEED[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea Country Club[/COLOR] (Karachi) [B][COLOR=#000000]MUHAMMAD[/COLOR] WALI ULLAH KHAN[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Minar-e-Pakistan[/COLOR] (Lahore) [B][COLOR=#000000]YASMEEN[/COLOR] LARI[/B] Naval Officer's Housing (Karachi) [B][COLOR=#000000]KAMIL[/COLOR] KHAN MUMATAZ[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Lawrence College Library[/COLOR] (Murree) [B][COLOR=#000000]NAVEED[/COLOR] AZHAR SHEIKH[/B] Shaheen Complex (Karachi) [B][COLOR=#000000]ANJUM[/COLOR] PERVAIZ QURESHI[/B] Nacon House (Karachi) [B][COLOR=#000000]ANWAR[/COLOR] SAEED[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Ahle Hadith Mosque[/COLOR] (Islamabad), [COLOR=#000000]Grindlays Bank[/COLOR] (Islamabad) [B][COLOR=#000000]THAIANI[/COLOR] AND COMPANY[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Habib Bank[/COLOR] (Quetta) [B][COLOR=#000000]AMJAD[/COLOR] ALI[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Leaders Inn Hotel[/COLOR] (Lahore), [COLOR=#000000]Cadet College Sialkot[/COLOR] (Sialkot) [B][COLOR=#000000]YAWAR[/COLOR] ABBAS JILANI[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Pearl Continental Hotel Bhurban (Murree)[/COLOR] |
National highways and motorways
National highways and motorways link all major cities in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] and are undergoing rapid expansion to cater to the fast growing surface transportation needs of this rapidly emerging economy.
[CENTER][U][B]National Highway Authority[/B][/U] [/CENTER] National Highway Authority is responsible for building and maintaining highways and motorways in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The [COLOR=#000000]National Highway Authority[/COLOR] (NHA) was established in 1991, through an Act of the Pakistani Parliament. The NHA plans, develops, operates, repairs and maintains national highways and strategic roads specially entrusted to it by the Federal Government, by a Provincial Government or by another authority. The total length of federalized roads under NHA now stands at 5487.5 miles (8780km): this accounts for 3% of the Pakistani road network and 75% of the commercial road traffic in Pakistan. [B][COLOR=#000000]N5[/COLOR] - [/B][COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Thatta[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Hyderabad[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Moro[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Multan[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Sahiwal[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Jhelum[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Rawalpindi[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Torkham[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]Grand Trunk Road[/COLOR]) [B]1819 KM[/B] [B]N10 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Lyari[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Gwadar[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Gabd[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]Makran Coastal Highway[/COLOR]) [B]653 KM [/B] [B]N15 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Mansehra[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Naran[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Jhalkhand[/COLOR] [B]240 KM [/B] [B]N25 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Bela[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Khuzdar[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Kalat[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Quetta[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Chaman[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]RCD Highway[/COLOR]) [B]813 KM[/B] [B]N35 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Hasan Abdal[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Abbottabad[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Thakot[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Khunjerab[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]Karakoram Highway[/COLOR], KKH) [B]806 KM [/B] [B]N40 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Lakpass[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Naukundi[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Taftan[/COLOR] [B]610 KM[/B] [B]N45 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Nowshera[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Dir[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Chitral[/COLOR] [B]309 KM [/B] [B]N50 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Kuchlack[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Zhob[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Dera Ismail Khan[/COLOR] [B]531 KM [/B] [B]N55 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Kotri[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Shikarpur[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Dera Ghazi Khan[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Kohat[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]Indus Highway[/COLOR]) [B]1264 KM [/B] [B]N65 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Sukkur[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Sibi[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Saryab[/COLOR] [B]385 KM [/B] [B]N70 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Qila Saifullah[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Loralai[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Dera Ghazi Khan[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Multan[/COLOR] [B]447 KM [/B] [B]N75 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Satra Mile[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Lower Topa[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]Murree[/COLOR])-[COLOR=#000000]Kohala[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]Murree Expressway[/COLOR]) [B]90 KM [/B] [B]N80 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Tarnol[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Kohat[/COLOR] [B]144 KM[/B] [B]S1 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Skardu[/COLOR] [B]167 KM[/B] [B]S2 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Kohala[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Muzaffarabad[/COLOR] [B]40 KM[/B] [CENTER][B][U]MOTORWAYS IN PAKISTAN[/U][/B] [/CENTER] There are ten motorways in Pakistan, out of which only the M2 and M3 have been completed. The M1 and part of the M8 and M10 are under construction and are scheduled to be completed in 2007. [B]M1 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR] [B]M2[/B] [B]- [/B][COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] to Islamabad [B]M3 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Pindi Bhattian[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]Faisalabad[/COLOR] [B]M4 -[/B] Faisalabad to [COLOR=#000000]Multan[/COLOR] [B]M5 -[/B] Multan to [COLOR=#000000]Dera Ghazi Khan[/COLOR] [B]M6 -[/B] Dera Ghazi Khan to [COLOR=#000000]Ratodero[/COLOR] [B]M7 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Kakkar[/COLOR] via [COLOR=#000000]Dureji[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] [B]M8 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar[/COLOR] to Ratodero [B]M9 -[/B] Karachi to [COLOR=#000000]Hyderabad[/COLOR] [B]M10 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Karachi Northern Bypass[/COLOR] [B]M2 -[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]Sialkot [/COLOR] [CENTER][U][B]Karakoram Highway[/B][/U] [/CENTER] The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is the highest paved international road in the world. It connects [COLOR=#000000]China[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] across the [COLOR=#000000]Karakoram[/COLOR] mountain range, through the [COLOR=#000000]Khunjerab Pass[/COLOR], at an altitude of 4,693 metres (15,397 feet), by far the highest paved international border crossing in the world. It connects China's [COLOR=#000000]Xinjiang[/COLOR] region with Pakistan's [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR] and also serves as a popular [COLOR=#000000]tourist attraction[/COLOR]. [CENTER][U][B]Makran Coastal Highway[/B][/U] [/CENTER] The Makran Coastal Highway is located primarily in [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It follows the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR] coast from [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar[/COLOR]. |
Central Superior Services Of Pakistan
Central Superior Services of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] (commonly known as CSS) is the name given to a group of highly prestigious and powerful Pakistani Federal Government Departments. Recruitment to the officer’s cadre (Basic Pay Scale 17) of these services is extremely competitive and it usually takes a year to complete the written examination and the subsequent psychological tests as well as interviews. Federal Public Service Commission of Pakistan or FPSC ([COLOR=#000000]http://www.fpsc.gov.pk/[/COLOR]) is entrusted with this task and it is a general perception that it conducts the task of Competitive Examinations with full honesty. The minimum age and educational qualification for appearance in this examination is 21 years and a Bachelors (14 years of education) respectively while the maximum age limit is 28 years.
According to the estimates of FPSC a total of 8,000 – 10,000 candidates apply for an appearance in its annual Competitive Examination. On an average 5,000 – 6,000 actually appear and approximately 250-500 candidates qualify the written portion of CSS Examination. Out of these successful candidates a total of 100-150 (roughly 2% of the actual applicants) make it to this sacred corps of bureaucrats. Currently CSS includes the following Occupational Groups.[LIST][*]Pakistan Audit and Accounts Service[*]Police Service of Pakistan (PSP)[*]District Management Group (DMG)[*]Income Tax Group (ITG)[*]Customs and Excise Group (CEG)[*]Foreign Service of Pakistan (FSP)[*]Postal Group (PG)[*]Commerce & Trade Group (CTG)[*]Railways Group (RG)[*]Information Group (IG)[/LIST][CENTER][B][U] History of Civil Services in Pakistan[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Civil Bureaucracy is a colonial legacy in this part of the world. British used to rule the native population through [COLOR=#000000]Indian Civil Service[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]ICS[/COLOR]) and most of the officers in ICS were British themselves. It was in the early 20th Century that the Indians also started competing against the British and many Indians eventually made it to the ICS. With the partition of [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]1947[/COLOR], the term 'Central Superior Services' was used in Pakistan and the concept of All-Pakistan Services continued. The latter consisted of the Civil Service of Pakistan and the Police Service of Pakistan, whereas the Central Services included the Pakistan Foreign Service and a broad category of Finance and other services. The Finance category included the Pakistan Audit and Accounts Service, Pakistan Railway Accounts Service, Pakistan Military Accounts Service, Pakistan Taxation Service, and the Pakistan Customs and Excise Service. The Central Services other than these included the Pakistan Postal Service, Pakistan Military Land and Cantonment Service, Central Secretariat Service, and Central Information Service. Each of these services had its own cadre and composition rules, specifying the total cadre strength in terms of its number of positions. With the Civil Services Reforms of [COLOR=#000000]1973[/COLOR] a new system of Common Training Program or CTP was introduced and all of these occupational groups (12 at that time) were required to go through a mandatory combined training at Civil Services Academy (CSA), Lahore. The batch of officers who attended CSA in 1973 is recognized as “1st Common”. Up till 5th Common the allocation of occupational groups was done after the culmination of Common Training Program but from 6th Common onwards this task has also been assumed by FPSC. Even till this day it is an official procedure that once the Probationary Officers successfully complete their CTP then they undergo some further Specialized Training Program (STP) in their own professional academies. [CENTER][B][U]Armed Forces and Civil Services of Pakistan[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Commissioned officers of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Army[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Air Force[/COLOR], and [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Navy[/COLOR] have their own quota of 10% in District Management Group (DMG), Foreign Service of Pakistan (FSP), and Police Service of Pakistan (PSP). Usually officers of [COLOR=#000000]Captain[/COLOR] Rank are short listed by General Head Quarters (GHQ) and selected against this quota after the permission directly by [COLOR=#000000]Chief of Army Staff[/COLOR] before interview process. |
Air Bases of Pakistan Air Force
[LIST][*]PAF Bhagtanwala sat[*]PAF Chaklala Rawalpindi MOB No.35 (Composite Air Transport) Wing[/LIST]No. 6 Sqn C-130 14 No.12 Sqn B707, Falcon, F-27 6 No.41 Sqn Cessna, Aero, Beach 3 No.455 Sqn Crotale SAM No.??? Sqn HQ-2B SAM[LIST][*]PAF Chander sat[*]PAF Chuk Jhumra sat[*]PAF Faisal Karachi MOB Southern Air Commander HQ[*]PAF Gwadar sat[*]PAF Kamra [Minhas] Kamra MOB Northern No.33 (Fighter/Multi-Role) Wing[/LIST]No. 14 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 15 Sqn F-6, FT-6 ~24[LIST][*]PAF Kohat sat[*]PAF Lahore Lahore FOB[*]PAF Masroor Karachi MOB Southern No 32 (Fighter Ground Attack) Wing[/LIST]No. 2 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 7 Sqn Mirage 5PA, III 24+45 No. 8 Sqn Mirage 5PA, III 24+45 No. 22 Sqn Mirage 5PA, IIIDP 14 + 2 No. 84 Sqn Alouette III 2 No. 453 Sqn Crotale SAM No.??? Sqn HQ-2B SAM[LIST][*]PAF Mianwali Mianwali MOB No. 37 (Combat Training) Wing[/LIST]No. 1 Sqn FT-5 25 No. 19 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 25 Sqn F-7 & FT-7 ~24 No. 86 Sqn Alouette III 2[LIST][*]PAF Mirpur Khas FOB[*]PAF Multan Multan FOB[*]PAF Murid FOB[*]PAF Nawabshah FOB[*]PAF Ormara sat[*]PAF Pasni FOB[*]PAF Peshawar Peshawar MOB Northern Air Command HQ[/LIST]No. 36 (Tactical Attack) Wing No. 16 Sqn A-5 25 No. 26 Sqn A-5 24 No. 81 Sqn Alouette III 2[LIST][*]PAF Rafiqui Shorkot MOB Central No. 34 (Fighter) Wing[/LIST]No. 5 Sqn Mirage IIIEP/RP 30 No. 18 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 20 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 83 Sqn Alouette III 2[LIST][*]PAF Rahim Yar Khan sat[*]PAF Rajanpur sat[*]PAF Risalewala Faisalabad FOB[*]PAF Risalpur Risalpur MOB[*]PAF Samungli Quetta 30°14'N 66°55'E MOB Southern No. 31 (Fighter) Wing[/LIST]No. 17 Sqn F-6, F-7P, FT-6 ~24 No. 23 Sqn F-6 ~24 No. 85 Sqn Alouette III 2[LIST][*]PAF Sargodha Sargodha 32°03'N 72°39'E MOB Central Air Command, HQ[/LIST]No. 38 (Multi-Role) Wing No. 9 Sqn F-16A 16 No. 11 Sqn F-16 A/B 16 No. 24 Sqn Falcon 20 F/G 2 No. 82 Sqn Alouette III 2 Combat School F-7 ~24 Combat School Mirage 5PA[LIST][*]PAF Shahbaz Jacobabad FOB[*]PAF Sindhri sat[*]PAF Sukkur FOB[*]PAF Talhar FOB[*][FONT=Calibri]PAF Vihari FOB[/FONT][/LIST]
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Schools of pharmacy in Pakistan
[LIST][*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Bahauddin Zakariya University[/COLOR][/B] - Faculty of Pharmacy[FONT="][/FONT][*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Gomal University[/COLOR] [/B]- Faculty of Pharmacy[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Hamdard University[/COLOR][/B] - Faculty of Pharmacy[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]Karachi University[/COLOR][/B] - Faculty of Pharmacy[*][B][COLOR=windowtext]University of the Punjab[/COLOR][/B] - Faculty of Pharmacy[/LIST]
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Airlines of Pakistan
[I][FONT=Verdana]The [COLOR=windowtext]Pakistani[/COLOR] aviation market[/FONT][/I][FONT=Verdana] has seen many airlines come and go. However, due largely to the economic sanctions placed on Pakistan during the 1990s the industry growth eventually leveled off due to the increase in oil prices.[/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana]The Pakistan aviation industry was started up when Orient Airways merged with Pakistan International Airlines Corporation (PIAC) to become the national flag carrier of Pakistan called [COLOR=black]Pakistan International Airlines[/COLOR] or PIA for short. PIA remained the only operator for many years after its creation, but soon private airlines arrived at the scene to compete with the national flag carrier. [FONT=Lucida Sans Unicode][SIZE=4] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Lucida Sans Unicode][SIZE=4][B][U]CURRENT AIRLINES[/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER] [/CENTER][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]AERO[/COLOR][/U][/B][B][U] ASIA INTERNATIONAL[/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Aero Asia International is a [COLOR=black]private[/COLOR] Pakistani [COLOR=black]airline[/COLOR] based at [COLOR=black]Jinnah International Airport[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR] in the province of [COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR]. The airline was owned and operated by the [COLOR=black]Tabani Group[/COLOR], however, following the temporary suspension of its flights in the summer of 2006 the ownership of the airline was bought by the UK based Regal Group. It is the first [COLOR=black]low cost airline[/COLOR] to start services in [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR] and operates to destinations in Pakistan and the Gulf states. Its main bases are the [COLOR=black]Jinnah International Airport[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Dubai International Airport[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Dubai[/COLOR]. [B][U]International Flights[/U][/B] [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Aero Asia has already covered the [COLOR=black]Middle East[/COLOR] and has been granted permission to fly to the [COLOR=black]United Kingdom[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]United States[/COLOR] from the end of the year [COLOR=black]2005[/COLOR] by the [COLOR=black]CAA[/COLOR] of [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. However, because of the airline's restructuring process, it is expected that the international flights will commence by [COLOR=black]2007[/COLOR]. It will fly to [COLOR=black]Manchester[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Nottingham[/COLOR] in the initial phase whilst gradually including [COLOR=black]New York[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Singapore[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Copenhagen[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Oslo[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Bahrain[/COLOR] to its international destinations. [B][U]Specific Flights[/U][/B][/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Abu Dhabi[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] to [COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR], and [COLOR=black]Peshawar[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Doha[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] to [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Peshawar[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Dubai[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] to [COLOR=black]Faisalabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Multan[/COLOR], and [COLOR=black]Peshawar[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Faisalabad[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] to [COLOR=black]Dubai[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Multan[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] to [COLOR=black]Abu Dhabi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Dubai[/COLOR], and [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] to [COLOR=black]Abu Dhabi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Dubai[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Faisalabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Multan[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Muscat[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Sukkur[/COLOR], and [COLOR=black]Peshawar[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] to [COLOR=black]Abu Dhabi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Doha[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Dubai[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], and [COLOR=black]Muscat[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Multan[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] to [COLOR=black]Dubai[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Faisalabad[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Muscat[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] to [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=black]Peshawar[/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Verdana] to [COLOR=black]Abu Dhabi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Doha[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Dubai[/COLOR], and [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR][/FONT][/LIST][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U]AIRBLUE[/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Airblue is a [COLOR=black]private[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]Pakistani[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]airline[/COLOR] based at [COLOR=black]Jinnah International Airport[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR]. It was the first private carrier of Pakistan to operate the [COLOR=black]Airbus A320[/COLOR] when it initially started. Airblue has been expanding rapidly despite experiencing competition from the other three airline operators in Pakistan. The airline mainly flies on domestic routes plus internationally to [COLOR=black]Dubai International Airport[/COLOR] and also has plans to fly to the UK and USA.[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]PAKISTAN[/COLOR][/U][/B][B][U] INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES[/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Pakistan International Airlines (also referred to as PIA), is the national [COLOR=black]flag carrier[/COLOR] of [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=black]national airline[/COLOR] operating passenger and cargo services around the world. Its main hubs are [COLOR=black]Jinnah International Airport[/COLOR], Karachi, the [COLOR=black]Allama Iqbal International Airport[/COLOR], Lahore and the [COLOR=black]Islamabad International Airport[/COLOR], Islamabad/Rawalpindi. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]It also serves regional airports, including [COLOR=black]Peshawar International Airport[/COLOR], Peshawar, [COLOR=black]Faisalabad International Airport[/COLOR], Faisalabad and [COLOR=black]Multan International Airport[/COLOR], Multan that connect to the main hubs and have flights to the [COLOR=black]Middle East[/COLOR].[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]SHAHEEN[/COLOR][/U][/B][B][U] AIR INTERNATIONAL[/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Shaheen Air International [COLOR=black]second[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]national airline[/COLOR] after [COLOR=black]PIA[/COLOR]; [I]Shaheen Air International[/I] (SAI) is a [COLOR=black]Pakistani[/COLOR] private [COLOR=black]airline[/COLOR] based in [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR]. It mainly operates scheduled services between the main cities of Pakistan and to the Gulf. Its main base is [COLOR=black]Jinnah International Airport[/COLOR] (KHI), Karachi, with a hub at [COLOR=black]Islamabad International Airport[/COLOR] (ISB), [COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR]. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Lucida Sans Unicode][SIZE=4][B][U]CARGO AIRLINES[/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER] [/CENTER][LIST][*][U][FONT=Verdana][B]DHL CARGO PAKISTAN[/B][/FONT][/U][/LIST][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]PAKISTAN[/COLOR][/U][/B][B][U] INTERNATIONAL CARGO[/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]PIA [COLOR=black]Cargo[/COLOR] freighter operations ended in late 1990s when both [COLOR=black]707[/COLOR]-300C aircraft were grounded, but two [COLOR=black]A300[/COLOR] freighters leased from Turkey's [COLOR=black]MNG Airlines[/COLOR] fly for PIA Cargo to [COLOR=black]London Luton Airport[/COLOR].[/FONT][LIST][*][U][FONT=Verdana][B]ROYAL AIRLINES CARGO[/B][/FONT][/U][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Royal Airlines is a charter and cargo [COLOR=black]airline[/COLOR] based at [COLOR=black]Jinnah International Airport[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The airline was established on [COLOR=black]6 November[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]1998[/COLOR] and started operations in [COLOR=black]1999[/COLOR]. It was granted a license to operate scheduled passenger services in [COLOR=black]2003[/COLOR] and expected to launch these in [COLOR=black]2005[/COLOR]. It has 90 employees. Royal Airlines was the first international cargo airline in Pakistan. Royal Airlines is launching its domestic passenger service on a [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR] - [COLOR=black]Gwadar[/COLOR] route from [COLOR=black]May 17[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]2006[/COLOR]. The airline is starting the service by operating on socio-economic routes such as [COLOR=black]Gwadar[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pasni[/COLOR] and other small cities. Royal airline would operate 19-passenger Metro III aircraft for the cities. The airline has already acquired two aircraft and both of them are registered in Pakistan. Royal Airlines operates charter cargo flights daily to and from Karachi, [COLOR=black]Sukkur[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Multan[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR].[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]STAR[/COLOR][/U][/B][B][U] AIR[/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Star Air is a cargo [COLOR=black]airline[/COLOR] based in [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It operates to many cities in [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR] including [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Peshawar[/COLOR]. Star Air Aviation is a family owned Airline. It was founded by a family having aviation experience of more than 40 years.[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]TCS[/COLOR][/U][/B][B][U] COURIERS[/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]TCS is a [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR] based [COLOR=black]courier[/COLOR] service. The company was started in [COLOR=black]1983[/COLOR] and now it serves five [COLOR=black]continents[/COLOR] and has over 2,000 locations in [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The company also has an airline for cargo purposes only which it uses at many of the airports in Pakistan. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Lucida Sans Unicode][SIZE=4][B][U]CHARTER AIRLINES[/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER] [/CENTER][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]Askari Aviation[/COLOR][/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Askari Aviation is based in [COLOR=black]Rawalpindi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Askari Aviation was established in 1995, to maintain, operate and market aircraft / helicopter compatible to international standards. Askari Aviation also offers to co-ordinate and generates necessary financial resources or enters into joint venture satisfying specific requirements of its client. The flying and maintenance crew is based on highly qualified, experienced professionals from the Armed Forces of Pakistan. This offers highest quality of service and safety standards, ensuring commitment to professional excellence. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Askari Aviation is today engaged in providing quality aviation services of helicopter for adventure, safaris, rescue, crop dusting, cargo transportation and policing. In addition to its integral fleet of helicopters and aircraft ultra lights we also enjoy the backing of Pakistan Army Aviation, having over 30 years of operational experience in the area with routine landings at and above 20,000 ft. Askari Aviation have also started flying international charter both passengers and cargo, particularly to [COLOR=black]Afghanistan[/COLOR].[/FONT][LIST][*][U][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black]AST Pakistan Airways[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/U][/LIST][LIST][*][U][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black]Jahangir Siddiqui Charter[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/U][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Jahangir Siddiqui Charter (JS Charter) is charter operation of [COLOR=black]JS Air[/COLOR] is based [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR][/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black][U]JS[/U][U] Air (Private) Limited[/U][/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Jahangir Siddiqui Air (JS Air) is a recently-launched charter aircraft company by the [COLOR=black]Jahangir Siddiqui Group[/COLOR] that operates in diversified fields. JS Air is based [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pakistan [/COLOR]JS Air and [COLOR=black]Airblue[/COLOR]’s collaborated first flight would take off on June 17. Destination: [COLOR=black]Gwadar[/COLOR]. At a press briefing held jointly by JS Air and Airblue on Thursday, Air Commodore (retd) Munawar Alam Siddiqui, Chairman of JS Air, said the event would mark a milestone in the history of aviation in [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR], since it was the first-ever joint venture between any two airline operators in Pakistan. [COLOR=black]JS Air[/COLOR], a [COLOR=black]JS Group[/COLOR] company is providing executive charter services to the leading businesses. Built over four decades, [COLOR=black]JS Group[/COLOR] is one of [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]’s most diversified and progressive financial services groups. The group has grown from its roots in [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]’s financial services industry. [COLOR=black]JS Financial[/COLOR] operates market-leading companies in asset management, investment banking, securities brokerage, commercial banking, insurance and trade finance. Also includes five vertical businesses: The group has offices throughout the major cities in [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR] and manages its international operations from its London office. The group comprises businesses with over 10,000 employees and revenues of over US$700 million. At [COLOR=black]JS[/COLOR], we continually challenge ourselves to dynamically grow our businesses, both internally and through world-class partnerships, while setting ever higher standards of excellence and governance.[/FONT][LIST][*][U][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black]Royal Airlines[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/U][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Royal Airlines is a charter and cargo [COLOR=black]airline[/COLOR] based at [COLOR=black]Jinnah International Airport[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The airline was established on [COLOR=black]6 November[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]1998[/COLOR] and and started operations in [COLOR=black]1999[/COLOR]. It was granted a licence to operate scheduled passenger services in [COLOR=black]2003[/COLOR] and expected to launch these in [COLOR=black]2005[/COLOR]. It has 90 employees. Royal Airlines was the first international cargo airline in Pakistan. Royal Airlines is launching its domestic passenger service on a [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR] - [COLOR=black]Gwadar[/COLOR] route from [COLOR=black]May 17[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]2006[/COLOR]. The airline is starting the service by operating on socio-economic routes such as [COLOR=black]Gwadar[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pasni[/COLOR] and other small cities. Royal airline would operate 19-passenger Metro III aircraft for the cities. The airline has already acquired two aircraft and both of them are registered in Pakistan. Royal Airlines operates charter cargo flights daily to and from Karachi, [COLOR=black]Sukkur[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Multan[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR]. [/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]Schon Air[/COLOR][/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Schön Air is located at [COLOR=black]Jinnah International Airport[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. All of Schön Air's offices and training facilities located at the airport and it is one of the largest flight training centers & charter companies in Pakistan. Schön Air has its own hangar where facilities like engine and propeller overhaul shops, paint shop and metal repair shop are available. Schön Air Limited was established in [COLOR=black]1986[/COLOR] with a strong backing of Schon Group businessmens' [COLOR=black]Nasir Schon[/COLOR] & [COLOR=black]H.E. Tahir Schon[/COLOR], along with their father Chairman Capt. S. H. Ather, who himself was an airline pilot of very high standards with an experience of over 20,000 flying hours. He held an FAA and CAA Airline Transport Pilots Licenses. In 1986 the Company started its aircraft service with a Cessna 402C and with round the clock hard work of its staff the number of aircraft has risen up to nine. Now Schön Air is a well-reputed Company serving its clients like Sui Southern Gas Company, Union Texas Pakistan and Pakistan Petroleum Limited. In 1990 Schön Air Flying Training Academy was also established making it the only company to excel in charters & flying training. The company was successful in expanding the aircraft fleet from two in 1990 to five to date. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Schon Air is in the process of growing its flight training set-up into an 'aviation university' and getting more planes for its private charter operations.[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]Princely Jets[/COLOR][/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][U] [FONT=Lucida Sans Unicode][SIZE=4] FUTURE AIRLINES[/SIZE][/FONT][/U][/B][/FONT][/CENTER] [/CENTER][LIST][*][U][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black]Saad Airlines[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/U][/LIST][LIST][*][U][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black]Taco Sucks Dick Airlines[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/U][/LIST][LIST][*][U][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black]Air Mashriq[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/U][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Air Mashriq is based in [COLOR=black]London[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]United Kingdom[/COLOR]. This airline is owned and operated by [COLOR=black]Pakistanis[/COLOR] and primarily provides charter services. However by early [COLOR=black]2007[/COLOR], it will begin services to [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR] from [COLOR=black]London[/COLOR] to the cities of [COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Peshawar[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Quetta[/COLOR].[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]Deewan International Airlines[/COLOR][/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]Pearl Air[/COLOR][/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Pearl Air is a private [COLOR=black]airline[/COLOR] based at [COLOR=black]Jinnah International Airport[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Pearl Air is a part of [COLOR=black]Habib Alvi Group[/COLOR] of Companies. Pearl Air has become the fourth airline operating in the private sector on domestic routes. A [COLOR=black]Boeing 737[/COLOR]-200Adv was delivered to the airline in January 2004. However due to licensing and acquiring rights to start passenger transportation the airline never took off. On [COLOR=black]December 24[/COLOR], 2005 the airline was granted rights to fly in Pakistan by the CAA of Pakistan. The airline is now scheduled to start passenger operations soon.[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]Safe Air[/COLOR][/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Safe Airways International is a private [COLOR=black]airline[/COLOR] based at [COLOR=black]Jinnah International Airport[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The Airline started in [COLOR=black]1999[/COLOR] but was closed down due to unpaid taxes to the [COLOR=black]Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority[/COLOR] (CAA). It plans to restart its operations in the near future. On January, [COLOR=black]2006[/COLOR], Safe Airways International stated in a press release that it is under the process of leasing six [COLOR=black]A321-200[/COLOR] and four Airbus [COLOR=black]A310-300[/COLOR]. The company is now backed by investors in UK and Pakistan plans to start services to Pakistan's biggest cities such as [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Peshawar[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Islamabad[/COLOR] by the end of [COLOR=black]2006[/COLOR]. The airline also plans to begin overseas flights by the start of [COLOR=black]2007[/COLOR] including [COLOR=black]Oslo[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Copenhagen[/COLOR] in [COLOR=black]Europe[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Bangkok[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Kuala Lumpur[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Manila[/COLOR] in [COLOR=black]Southeast Asia[/COLOR]. On February 19, [COLOR=black]2006[/COLOR], the new management of Safe Air inked a deal to acquire four 737-200 aircraft worth $18 million. The aircraft will be acquired on dry lease with a purchase option after some time and will increase its fleet size to 15 aircraft by the end of [COLOR=black]2006[/COLOR]. The deal has been struck with [COLOR=black]Safair[/COLOR] of [COLOR=black]South Africa[/COLOR] which is based in Johannesburg. [FONT=Lucida Sans Unicode][SIZE=4] [/SIZE][/FONT][/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Lucida Sans Unicode][SIZE=4][B][U]DEFUNCT AIRLINES[/U][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/CENTER] [/CENTER][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]Bhoja Air[/COLOR][/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Bhoja Air was an [COLOR=black]airline[/COLOR] based in [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It operated a small domestic scheduled network and links domestic cities to destinations in the [COLOR=black]United Arab Emirates[/COLOR]. It has ceased operations in 2000 due to financial difficulties and succumbed to numerous debts. On [COLOR=black]7 November[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]1993[/COLOR], Bhoja Air started operations. The airline started with services on domestic routes and inaugurating flights between [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Quetta[/COLOR], with a dry lease [COLOR=black]Boeing 737[/COLOR]-200 aircraft. The aircraft was registered with Pakistani registration and was the first private airline in Pakistan to operate with a Western manufactured aircraft. Bhoja Air, a privately owned airline was owned by the [COLOR=black]Bhoja Group of Companies[/COLOR]. Bhoja Air has its head office at [COLOR=black]Shahrah–e-Liaquat[/COLOR] and corporate Offices at KDA society. [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR] was one of its prime locations as the airline believed it was the heart of the gateway to Southeast Asia. It also had its headquarters in Karachi. In [COLOR=black]1996[/COLOR], it signed a deal with the globally acclaimed handling agent group called ‘[COLOR=black]OGDENS[/COLOR]’ with complete Ground handling equipment at Karachi. Their equipment was capable to handle Boeing 747s. In the same year another Sister Company, [COLOR=black]Pakistan Aviators[/COLOR] and Aviation located at [COLOR=black]Lahore International airport[/COLOR] was purchased along with a hotel for passenger stop overs. During [COLOR=black]January 24[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]1998[/COLOR], was another festive day for the company when it commenced its first International flight from [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR] to [COLOR=black]Dubai[/COLOR]. Later, Bhoja Air operated flights to the [COLOR=black]U.A.E[/COLOR] from all major cities of Pakistan including having a solid domestic network. However due to competition with the other private airlines and the national flag carrier (PIA), Bhoja Air was not able to keep up with finances and filed for bankruptcy in 2001.[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]Hajvairy Airlines[/COLOR][/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Hajvairy Airlines was based in [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Hajvairy Airlines started its operations in [COLOR=black]1991[/COLOR]. It operated leased [COLOR=black]Russian[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]Ilyushin Il-86[/COLOR] jetliners. The airline suspended its operations in [COLOR=black]1993[/COLOR] due to [COLOR=black]bankruptcy[/COLOR]. There are reports that might restart its operations.[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=black]Orient Airways[/COLOR][/U][/B][B][U] (merged to form [COLOR=black]PIA[/COLOR])[/U][/B][/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]Orient Airways Ltd., registered in [COLOR=black]Calcutta[/COLOR] city of [COLOR=black]British India[/COLOR] on 23rd October 1946. With [COLOR=black]Mirza Ahmad Ispahani[/COLOR] the Chairman and Air Vice Marshal O.K. Carter as the General Manager of the new air carrier, an operating license was obtained in May 1947 with Calcutta as the base. Four Douglas DC-3s had been purchased from Tempo of Texas in February 1947 and operations first started on 4 June 1947. The designated route was Calcutta-Akyab-Rangoon, which also happened to be the first post-war international operation to be flown by an airline registered in India. Within two months of Orient Airways' operational beginnings, Pakistan was born. The birth of a new nation generated one of the largest transfers of population in the history of Mankind. Orient Airways, along with the help of some BOAC aircraft which had been chartered by the Government of [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR], started relief operations and transportation of the population between [COLOR=black]Delhi[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR], the two capitals. Later, Orient Airways transferred its base to [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR] and established the vital, link between [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Dacca[/COLOR], the two capitals of the two wings of [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. With a skeleton fleet of just two DC-3s, three crew and twelve mechanics, Orient Airways launched its scheduled operations in a fairy-tale fashion. The initial routes were [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR]-[COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR]-[COLOR=black]Peshawar[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR]-[COLOR=black]Quetta[/COLOR]-[COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR]-[COLOR=black]Delhi[/COLOR]- [COLOR=black]Calcutta[/COLOR]-[COLOR=black]Dacca[/COLOR]. By the end of 1949, Orient Airways had acquired 10 DC-3s and 3 Convair 240s which it operated on these routes. In 1950, it had become increasingly apparent that additional capacity would have to be inducted in order to cater to the growing needs of the sub-continent. Orient Airways was a privately owned company, with limited capital and resources. It could not be expected to grow and expand on its own. It was then that the Government of [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR] decided to form a state-owned airline and invited Orient Airways to merge with it. The outcome of the merger was the birth of a new airline, named [COLOR=black]Pakistan International Airlines[/COLOR] (PIA) on 11 March, 1955.[/FONT][LIST][*][U][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black]Pak-Air[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/U][/LIST][LIST][*][U][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black]Raji Airlines[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/U][/LIST][LIST][*][U][FONT=Verdana][B][COLOR=black]Super Airways[/COLOR][/B][/FONT][/U][/LIST] |
Political families of Pakistan
[B][B][U][FONT=Verdana]The Jinnah Family[/FONT][/U][/B][/B][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Ali Jinnah[/COLOR] (Governor-General of Pakistan, 1947-1948)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Fatima Jinnah[/COLOR] (sister of Mohammad Ali Jinnah; presidential candidate)[/FONT][/LIST][B][U][B][FONT=Verdana]The Bhutto Family[/FONT][/B][/U][/B][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana]Sir [COLOR=#000000]Shah Nawaz Bhutto[/COLOR],Feudal Lord Larkana, Sindh[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Zulfikar Ali Bhutto[/COLOR] (President (1970-1973); Prime Minister (1973-1977) (son of Sir Shahnawaz)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Sardar [COLOR=#000000]Mumtaz Bhutto[/COLOR] (chief of Bhutto tribe, former chief minister and Governor of Sindh, Federal Minister of Pakistan) (cousin of Zulfikar)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Nusrat Bhutto[/COLOR] (former minister without portfolio) (wife of Zulfikar)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Benazir Bhutto[/COLOR] (Prime Minister, 1988-1990 and 1993-1996); daughter of Zulfikar Ali[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Asif Ali Zardari[/COLOR] (husband of Benazir, former Minister)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Murtaza Bhutto[/COLOR](son of Zulfikar)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Ghinwa Bhutto[/COLOR] (widow of Murtaza)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Fatima Bhutto[/COLOR] (daughter of Murtaza)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Sanam Bhutto[/COLOR] (daughter of Zulfikar)[/FONT][/LIST][B][B][U][FONT=Verdana]The Sharif Family[/FONT][/U][/B][/B][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Nawaz Sharif[/COLOR] (Prime Minister of Pakistan, 1990-1993 and 1997-1999)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Shahbaz Sharif[/COLOR] (brother of Nawaz Sharif; Chief Minister of Punjab, 1997-1999)[/FONT][/LIST][B][B][U][FONT=Verdana]The Zia-ul-Haq Family[/FONT][/U][/B][/B][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq[/COLOR] (President of Pakistan, 1978-1988)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Ejaz-ul-Haq[/COLOR] (son of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq; cabinet minister)[/FONT][/LIST][B][U][B][FONT=Verdana]Badshah Khan's Family[/FONT][/B][/U][/B][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan[/COLOR] (Member of Pakistan's Constituent Assembly, NWFP Assembly, Freedom fighter)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan[/COLOR] (Chief Minister of NWFP, Chief Minister of West Pakistan, Central Communication minister)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Khan Abdul Wali Khan[/COLOR] (Twice Leader of the Opposition in National Assembly, democracy activist)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Nasim Wali Khan[/COLOR] (First woman MNA elected to National Assembly, Leader of the House Provincial Assembly)[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]Asfandyar Wali Khan[/COLOR] (elected, MPA, MNA, President of the Awami National Party and Senator)[/FONT][/LIST]
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[B]List of Research Institutes in Pakistan[/B]
The following is partial list Research Institutes in Pakistan. Agriculture Research Institute, Quetta Agricultural Census Organization Agriculture Training Institute Applied Economic Research Center, Hyderabad Applied Economics Research Centre, Karachi Asian Management Institute Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan Central Cotton Research Institute, Nawabshah Centre Of Excellence In Analytical Chemistry, Jamschoro Centre of Excellence In Geology, Peshawar Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies Civil Aviation Training Institute Commecs Institute of Faculty Training Computer Training Centre Directorate of Research and Training Directorate of Manpower and Training, Sindh Directorate Of Veterinary Research Institute Directorate Of Staff Development, Punjab Environmental Protection Agency, Punjab Farm Guide Agricultural Consultancy Services Geological Survey Of Pakistan H. E. J. Research Institute Of Chemistry Hydrocarbon Development Institute Of Pakistan In-service Agricultural Training Institute Rahim Yar Khan Industrial Relations Institute Lahore Inspectorate of Mines, Government of Punjab Lahore Institute of Education and Research, Karachi Institute of Meteorology & Geophysics Institute of Marine Engineers Pakistan (IMarE) Institute of Policy Studies (IPS) Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad (ISSI) Institute Of Cost And Management Accountants Of Pakistan Integrated Health Services, Islamabad (IHS Pakistan) International Institute of Islamic Studies and Research IISAR Karachi Local Govt. and Rural Development Training Institute, Lalamusa Margala Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad Marine Fisheries Department NDFC- Pakistan Development Banking Institute National Centre Of Excellence In Analytical Chemistry, Jamschoro National Centre of Excellence In Geoloy, Peshawar National Centre Of Excellence In Physical Chemistry, Peshawar National Fertilizer Development Centre (NFDC) National Fertilizer Corporation (Nfc) Technical Training Centre National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering,Faisalabad. National Institute of Electronics National Institute of Historical and Culural Research National Institute Of Labour Administration Training National Institute Of Malaria Research And Training National Transport Research Centre PARC-IIBC Station, International Institute Of Biological Control Pakistan Administrative Staff College, Lahore Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad Pakistan Forest Research Institute, Peshawar Pakistan Industrial Technical Assistance Centre (PITAC) Pakistan Institute for Air Defence Studies Pakistan Institute Of Cotton Research And Technology Pakistan Design Institute of Historical Perspective Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research (PILER) Pakistan Institute of Management Karachi Pakistan Institute of National Development (PIND) Pakistan Marine Academy Pakistan Manpower Institute Pakistan Space And Upper Atmosphere Research Commission Pakistan Scientific & Technological Information Centre Perac Research & Development Foundation. Petroman PIA, Training Centre, Karachi Airport, Pakistan Sindh Bureau of Statistics Sindh Development Studies Centre Sindh Regional Plan Organization Soil Survey of Pakistan Technical Training Centre, Peshawar Textiles Industry Research & Development Centre The Family Planning Association of Pakistan The Institute Of Bankers In Pakistan Training and Management Development Dept. of the Agricultural Development Bank Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore Water Management Training Institute, Punjab |
Museums Of Pakistan
[CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]NATIONAL MUSEUM OF PAKISTAN, KARACHI[/COLOR][/FONT][/U][/B]
[/CENTER] The National Museum of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] at [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It was established in [COLOR=#000000]Frere Hall[/COLOR] Building on [COLOR=#000000]April 17[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1950[/COLOR] replacing the defunct Victoria Museum. The historic building of [COLOR=#000000]Frere Hall[/COLOR] itself was built in [COLOR=#000000]1865[/COLOR] as tribute to [COLOR=#000000]Sir Bartle Frere[/COLOR], Commissioner of [COLOR=#000000]Sind[/COLOR] in the last century. The basic objective of establishing National Museum was to collect, preserve, study, and exhibit the records of the cultural history of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] and to promote a learned insight into the personality of its people. Once the Museum was inaugurated then the Government of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] deemed it wise to constitute an Advisory Council in 1950 with a primary duty to counsel the Museum on the issues of enriching its collection through new acquisitions and purchase of antiquities and works of Arts. The Museum was shifted to the present premises (located in Burns Garden, Dr. Zia-ud-din Road) in [COLOR=#000000]1970[/COLOR]. At that time there were only four galleries in the Museum. However, at present there are a total of 11 Galleries in the Museum including an exquisite “Quran Gallery”. As a matter of fact National Museum has more than 300 copies of the Holy Quran, out of which around 52 rare manuscripts are on display in “Quran Gallery”. The Museum also contains an important collection of items relating to Pakistan's Cultural heritage. Some other galleries display [COLOR=#000000]Indus Civilization[/COLOR] artifacts, [COLOR=#000000]Gandhara[/COLOR] Civilization Sculptures, Islamic Art, Miniature Paintings, Ancient Coins and Manuscripts documenting Pakistan's Political History. There is also an interesting Ethnological Gallery with life size statues of different ethnicities living in the four provinces of Pakistan. The Museum has a collection of 58,000 old coins (some dating from 74 Al-Hijra), and hundreds of well preserved sculptures. Some 70,000 publications, books and other reading material of the Archeology and Museums Department were also shifted to the National Museum so that general public could see them. Every year National Museum holds around a dozen exhibitions on National Days and other occasions. The Museum premise also has an auditorium with 250 seating capacity. [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=#000000]PAF Museum[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR][/U][/B][/FONT][/CENTER] PAF Museum, Karachi is an [COLOR=#000000]Air Force[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]museum[/COLOR] and park situated between PAF Base Faisal and Awami Markaz on main Shahra-e-Faisal at [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The museum is open throughout the year for seven days a week. Pakistan Air Force Museum is known for its well-organized displays, rides and greenery. The main museum is located inside the park and features all major fighter aircraft that have been used by the [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Air Force[/COLOR] are on display. The museum houses the aircraft used by [COLOR=#000000]Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah[/COLOR], founder of Pakistan. Many aircraft are also on display outside in the park and some in the hangar as well, along with photo and weapon galleries. There is also a souvenir shop where miniature jet models, key chains, shirts and other Air Force related merchandise is available. A mosque and restaurant also cater the park. [CENTER][FONT=Verdana][B][U][COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Maritime Museum[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR][/U][/B][/FONT][/CENTER] Pakistan Maritime Museum is a [COLOR=#000000]naval[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]museum[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]park[/COLOR] located in naval estate on Habib Ebrahim Rehmatallah Road, [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The main museum building is located inside the park. It comprises of six galleries and an [COLOR=#000000]auditorium[/COLOR]. The museum is based on modern concepts of presentation and interactive education. Different [COLOR=#000000]artifacts[/COLOR] of maritime and naval [COLOR=#000000]heritage[/COLOR] have been incorporated through attractive dioramas, relief sculpture, murals and miniature paintings, touch screen computers, taxidermy and ancient weapons. A computer based maritime information retrieval system has also been incorporated to facilitate the visitors and students for easy access. Pakistan Maritime Museum is known for its well-organized displays, rides and greenery. The museum is open throughout the year for seven days a week. There is also a souvenir shop. [CENTER][B][U]MULTAN MUSEUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Multan Museum located in [COLOR=#000000]Multan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] contains a fine collection of coins, medals, postage stamps of the former State of [COLOR=#000000]Bahawalpur[/COLOR], manuscripts, documented inscriptions, wood carvings, camel-skin paintings, historical models and stone carvings of the Islamic and Pre-Islamic periods. [CENTER][B][U]WAZIR MANSION[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Wazir Mansion is a building, located in [COLOR=#000000]Kharadar[/COLOR] neighborhood of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Wazir Mansion is the birthplace of Quaid-e-Azam, [COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Ali Jinnah[/COLOR], the founder of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It now serves as a [COLOR=#000000]museum[/COLOR] and national [COLOR=#000000]archive[/COLOR]. The house has been declared a protected national monument by the [COLOR=#000000]Government of Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]LOK VIRSA MUSEUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Lok Virsa Museum is situated in [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It displays the cultural heritage of Pakistani people. The living style of the different areas of Pakistan is exhibited here in statues, pictures, pottery, music and textile work. [CENTER][B][U]LAHORE MUSEUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Lahore Museum was established in [COLOR=#000000]1894[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], and is one of the major museums of [COLOR=#000000]South Asia[/COLOR]. Lahore Museum is also known as Central Museum, and is located on [COLOR=#000000]The Mall[/COLOR]. [COLOR=#000000]Rudyard Kipling[/COLOR]'s father [COLOR=#000000]John Lockwood Kipling[/COLOR], was one of the famous curators of the museum and the novel [COLOR=#000000]Kim[/COLOR] was set in the vicinity of the Lahore Museum. It is located opposite the old University Hall, a Mughal style building on the [COLOR=#000000]Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam[/COLOR]. The Museum contains some fine specimens of [COLOR=#000000]Mughal[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Sikh[/COLOR] door-ways and wood-work and contains a large collection of paintings dating back to [COLOR=#000000]Mughal[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sikh[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]British[/COLOR] era. It has also a collection of musical instruments, ancient jewellery, textiles, pottery and armory. There are relics from the [COLOR=#000000]Graeco-Bactrian[/COLOR] times as well as well as some [COLOR=#000000]Tibetan[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Nepalese[/COLOR] work. The museum has a number of objects of [COLOR=#000000]Greco-Buddhist[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]sculptures[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Mughal[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Pahari paintings[/COLOR] on display. [COLOR=#000000]The Fasting Buddha[/COLOR] is one of the unique collections of the museum. [CENTER][B][U]PESHAWAR MUSEUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Peshawar [COLOR=#000000]Museum[/COLOR] situated in the historical city of [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR], North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. [B][U]Introduction[/U][/B] Situated between Deans Hotel and the Old city, about five minutes walk from Jail Bridge and the Railway station. The museum currently has 14,101 items in the museum which range from [COLOR=#000000]Gandhara[/COLOR] sculptures, coins, manuscripts and copies of the [COLOR=#000000]Holy Quran[/COLOR], inscriptions, weapons, dresses, jewellery, Kalash effigies, paintings of the [COLOR=#000000]Mughal[/COLOR] era and later periods, household objects and local and [COLOR=#000000]Persian[/COLOR] handicrafts. [B][U]Historical Background[/U][/B] The main hall of the museum was built in 1906-07 in memory of [COLOR=#000000]Queen Victoria[/COLOR] at a cost of Rs 60,000; Rs 45,000 was donated by the public and the rest by the Indian Director General of Archaeology. The Museum was originally called Victoria Memorial Hall. [B][U]Layout[/U][/B] The two-story building, an amalgamation of British and Mughal architectural styles, originally consisted of a main hall and two side aisles on the ground and first floor. The side aisles were surmounted by four elegant cupolas and small pinnacles on all corners. Another two halls were added in the eastern and western side of the building in 1969-70. Four years later, a second floor was added to the side halls. In 2004-2005 construction was completed of an Islamic Block with two galleries, a conservation laboratory, two halls for the reserve collection, offices for the provincial directorate of archaeology and a cafeteria. As well as a remodeling of the existing building by replacing the show cases, lighting, labeling and displays in all the galleries of the main building, as well as the revamping of the floor and ceiling. [B][U]Gandhara art[/U][/B] Peshawar Museum has the largest collection of [COLOR=#000000]Gandhara[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Greco-Buddhist art[/COLOR] in the world. In total, there are 4247 Gandahara pieces including Buddhist stone sculptures and panels, stucco sculptures, terracotta figurines, relic caskets and toiletry objects. The subject matter of Gandhara Art in the main hall includes [COLOR=#000000]Buddha[/COLOR]’s life stories, miracles, worship of symbols, relic caskets and individual standing Buddha sculptures. [B][U]Islamic art[/U][/B] The gallery exhibits wooden facades of mosques, Arabic and Persian inscriptions, Multani tiles and ceramics, and the dresses and weapons of Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi. Some of the best works are the Islamic metal artefacts in bronze and silver and calligraphic specimens as well as scrolls from as far back as 1224 AD. [B][U]Ethnological section[/U][/B] This section exhibits the culture and life of the major tribes of the NWFP and the [COLOR=#000000]Kalasha of Chitral[/COLOR]. It presently exhibits 348 items including twelve commemorative effigies of world famous Kalasha figures. Swords, daggers, spears, bows, arrows, shields, muzzle loaded guns, revolvers, pistols and gunpowder boxes are also exhibited. |
[B]First Bt Cotton Grown in Pakistan[/B]
Cotton is an important cash crop for Pakistan known as “white gold”. It accounts for 8.2 percent of the value added in agriculture and about 3.2 percent to GDP; around two thirds of the country’s export earnings are from the cotton made-up and textiles which adds over $2.5 billion to the national economy; while hundreds of ginning factories and textile mills in the country heavily depends upon cotton. Life of millions of farmers is dependent on this crop, in addition to millions of people employed along the entire cotton value chain, from weaving to textile and garment exports The area under the cultivation of cotton crops has been increased significantly in the last 30 years - around 7.85 million acres in 2005-06 as compared to 7.2 million acres in 2002-03. Beside being the world’s fourth-largest cotton producer and the third largest exporter of raw cotton and a leading exporter of yarn in the world our yield per acres ranks 13th in the world; as a result Pakistan annually imports around 1.5-2.00 million bales of cotton to meet growing demand from local textile mills; therefore it has become vital for Pakistan to increase its yield per acre. [B]Agriculture biotechnology[/B] is helping today to provide people with more and better crops, food and holds even greater promise for the future. Green revolution farming methods are coming to an end with declining yields due to environmental and soil degradation, loss of seedling varieties and high input costs. So, many farmers around the world are turning to genetic engineered varieties (GE) to confront with new challenges. Many Asian countries including China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan and Vietnam are giving high priority to plant biotechnology research in the hope of addressing the pressing challenges related to improving productivity, farmers livelihoods, driving rural development, and meeting food security demands. Many of these countries focus their biotechnology research on food crops and non food crops and crops of high commercial value in the hope of meeting increasing food requirements and reducing use of pesticides and poverty alleviation in rural area. Farmers, who cultivated these Bt cotton varieties at heart of cotton growing regions in Punjab - Bahawalpur, Multan, Muzaffer Garh and Karor Pakka; observed and evaluated independently its resistance and susceptibility to different pests including factors like abiotic stress and yield than compared it with non Bt cotton varieties grown in the same locations. A large number of farmers have visited these fields, and become aware of the benefits of the locally developed Bt cotton. Today, all major cotton producing countries are benefiting from the cultivation of Bt Cotton. In the last season 54 percent of cotton crops grown in USA, 76 percent in China and 80 percent in Australia were with “single” or “double” Bt gene technology. India, the world’s third-largest cotton-grower has cultivated 1.36 million acres of Bt cotton crops. It is expected that within two years more than half the world’s cotton may be grown from genetically modified crops. Pakistan also realizes the significance of Bt Cotton, and the top political leadership including the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz himself has said to a delegation of farmers that government would allow farmers to grow Bt cotton soon, which confirms government’s policy of being open to genetically modified crops in the near future. Other ministers have also spoken in favor of adopting the Bt Cotton. In May 2005 PAEC provided 40,000.00 Kg basic seed of Bt cotton (insect resistant) varieties “IR-FH-901”, “IR-NIBGE-2”, “IR-CIM-448” and “IR-CIM-443”; which have been grown over 8,000 acres of land in season 2005-06. Its encouraging outcomes have surprised every one from seed companies to the farmers who cultivated these varieties. These early users of Bt cotton have been tightly screened and evaluated by PAEC on the bases of their capacity to follow Bio-safety rules. |
Gates OF Walled City of Lahore
[FONT=Verdana]The Walled City of Lahore, also known as the "Old City", or "Anderoon Shehr", is the section of [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] that was [COLOR=#000000]fortified[/COLOR] by a [COLOR=#000000]city wall[/COLOR] during the [COLOR=#000000]Mughal[/COLOR] era. Much of the wall remains intact today and is a popular tourist spot in Lahore.
[/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]ORIGINS OF WALLED CITY OF LAHORE[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Our search for the origins of the original Lahore has immense twists and turns. It's time period can be anything starting 2,000 BC onwards... at least carbon dating evidence of archaeological findings in the Lahore Fort do suggest this time period. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]We learn from various sources that Lahore had many names, all of which changed over time. But the one name that does warrant research is 'kacha kot'. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]One of the two most probably sites of the 'original' Lahore is Mohallah Maulian. Let us explore this area in this brief piece. If we focus on Sootar Mandi - the yarn market - inside Lohari Gate, we can get a feel of what we are looking for. Sootar Mandi was once called Mohallah Chaileywala Hammam, and is located in what was once called Machli Hatta Gulzar, which is just off Chowk Chalka, Lahore's original red-light area. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]As late as 1864, according to one source quoting Mufti Tajuddin, son of the well-known Mufti Imamuddin, the Lohari Mandi area was known among the old folk of the Walled City as 'kacha kot' - the mud fort. Why was this area called a 'mud fort' when we know that the original walls of the Lahore Fort, before Akbar the Great's days, were also made of mud? This is the question that must be explored. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]To determine this it is important that one visits the old Walled City, observe the gradient of the land, the water (nullah's act as excellent guides of gradient and direction) flow and observe how 'mohallahs' and 'kuchas' and 'kattrahs' are structured. Standing at Chowk Sootar Mandi, if you observe the curve of Gali Pir Bola as it merges with Waachowali Bazaar, and then also the Lohari Bazaar where it merges with Chowk Lohari Mandi, and, lastly, where Chowk Mati where it merges with Papar Mandi, you can well imagine. If you close your eyes and transport yourself 3,500 years back, a small mud fort with a small dwelling. The setting is perfect. Once you open your eyes, it is time to observe, or look for, some evidence of a mud fort. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]If you walk along Lohari Bazaar, just a short distance from Chowk Chakla (Imagine, this beautiful name has been changed to a pious Chowk Bokhari!) to the right you will see the street open a little, for on the right is a half-buried archway of 'pucca' bricks and mud. Could this be from the era when Lahore was a mud fort? The evidence certainly does suggest that this could be an archway, or gateway, of the small original 'kacha kot' way back in time, a place that was to grow one day to become Lahore. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]It is also possible, for we must not exclude any possibility, that this was the famous mud fort that was built by Malik Ayaz, the very first Muslim governor of Lahore. This is very probably because it is recorded history that Lohari Gate was the main entrance to Ayaz's mud fort. So no matter how you analyze recorded evidence, one thing is for sure, and that is that Chowk Sootar Mandi was one important centre of Kacha Kot. The lay of the streets also suggest the boundaries. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]In an earlier piece we had followed a similar theory, and come up with the proposition that during the times of Mughal Emperor Akbar, the original wall of the Walled City of Lahore was, on the western side, to the right of Bazaar Hakeeman in Bhati Gate, and on the eastern side to the left of Shahalam Gate, which then curved eastwards and formed a 'kidney shaped' city that depended on the flow of the curving River Ravi. Thus the Lahore of the 'kacha kot' era has continued to expand in three major leaps of expansion, each with an almost 400-year gap. The eras of Raja Jaipal of Akbar and of Maharajah Ranjit Singh mark the high points of this expansion. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]But the expanding bubble definitely has its origins in three factors, they being (a) the way the Ravi has flown and how and when it has been changing its course, (b) the existence of the Lahore Fort and how power has flowed from the rulers, and (c) the manner in which the population and economy of the old original Walled City has changed over time, grown, or even shrunk, depending of invasions, droughts and famines in the countryside. The story of 'kacha kot' has been determined by these factors. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]When walking through these streets, it is not hard to make out that the oldest buildings in the entire Walled City exist in this area. As one passes the old exquisite mosque known even now as Masjid Kohana Hammam Chaileywala, one is reminded that the area was named similarly once. There must have been a huge 'hammam' here once. The tomb of Pir Bola exists after which is named the 'gali'. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]It is sad that we tend to change the names of streets and areas, and even cities, at the drop of a hat as if to stamp some sort of moral authority on time. All rulers love to block out history. It would be best to let history rest and emerge as times dictate. It would not be a bad idea to declare the entire Walled City as a protected area. Let us keep for the future the little that is left of 'kacha kot' - the mud fort that ultimately became the Walled City of Lahore. [/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]THE AKBARI GATE[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The "Akbari Gate" is named after the great Mughal emperor [COLOR=#000000]Akbar[/COLOR] who rebuilt the town and citadel. Close to this gate the Emperor also founded a market, which is named after him "Akbari Mandi" (Akbari Market). [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]It is the biggest retail market of Lahore, in which food grains of all kinds are available. [/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]THE BHATI GATE[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]It is named after the [I]Bhattis[/I], an ancient [I]Rajput[/I] tribe, which invaded the quarters in old times. [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]The "Bhati Gate" entrance is located on the western wall of the old city.[/FONT] It is one of the two oldest entry points into the Walled City which controlled the only major north-south thoroughfare during Ghaznavid period. When the Emperor Akbar expanded the city eastward and divided it into nine districts or Guzars, Bhati Gate and its bazar marked the boundary between Guzar Mubarak Khan (east) and Guzar Talwarra (west).[FONT=Verdana] The area inside the gate is well known throughout the city for its food. Just outside of "Bhati Gate" is the [COLOR=#000000]Data Durbar[/COLOR], the mausoleum of the [COLOR=#000000]Sufi[/COLOR] saint [COLOR=#000000]Ali Hajweri[/COLOR] (also known as Data Sahib Ganjbaksh). Every Thursday evening musicians gather here to perform [COLOR=#000000]Qawwali[/COLOR] music. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The most popular market here is the [I]Hakiman wali bazar [/I]as the name suggests there are a number of [I]Hakim[/I] shops here. A museum is also located near [I]Bhatti gate[/I], where there are a number of ancient remains of different old times.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana] Old house of famous poet and philosopher (Allama Mohammad Iqbal ) is also located in [I]Bhatti gate[/I]. He used to live here when he was doing his graduation. An old school named Victorian school is also located here; it is given the name Victoria after the name of Queen Victoria. People of [I]Bhatti gate[/I] are lively and they love to eat heavy and good food mainly [I]Sri pai, halva puri[/I] and [I]lasi[/I]. The favorite sport among the people here is wrestling. Famous wrestler [I]Kala Maro[/I] also belongs to [I]Bhatti gate[/I]. [/FONT] [CENTER][U][B][FONT=Verdana]THE DELHI GATE[/FONT][/B][/U] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Delhi Gate was built during the [COLOR=#000000]Mughal[/COLOR] period and is one of thirteen gates of the Inner City. [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]The [I]Delhi gate[/I] is named as Delhi gate because of its opening on the high road from Delhi to Lahore.[/FONT][FONT=Verdana] The gate suffered many incidents during the riots during independence. However, the gate has been renovated and today is in its former glory.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The area near the gate is a historical place, in which a number of old buildings, [COLOR=#000000]havelis[/COLOR] and markets are located. The [COLOR=#000000]Wazir Khan Mosque[/COLOR] can be accessed from this gate.[/FONT][FONT=Verdana] A big cloth market is located around Delhi gate. It is a big retail market of clothes. A variety of other shops are also located near the Delhi gate, known as [I]"Chota bazar". [/I][/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]THE[/COLOR] KASHMIRI GATE[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The "Kashmiri Gate" faces the direction of Kashmir. Inside there is a shopping area called "Kashmiri Bazaar". [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]A big retail market of children shoes is located in this gate. There is a big beautiful girl's college is also located here. This college is built in an old [I]haveli[/I] of a shah which is a beautiful example of [I]Mughal [/I]architecture. [/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]THE LOHARI GATE[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The "Lohari Gate" is very close to "Bhati Gate" and it was built, like many other gates, to keep the enemies out. [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]When Malik Ayaz rebuilt the city during the time of [I]Mahmud[/I], the quarter of the city first populated was about this gate, which together with [I]Lahori mandi[/I] was named after the city. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Lahori and the bazaar behind it comprise the oldest arterial route in the Walled City built by Akbar the great. Qutbuddin Aibak, the first muslim ruler of the Subcontinent is buried just outside this gate. Caravans & travelers coming from Multan used to enter the city from this gate. Behind Lohari Gate also, once stood a brick fort called Kacha Kot probably the first fortified city of Lahore founded by Malik Ayyaz. Among the few city gates, which British Government cared to reconstruct, only Lohari Gate retained its original form. During Mughal period, the two famous divisions of the Walled City, namely Guzar Bahar Khan and Guzar Machhi Hatta, were served by this Gate. During the anarchic rule of the 18th century, all the city gates, except Lohari Gate & two others were walled up. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Now, it is surrounded by shops and has significance of great architecture. In Urdu "loha" means "iron" and the gate is named Lohari because many lohars ([COLOR=#000000]blacksmiths[/COLOR]) had their workshops just outside this gate. [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]A beautiful mosque named as [I]Muslim Masjid [/I]is also located near this gate. Biggest optical market of Lahore is also located here. Many flower shops are situated here, in which flowers of every kind and specie are available. The people here are co-operative and lively. They love to eat heavy food [/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]THE MASTI GATE[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Masti Gate is located within [COLOR=#000000]Walled City of Lahore[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR]. The "Masti" name comes from the word "masjidi", relating to a [COLOR=#000000]mosque[/COLOR]. [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]The mosque of [I]Mariam Makhani, [/I]the mother of [I]Akbar, [/I]is in its immediate vicinity. [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]It is located on the east side of the fort. The area of the city named after it is known for its many wholesale shoe sellers. Wholesale shoe sellers, or both traditional and Western style shoes dominate this area. Further down the street is located one of the city's oldest mosques, the [COLOR=#000000]Mosque of Mariyam Zamani Begum[/COLOR], named after the mother of [COLOR=#000000]Jahangir[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Mariyam Zamani[/COLOR]. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The people here love to eat heavy food and there are many shops of foodstuffs located here. Milk shops of this area are very famous and the milk available here is full of taste as they add many things to it, which make its taste a lot better then the original milk. [/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]THE MOCHI GATE[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The "Mochi Gate" is a historical gate build during the [COLOR=#000000]Mughal period[/COLOR]. It is located at the entrance of Mochi Bagh. There is also a [COLOR=#000000]bazaar[/COLOR] around the Mochi gate. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]According to a legend it is named [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]so after the name of [I]Pandit Moti Ram, [/I]an officer of [I]Akbar[/I], [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]a guard of the gate during the Mughal era, who guarded and looked after the gate all his life and [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]who resided here at that time. [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]Later on, the name was distorted and became Mochi. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Now the [COLOR=#000000]bazaar[/COLOR] around the Mochi gate is renowned for its dry fruits, kites and fireworks. Mochi gate is also the entrance to the Mochi Bagh (Mochi garden). All renowned leaders of Pakistan and pre-independent era have delivered speeches here. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana] The most popular place of [I]Mochi gate[/I] is the [I]Lal Haveli.[/I] [I]Mochi gate[/I] is known to be the "Heart of the Lahore city". It is the biggest political place of Lahore and many political processions have taken place here.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana] The people of this area love to fly kites. Among the foods available here "[I]Kabab's“ of[/I] this area are a real specialty. [/FONT] [CENTER][U][B][FONT=Verdana]THE MORI GATE[/FONT][/B] [/U][/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The "Mori Gate" is the smallest of the gates of the walled city. [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]It was an outlet for the refused, [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]waste and disposal material [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]and sweepings of the city. It is known for its big fish market and surgical goods, that is the biggest surgical market of Lahore. Another specialty of this gate is furniture polish commonly known as [I]"Lakh". [/I]It is the best polish for wooden furniture and the one produced here is known for its quality. People of this gate love to fly kites, and a big kite market is also located here. During the [I]Basant[/I] season there is a tough competition among the shopkeepers about the quality and sale of kites. [/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]THE ROSHNAI GATE[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The Roshnai Gate is located [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]in North[/FONT][FONT=Verdana] within [COLOR=#000000]Walled City of Lahore[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The "Roshnai Gate", also known as the "Gate of Lights", is located between the [COLOR=#000000]Lahore Fort[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=#000000]Badshahi Mosque[/COLOR]. As the gate was one of the main entrances into the city, Umarahs, courtiers, royal servants and retinues constantly visited it. In the evenings, the gate was lit up, hence its name. The gate was also referred to as the "Gate of Splendour". It is the only gate which is in good condition and retains its original looks. The gate has extraordinary height and width because it was designed for the passage of the Emperor's caravan of elephants.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]There is a very famous gali / street commonly known as the [I]shahi mahala[/I]. The name [I]shahi[/I] has been given after the [I]Shahi Qila[/I]. People living here are simple. There are various food shops located around the gate. Now-a-days people are making good use of gate as they have established a public call office under the gate. [/FONT] [CENTER] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]THE SHAHALMI GATE[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The "Shahalmi Gate" is named after the one of the sons of the Mughal emperor [COLOR=#000000]Aurangzeb[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Shah Alam I[/COLOR]. However, before his death, the gate was called the "Bherwala Gate". During independence, the gate was burnt and only the names exist today. Today one of the biggest commercial markets, named "Shah Alam Market", exists near the gate. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]This is the biggest electronic market in Lahore. This is the known to be the biggest retail market of electronic goods. [I]Rang Mehal [/I]is situated in this gate and in [I]Rang Mehal[/I] [I]"Sua bazar" [/I]is located which is well known for its jewelry shops. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana] The [I]Sonheri Masjid [/I]is also located in this area, the name [I]soneri[/I] has been given to the Mosque as the tombs of this beautiful mosque are Golden (sonehri) in color. [I]Lal Masjid [/I]is also located in this area. The [I]‘Kulfis’ of[/I] this area are really delicious in taste and are very famous among the Lahoris. [I]'Pokoras' [/I]of this area are well known for their taste and quality. [/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]THE SHERANWALA GATE[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The Khizri Gate or Sheranwala Gate, located within [COLOR=#000000]Walled City of Lahore[/COLOR], is one of the four gates which once opened on the riverfront north of the Walled City. [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]The river in former times followed by the city walls and the ferry was near this part. [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]It was named after Khawaja Khizr, the patron saint of running waters and rivers. The Gate & its neighbourhood were so named because there was a ferry on the River Ravi in front of it. This gate was made by Maharaja [COLOR=#000000]Ranjit Singh[/COLOR]. It is also known as Sheranwala Darwaza or "gate of the lions" because Ranjit Singh is said to have kept two lions in cages in front of this gate as a symbolic gesture to warn any invader. The Italian traveler Niccola Mannuchi, who visited Lahore in 1667, has named it as Qadri Gate but gives no reason for this. [/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]THE TAXALI GATE[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The "Taxali Gate", also known as the Taxal, [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]or [I]Royal mint, [/I]was [/FONT][FONT=Verdana]built[/FONT][FONT=Verdana] in its neighborhood during the period of the[/FONT][FONT=Verdana] Mughals. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]There is a very famous shoe market located here known as [I]Sheikupurian Bazar. [/I]There are a variety of foodstuffs available in and around this gate. In which most famous are [I]Sri Pai[/I] of [I]Fazal Din[/I] commonly known as " [I]Phaja". [/I]Among sweet stores [I]Taj Mehal [/I]and [I]Shahbudin Halwi [/I]are famous. [/FONT] [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]THE YAKKI GATE[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The "Yakki Gate" was named after the martyr saint called "Zakki". The original name "Zaki," was a martyr that fell fighting against the Mughal invaders [/FONT][I][FONT=Verdana]"Tataraies“ from[/FONT][/I][FONT=Verdana] the north, while defending his city. [/FONT] [I][FONT=Verdana]Zaki Pir [/FONT][/I][FONT=Verdana]fought them with great courage and bravery. During the fight his head was cut off from his body at the gate but his body kept on fighting for some time, and at last fell in the quarter of the city closed by. One tomb of this great saint is build where his head fell and the other tomb is where his body fell. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana] There is school for blinds situated near [I]Yakki Gate. [/I]There are a number of [I]havelis[/I] located in and around the gate. A number of temples are also located in and around [I]Yakki Gate.[/I][/FONT] |
BEACHEs
[CENTER][B][U]BOAT BASIN[/U][/B]
[/CENTER] Boat Basin is located in [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. Boat Basin has the trendiest restaurants and considered one of the main [COLOR=#000000]Food Street[/COLOR] in Karachi. The Boat Basin is a section of [COLOR=#000000]Clifton beach[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]CLIFTON BEACH[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Clifton Beach, on the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR], is a beach in [COLOR=#000000]Clifton[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. Clifton Beach is the most popular beach in Karachi is always a buzzing with various activities to keep the visitors to the beach busy. The beach has attractions for families and tourists, including beachside horse and camel rides, amusement parks, restaurants, and swimming in the Arabian Sea. Old and the young alike can have fun at this lovely beach. [CENTER][B][U]HAWKE’S BAY BEACH[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Hawke's Bay or Hawkesbay is a [COLOR=#000000]beach[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] situated a couple of kilometers away from [COLOR=#000000]Sandspit Beach[/COLOR] near [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. Hawks Bay, a must see beach in Pakistan is a wonderfully sunny and sandy beach. The water is clean and if you need a tan, it is the beach to go to. The huts allow total privacy and the view is magnificent. It is a non rocky area portion of the coast and it is the breeding ground for green turtles. Visitors here enjoy swimming and camel riding.Hawkesbay is one of the beaches in the world, where green marine turtles comes to lay eggs. It is one of the rare reptile species found at Hawkesbay. [CENTER][B][U]MANORA[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Manora or Manoro is a small island (2.5 km²) located just south of the [COLOR=#000000]Port of Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The island is connected to the mainland by a 12 kilometre long causeway called the Sandspit. Manora and neighbouring islands form a protective barrier between [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] harbour to the north and the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR] to the south. The western bay of the harbour contains endangered mangrove forests which border the Sandspit and Manora island. To the east is Karachi Bay and the beach towns of [COLOR=#000000]Kiamari[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Clifton[/COLOR]. The island is located at [COLOR=#000000]24°48′00″N, 66°58′00″E[/COLOR] (24.800000, 66.970000). Manora is also a popular picnic spot because of the long sandy beaches along the southern edge of the island, which merge into the beaches of the Sandspit and then extend several kilometers to the beaches at Hawkesbay. At the southeastern end of Manora island is the tallest [COLOR=#000000]lighthouse[/COLOR] (28 m or 91 feet high) in Pakistan. The island lies approximately 15-20 minutes by boat ride from mainland [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] but there are no good hotels available for an overnight stay. For this and other reasons, the Government of Pakistan has been considering developing the island into a tourist destination. The island has been envisioned as an exotic location with natural landscapes such as the beaches and the mangrove forests, and secluded beauty with an upgrade for the lighthouse to add to the quaint feel of the island. [CENTER][B][U]PARADISE POINT[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Paradise Point, on the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR], is a beach in [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. Paradise Point is a [COLOR=#000000]sandstone[/COLOR] rock promontory with a [COLOR=#000000]natural arch[/COLOR]. The beach has attractions for families and tourists, including beachside horse and camel rides, amusement parks, restaurants, and swimming in the Arabian Sea. [CENTER][B][U]SANDSPIT BEACH[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Sandspit Beach is situated north west of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. It is a very famous tourist spot. The sea at Sandspit is very calm and quiet from October to March and very rough during the [COLOR=#000000]monsoon[/COLOR]. Remarkable variety of marine life-algae, and crabs are found here. The shallow water here is ideal for swimming and sunbathing. It has an unusual rocky formation. Sandspit beach is quite a popular hangout and relaxation spot in Karachi. Facilities at the Sandspit Beach include boating and camel riding. The Sandspit Beach is also a nesting ground for [COLOR=#000000]Green[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Olive Ridley[/COLOR] Turtles, implemented by the Sindh Wildlife Department over the past two decades. In recent years the WWE-Pakistan has also become actively involved in turtle conservation activities by establishing a Wetland Centre at the Sandspit beach. [CENTER][B][B][U]SEAVIEW, CLIFTON BEACH[/U][/B][/B] [/CENTER] Seaview is a beach in [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. The Seaview beach is a section of [COLOR=#000000]Clifton beach[/COLOR] located in [COLOR=#000000]Clifton[/COLOR]. It is one of the most popular entertainment sites in Karachi. The beach needs serious attention and consideration of city government. As water becomes populated many times, events like sinking of oil tank of a ship are toxicating the water. Lighting arrangements are only good thing of beach. Beach also has a number of restaurants. Clifton Beach, or Sea View is the only cheapest and easily accessible picnic point of Karachi. World's second largest Fountain is also built there. A little bit of more attention of government can make this beach as beautiful as the beaches of other developed countries. [CENTER][B][U]THE FRENCH BEACH[/U][/B][/CENTER] The French Beach, located half way between Hawks Bay and Paradise Point, is in fact a small fishing village known to the locals as Haji Abdullah Goth. Surrounded by a boundary wall, it has some 20 huts constructed by villagers for hire. There are no facilities of running water or electricity. But the visitors to this beach can just carry with them whatever is required for them as none could miss out this beach. French Beach is a fabulously beautiful beach where the water is clean and the air is crisp. There are gorgeous rocks embedded in the ocean. The waves splashing against them are quite a lovely sight. |
Valleys of Pakistan
[CENTER][B][U]ALLAI VALLEY[/U][/B]
[/CENTER] Allai is a valley in District [COLOR=#000000]Batagram[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]NWFP[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Allai valley is bounded by [COLOR=#000000]Kohistan[/COLOR] on the north and east, by the [COLOR=#000000]Kaghan[/COLOR] valley, [COLOR=#000000]Nandhiar[/COLOR] and Deshi of [COLOR=#000000]Deshiwals[/COLOR] on the south, and by the [COLOR=#000000]Indus[/COLOR] on the west. The October 8th 2005 earthquake badly affected this valley as well. The valley of Allai is divided from Kohistan on the north by a range of mountains rising to over 15,000 feet, and from [COLOR=#000000]Nandhiar[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Deshi[/COLOR] by another range running from the [COLOR=#000000]Afghanistan[/COLOR] border to the Indus above [COLOR=#000000]Thakot[/COLOR]. The average breadth of the Allai Valley is about 15 miles, and the total area 200 square miles. Wheat, barley, corn and rice are grown, and the mountain slopes at the eastern end covered with forest. Cis-Indus [COLOR=#000000]Swatis[/COLOR] are the dominating tribes of the Allai range. Khan culture is dominant in Allai valley. [CENTER][B][U]BANDALA[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Bandala is a valley in [COLOR=#000000]Jammu & Kashmir[/COLOR] located about 26 kilometres from [COLOR=#000000]Bhimber[/COLOR]. The valley is stretched from river [COLOR=#000000]Tawi[/COLOR] in the east to the [COLOR=#000000]Samahni[/COLOR] valley in the west. The [COLOR=#000000]Reech Pahari[/COLOR] (bear mountain) runs parallel on the northern side and the Baghsar Mountain on the southern side. The valley is about 10 kilometers long and about 1.5 kilometers wide. It joins the valley of [COLOR=#000000]Samahni[/COLOR] at [COLOR=#000000]Sara-e-Saadabad[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Chitti Mitti[/COLOR]. Many streams flow through the valley producing cascades, rapids, falls and natural swimming pools. These pools are very popular among the local youths not only for the swimming but also for [COLOR=#000000]fishing[/COLOR]. The fertile land and mild climate can produce a variety of crops or trees but the valley contains many [COLOR=#000000]mango[/COLOR] trees. Farming is still the major source of staple food for the area with two crops grown annually i.e. [COLOR=#000000]wheat[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Corn[/COLOR]. The high literacy rate has improved the overall living standards of the people. With most of the people working for the government or going overseas especially to the [COLOR=#000000]Middle East[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Europe[/COLOR], dependence on farming for income has greatly reduced but people still cultivate the land for the food. Many birds and animals are found in the valley including [COLOR=#000000]Peacocks[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Partridges[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Quail[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Birds of Paradise[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Falcons[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Eagles[/COLOR] etc. The enclosing [COLOR=#000000]Reech Pahari[/COLOR] serves as the sanctuary for many animal species like [COLOR=#000000]Tiger[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Hyena[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Wolf[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Jackal[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Foxes[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Python[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Monkey[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Deer[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Stag[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Impala[/COLOR] etc. The valley is home to many [COLOR=#000000]hamlets[/COLOR], of which [COLOR=#000000]Bandi[/COLOR], Piana, Parati, Ghawalian are more famous. [CENTER][B][U]CHITRAL[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Chitral, or Chatrāl, [COLOR=#000000]35°52′52″N, 71°47′53″E[/COLOR], is the name of a town, valley, river, district, and former [COLOR=#000000]princely state[/COLOR] in the former [COLOR=#000000]Malakand Division[/COLOR] of the [COLOR=#000000]Northwest Frontier Province[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Chitral Town, capital of the [COLOR=#000000]Chitral District[/COLOR], is situated on the west bank of the Chitral (or [COLOR=#000000]Kunar[/COLOR]) River. The town is at the foot of [COLOR=#000000]Tirich Mir[/COLOR], the highest peak of the [COLOR=#000000]Hindu Kush[/COLOR], 7,708 m or 25,289 ft high. It has a population of about 20,000, while the District (of 14,833 km² or 5,727 sq mi), has a population of about 300,000. The altitude of the valley is about 1,100 m or 3,700 ft. [LEFT][B][U]Geography[/U][/B] [/LEFT] The easiest access to Chitral is in the southwest along the Chitral/Kunar valley towards [COLOR=#000000]Jalalabad[/COLOR]. This route is open all year and provides direct access to [COLOR=#000000]Kabul[/COLOR]. However the Pakistan-Afghanistan border prevents this being used as an internal route to Peshawar and the south. The other routes are over mountain passes. To the south, the [COLOR=#000000]Lowari[/COLOR] Pass (3,200 m or 10,499 ft) leads 365 km (227 mi) to the region of [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR]; this is now a road road. In the north, the easiest route during summer (it is closed by snow in the winter), and the only one which allows the use of pack animals, runs over the [COLOR=#000000]Broghol[/COLOR] Pass (3,798 m or 12,460 ft) to Afghanistan's [COLOR=#000000]Wakhan Corridor[/COLOR]. To the east, there is a 405 km (252 mi) route to [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR] over the 3,719 m (12,201 ft) [COLOR=#000000]Shandur[/COLOR] Pass. And in the west, the [COLOR=#000000]Dorah Pass[/COLOR] provides an additional route to Afghanistan. The territory is home to rare [COLOR=#000000]falcons[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=#000000]snow leopard[/COLOR], and is cut off by snow from the rest of the country for six months a year. [B][U]Population[/U][/B] The main tribe, the Khos, speak [COLOR=#000000]Khowar[/COLOR] (or Chitrali), one of the [COLOR=#000000]Dardic languages[/COLOR], which is also spoken in parts of [COLOR=#000000]Yasin[/COLOR], Gilgit and [COLOR=#000000]Swat[/COLOR]. Pashto is also spoken and understood by few in the city. Chitral is known for the famous [COLOR=#000000]Kalash tribe[/COLOR] that resides in three remote valleys west of Ayun, which is ten miles down from Chitral town. The culture is Islamic. Women are nearly invisible except to their male relatives and other women. They do not walk the streets of town, so men or children do the shopping. Travel requires the company of a close male relative and sometimes the wearing of a burqa. [B][U]Sports[/U][/B] Polo is a popular sport in Chitral and an annual polo festival take place between Gilgit and Chitral at the highest polo ground in the world, at the Shandur Pass every year. [B][U]History[/U][/B] A British garrison, sent from Gilgit to oversee the smooth transition of power to the heir apparent after a ruler was murdered, was besieged in Chitral Fort for over a month in 1895. [CENTER][B][U]HUNZA VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Hunza Valley is a valley near [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Nagar[/COLOR] vallies in the [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The Hunza valley is situated at an elevation of 2,438 metres (7,999 feet). The territory of Hunza is about 7,900 km² [3,050 sq, miles]. [COLOR=#000000]Karimabad[/COLOR] is the main town which is a popular tourist attraction in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] because of the spectacular scenery of the surrounding mountains like [COLOR=#000000]Rakaposhi[/COLOR] 7,788 m (25,551 ft), [COLOR=#000000]Ultar Sar[/COLOR] (7,388 m), [COLOR=#000000]Bojahagur Duanasir II[/COLOR] (7,329 m), [COLOR=#000000]Ghenta Peak[/COLOR] (7,090 m), [COLOR=#000000]Hunza Peak[/COLOR] (6,270 m), [COLOR=#000000]Darmyani Peak[/COLOR] (6,090 m) and [COLOR=#000000]Bublimating[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]Ladyfinger Peak[/COLOR]) (6,000 m). [B][U]History[/U][/B] Hunza was formerly a [COLOR=#000000]princely state[/COLOR] in the northernmost part of the [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], which existed until 1974. The state bordered the [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit Agency[/COLOR] to the south, the former princely state of Nagar to the east, [COLOR=#000000]China[/COLOR] to the north and [COLOR=#000000]Afghanistan[/COLOR] to the northwest. The state capital was the town of Baltit (also known as [COLOR=#000000]Karimabad[/COLOR]). The area of Hunza now forms the Aliabad [COLOR=#000000]tehsil[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit District[/COLOR]. Hunza was an independent principality for 900 years. The [COLOR=#000000]British[/COLOR] gained control of Hunza and the neighbouring valley of Nagar between 1889 and 1892. The Tham (Chief) of Hunza escaped to China. The British retained Hunza's status as a '[COLOR=#000000]principality[/COLOR]' until [COLOR=#000000]1947[/COLOR]. According to [COLOR=#000000]Habib R. Sulemani[/COLOR], the people of Hunza were ruled by a local [COLOR=#000000]Mir[/COLOR] for more than 900 years, which came to an end in [COLOR=#000000]1974[/COLOR]. Although never ruled directly by neighbouring [COLOR=#000000]Kashmir[/COLOR], Hunza was a vassal of Kashmir from the time of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of [COLOR=#000000]Jammu and Kashmir[/COLOR]. The Mirs of Hunza sent an annual tribute to the Kashmir [COLOR=#000000]Durbar[/COLOR] until [COLOR=#000000]1947[/COLOR], and along with the ruler of Nagar, was considered to be among the most loyal vassals of the Maharaja of Kashmir. [B][U]Geography[/U][/B] The Hunza valley is situated at an elevation of 2,438 meters (7,999 feet). For many centuries, Hunza has provided the quickest access to [COLOR=#000000]Swat[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Gandhara[/COLOR] for a person traveling on foot. The route was impassable to baggage animals; only human porters could get through, and then only with permission from the locals. Hunza was easily defended as the paths were often less than half a meter (about 18") wide. The high mountain paths often crossed bare cliff faces on logs wedged into cracks in the cliff, with stones balanced on top. They were also constantly exposed to regular damage from weather and falling rocks. These were the much-feared "hanging passageways" of the early Chinese histories that terrified all, including several famous Chinese Buddhist monks. [B][U]Climate[/U][/B] The temperature in May is maximum 27 C (81 F) and minimum 14 C (57 F) and October maximum is 10 C (50 F) and 0 C (32 F). Hunza's tourist season is from May to October, because in winter the [COLOR=#000000]Karakoram Highway[/COLOR] is often blocked by the snow. [B][U]Transport[/U][/B] Today, the famous [COLOR=#000000]Karakoram Highway[/COLOR] crosses Hunza, connecting Pakistan to China via the [COLOR=#000000]Khunjerab Pass[/COLOR]. Traveling up the valley from the south, Hunza is the land to the left, and the former state of Nagar to the right of the [COLOR=#000000]Hunza River[/COLOR]. Regular bus and van services operate between [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Karimabad[/COLOR]. [COLOR=#000000]PTDC[/COLOR] Office at [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR] arranges tours and transport for visitors. [B][U]Spectacular scenery[/U][/B] Hunza is one of the most exotic places in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Several high peaks rise above 6,000 m in the surroundings of Hunza valley. The valley provides spectacular views of some of the most beautiful and magnificent mountains of the world which include [COLOR=#000000]Rakaposhi[/COLOR] 7,788 m (25,551 ft), [COLOR=#000000]Ultar Sar[/COLOR] (7,388 m), [COLOR=#000000]Ghenta Peak[/COLOR] (7,090 m), [COLOR=#000000]Hunza Peak[/COLOR] (6,270 m), [COLOR=#000000]Darmyani Peak[/COLOR] (6,090 m) and [COLOR=#000000]Bublimating[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]Ladyfinger Peak[/COLOR]) (6,000 m). Hunza Valley is also host to the ancient [COLOR=#000000]Baltit Fort[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Altit Fort[/COLOR]. [COLOR=#000000]Baltit Fort[/COLOR] stands on top of [COLOR=#000000]Karimabad[/COLOR] whereas [COLOR=#000000]Altit Fort[/COLOR] lies at the bottom of the valley. The valley is popularly believed to be the inspiration for the mythical valley of [COLOR=#000000]Shangri-la[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]James Hilton[/COLOR]'s 1933 novel [COLOR=#000000]Lost Horizon[/COLOR]. [B][U]People of Hunza[/U][/B] As much as the valley is famous for its beauty, the people of Hunza are noted for their friendliness and hospitality. The local language is [COLOR=#000000]Brushuski[/COLOR] but most people understand [COLOR=#000000]Urdu[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]English[/COLOR]. The literacy rate of the Hunza valley is believed to be above 90%, virtually every child of the new generation studies up to at least high school. Many pursue higher studies from prestigious colleges and Universities of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] and abroad. Most of the people of Hunza are Ismaili Muslims, followers of His Highness the Aga Khan. The Hunza region is home to people of three ethnicities:[LIST][*]The [COLOR=#000000]Gojal[/COLOR] area is mainly populated by [COLOR=#000000]Wakhi[/COLOR] speakers;[*]The [COLOR=#000000]Shinaki[/COLOR] area is mainly inhabited by [COLOR=#000000]Shina[/COLOR] speakers;[*]The [COLOR=#000000]Kanjut[/COLOR] area is mainly inhabited by [COLOR=#000000]Burushaski[/COLOR] speakers.[/LIST]The [COLOR=#000000]Burushaski[/COLOR] language is understood throughout Hunza. It is a [COLOR=#000000]language isolate[/COLOR]. In addition to Burushaski, there are also speakers of [COLOR=#000000]Wakhi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Shina[/COLOR] and Domaaki. The people of Hunza are collectively termed [I]Hunzakuts[/I], while [I][COLOR=#000000]Burusho[/COLOR][/I] refers only to the speakers of Burushaski. The majority of the people are [COLOR=#000000]Ismaili[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Shia[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Muslims[/COLOR] who are followers of the [COLOR=#000000]Aga Khan[/COLOR]. The present [COLOR=#000000]Aga Khan[/COLOR] has provided a lot of funding for the area to help with agriculture and the local economy. [CENTER][B][U]HUSSAINI VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [LEFT]Hussaini or Sisoni is a rockey valley in [COLOR=#000000]Gojal[/COLOR] upper [COLOR=#000000]Hunza[/COLOR] of the [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas of Pakistan[/COLOR]. Hussaini is 145 km north of [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR], the capital city. Hunza River flows in to the east while the [COLOR=#000000]Karakoram Highway[/COLOR] (KKH) passes to its west. According to Ali Rehmat Musofer, a Geographer of the village, Hussaini is situated on 74*.54' and 03" East longitude to 36*.26' and 53" North latitude at an altitude of 2556 meters (Source-GPS) above sea level. South of Hussaini is [COLOR=#000000]Gulmit[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Ghulkin[/COLOR] is to the southwest, while [COLOR=#000000]Passu[/COLOR] is in the north with famous [COLOR=#000000]Batura[/COLOR] glacier. [COLOR=#000000]Hussaini glacier[/COLOR] is located to the west with famous [COLOR=#000000]Shisper peak[/COLOR], 7611 meter. The newly irrigated land, called [COLOR=#000000]Zarabod[/COLOR] is on the left bank. The total population is 545 persons, living in 75 households. [/LEFT] [CENTER][B][U]KAGHAN VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Kaghan valley is a valley in the [COLOR=#000000]Mansehra District[/COLOR] of the [COLOR=#000000]North-West Frontier Province[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It has a reputation as a place of great natural beauty. This valley also suffered from the [COLOR=#000000]earthquake disaster on 8th of October 2005[/COLOR] last year. A vacation in the Kaghan Valley, the [COLOR=#000000]Himalayan[/COLOR] hide-away, located northeast of the Hazara district of Pakistan's [COLOR=#000000]North West Frontier Province[/COLOR], is an unforgettable experience. The Kaghan valley is named for the town of Kaghan rather than for the Kunhar River which flows to the length of the valley. The Valley extends for 155 km rising from an elevation of 2,134 metres to its highest point, the [COLOR=#000000]Babusar Pass[/COLOR], at 4,173 metres. The local population is friendly and easygoing and speaks Hindko (a language spoken by the hill people in Hazara), [COLOR=#000000]Pushto[/COLOR], and/or [COLOR=#000000]Urdu[/COLOR]. The region is Alpine in geography and climate, with forests and meadows dominating the landscape below peaks that reach over 17,000 feet. Its mountains, dales, lakes, waterfalls, streams and glaciers are still in an unbelievable pristine state. It is indeed an unspoiled paradise! This is why it can be a deeply satisfying experience to spend a few days in Kaghan. Kaghan is at its best during summer (months ranging from May to September). In May the temperature is: maximum 11 C and minimum 3 C. From the middle of July up to the end of September the road beyond Naran is open right up to [COLOR=#000000]Babusar Pass[/COLOR]. Movement is restricted during the [COLOR=#000000]monsoon[/COLOR] and winter seasons. The Kaghan area can be reached by road via the towns of Balakot, [COLOR=#000000]Abbottabad[/COLOR] and Mansehra. In Balakot, one may find buses and other transports to reach Kaghan or Naran. The road from [COLOR=#000000]Balakot[/COLOR] ascends along the Kunhar River through lovely forests and the villages of Paras, Shinu, Jared and Mahandri. The valley is somewhat narrow along this stretch and the views are limited but as you ascend, the surrounding peaks come into view. One spot that is quite famous for its spectacular view and scenery is '[COLOR=#000000]Shogran[/COLOR]'. This village, sorrounded by peaks and forests, is east of the main Kunhar River. It hosts the famous Siri-Paya Mountain with breathtaking views at its top. [B][U]Fishing[/U][/B] Fishing is the chief sport in Kaghan. Brown Trout and Mahasheer are stocked in pure silvery waters between Kaghan and Naran. The Kunhar river trout is considered to be the best throughout the sub-continent. Fishing licenses are issued by the 'Fisheries Department at Naran' or by the 'Trout Hatchery' at Shinu. [B][U]Naran[/U][/B] Most visitors to Naran pay a visit to [COLOR=#000000]Saiful Muluk[/COLOR] Lake (10,500 feet) 6 miles east of town. If the road is open you can arrange transportation by jeep. If the road is closed, it is an easy, gradual three-hour walk, and the lake is a lovely spot for a picnic. If you are walking directly up-valley from Naran to [COLOR=#000000]Babusar "Top"[/COLOR] the loveliest spots to camp on this trail is at "Lulusar Lake". Located just before the final grade to [COLOR=#000000]Babusar Top[/COLOR] and surrounded by tall peaks, Lulusar is just one many high elevation lakes that sit along the crest of the ridge. [B][U]People[/U][/B] One of the most interesting features of the Kaghan area is the Gujar (herder) families you'll see along the way bringing their animals up to the summer pastures. The Kaghan valley is one of their most popular destinations in Pakistan, and you'll find them camped along the road in their tents or moving up the valley with their goats, sheep and pack animals. For those with time and interest, this peaceful, lovely valley offers an interesting and enjoyable destination. [CENTER][B][U]KUNAR VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Kunar Valley or [COLOR=#000000]Chitral Valley[/COLOR] is a [COLOR=#000000]valley[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Afghanistan[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Main geographic features are jungles and mountains. [CENTER][B][U]KURRAM VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Kurrum River flows through the Kurrum Valley across the [COLOR=#000000]Afghan[/COLOR]-[COLOR=#000000]Pakistani[/COLOR] border west to east (crossing from the [COLOR=#000000]Paktia Province[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Afghanistan[/COLOR] into the [COLOR=#000000]Kohat[/COLOR] border region of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]) at [COLOR=#000000]33°49′N 69°58′E[/COLOR], about 80 km southwest of [COLOR=#000000]Jalalabad[/COLOR]. The Kurram Valley in ancient times offered the most direct route to [COLOR=#000000]Kabul[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Gardez[/COLOR]. The route crossed the [COLOR=#000000]Peiwar[/COLOR] Pass 3,439 m (11,283 ft) high, just over 20 km west of modern [COLOR=#000000]Parachinar[/COLOR], but was blocked by snow for several months of the year. The valley is highly irrigated, well peopled, and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards and groves, to which a fine background is afforded by the dark pine forests and alpine snows of the Safed Koh. The beauty and climate of the valley attracted some of the [COLOR=#000000]Mogul[/COLOR] emperors of Delhi, and the remains exist of a garden planted by [COLOR=#000000]Shah Jahan[/COLOR]. In the early 19th century the Kurram Valley was under the government of [COLOR=#000000]Kabul[/COLOR], and every five or six years a military expedition was sent to collect the revenue, the soldiers living meanwhile at free quarters on the people. It was not until about 1848 that the Turis were brought directly under the control of Kabul, when a governor was appointed, who established himself in Kurram. The Turis, being [COLOR=#000000]Shiah[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Muslims[/COLOR], never liked the Afghan rule. During the second Afghan War, when Sir [COLOR=#000000]Frederick Roberts[/COLOR] advanced by way of the Kurram Valley and the Peiwar Kotal to Kabul, the Turis lent him every assistance in their power, and in consequence their independence was granted them in 1880. The administration of the Kurram Valley was finally undertaken by the British government, at the request of the Turis themselves, in 1890. Technically it ranked, not as a British district, but as an agency or administered area. Two expeditions in the Kurram Valley also require mention: (1) The Kurram expedition of 1856 under Brigadier-General Sir Neville Chamberlain. The Turis on the first annexation of the Kohat district by the British had given much trouble. They had repeatedly leagued with other tribes to harry the Miranzai valley, harbouring fugitives, encouraging resistance, and frequently attacking Bangash and Khattak villages in the [COLOR=#000000]Kohat[/COLOR] district. Accordingly, in 1856 a British force of 4,896 troops traversed their country, and the tribe entered into engagements for future good conduct. (2) The Kohat-Kurram expedition of 5,897 under Colonel W. Hill. During the frontier risings of 1897 the inhabitants of the Kurram valley, chiefly the Massozai section of the [COLOR=#000000]Orakzais[/COLOR], were infected by the general excitement, and attacked the British camp at [COLOR=#000000]Sadda[/COLOR] and other posts. A force of 14,230 British troops traversed the country, and the tribesmen were severely punished. In [COLOR=#000000]Lord Curzon[/COLOR]'s reorganization of the frontier in 1900-1901, the British troops were withdrawn from the forts in the Kurram Valley, and were replaced by the Kurram militia, reorganized in two battalions, and chiefly drawn from the Turi tribe. In recent years the Kurram Valley has once again assumed a very strategic position and has been an area of intense military activity between the [COLOR=#000000]Taliban[/COLOR] and American and allied forces. [CENTER][B][U]MIRANZAI VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Miranzai Valley, also Hangu, is a mountain valley situated in the [COLOR=#000000]Kohat[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Hangu[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]districts[/COLOR] in the [COLOR=#000000]North-West Frontier Province[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is made up of two valleys, draining from the southwest into the Kunam and northeast into the Kohat Tai. It is divided into upper and lower Miranzai. It extends from the [COLOR=#000000]Zaimukht[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Orakzai[/COLOR] hills to the [COLOR=#000000]Khattaks[/COLOR]. It is 40 miles in length and is 546 square miles in area. East of [COLOR=#000000]Hangu[/COLOR] is made up of numerous smaller valleys. To the west of Hangu, consisting of the entire upper portion of the valley, is a broad and open plain, bare of trees. There are many ravines in this area. The area surrounding the valley has many inhabitants, mostly comprising the [COLOR=#000000]Bangash[/COLOR] and Orakzai peoples. [COLOR=#000000]British military[/COLOR] expeditions occurred in the area when it was still part of [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR] in the late [COLOR=#000000]19th century[/COLOR] due to disturbance. The portion of Miranzai east of Hangu village consists of numerous small and well-cultivated valleys. To the west of Hangu, including the whole of Upper Miranzai, the country is a broad, open valley. The country is full of ravines towards Thal. Miranzai forms the meeting place of many different tribes, but its chief inhabitants are the Bangash and Orakzais. [CENTER][B][U]NAGAR VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [B]Nagar Valley[/B] is a valley near [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit Valley[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Hunza Valley[/COLOR] in the northern areas of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [B][U]Location[/U][/B] The Nagar valley is situated at an elevation of 2,438m (7,999 feet). Nagar Khas is the main town and the capital of the former Nagar state. The [COLOR=#000000]Spantik[/COLOR] peak (Golden peak) can easily be seen from here. Gulmet is the popular [COLOR=#000000]tourist[/COLOR] attraction in Nagar because of the spectacular [COLOR=#000000]scenery[/COLOR] of the surrounding mountains like [COLOR=#000000]Rakaposhi[/COLOR] at 7,788m (25,561), and [COLOR=#000000]Diran[/COLOR]. [B][U]History[/U][/B] Nagar was formerly a princely state in the northernmost part of the Northern Areas of Pakistan, which existed until 1974. The state bordered the Gilgit Agency to the south, the former princely state of Hunza to the east, [COLOR=#000000]China[/COLOR] to the north and [COLOR=#000000]Afghanistan[/COLOR] to the northwest. The state [COLOR=#000000]capital[/COLOR] was the town of Nagar Khas (also known as uyum Nagar) The area of [COLOR=#000000]Nagar[/COLOR] now forms the Nagar 1 upper Nagar and Nagar 2 lower Nagar and forms two [COLOR=#000000]tehsils[/COLOR] of the [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit District[/COLOR]. Nagar was an independent principality for 1200 years. The British gained control of Nagar and the neighbouring valley of [COLOR=#000000]Hunza[/COLOR] between 1889 and 1892. The Tham (Chief) of that time Azur Khan sent in exile to [COLOR=#000000]Kashmir[/COLOR]. The British retained Nagar's status as a [COLOR=#000000]principality[/COLOR] until 1947. The people of Nagar were ruled by a local [COLOR=#000000]Mir[/COLOR] for more than 1200 years, which came to an end in 1974. Although never ruled directly by neighbouring Kashmir or the British, Nagar was a [COLOR=#000000]vassal[/COLOR] of Kashmir from the time of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir. The Mirs of Nagar sent an annual tribute to the Kashmir Durbar until 1947, and along with the ruler of Hunza, was considered to be among the most loyal vassals of the [COLOR=#000000]Maharaja[/COLOR] of Kashmir. Nagar and Hunza were collectively called [I]buroshall[/I] and their capital was [I]capal dosuk[/I]. But after the reign of the [I]Miyor Khan[/I] his sons divided Buroshall into Nagar and Hunza and declared the river as the border: [I]Muglot[/I] became the king of Nagar and [I]Kirkis[/I] became the king of Hunza. On 25 September the state was dissolved. [B][U]List of Nagar kings[/U][/B][LIST][*]Muglot[*]Azur[*]Shamsheer[*]Sultan Khan[*]Fazal Khan[*]Duad Khan[*]Ali Dad[*]Khamal Khan[*]Rahim Khan[*]Barbarullah Khan[*]sultan Khan[*]Azur Khan[*]Habi Khan[*]Alif Khan[*]Zafar Zahid Khan[*]Mohammad Khan[*]Azur Khan[*]Sikandar Khan[*]Soukat Ali Khan[/LIST][B][U]Climate[/U][/B] The climate of Nagar remains pleasant from the mid April to the end of September. The maximum temperature in summer during the day is 13C. The weather becomes very cold during the winter, mainly from the October to end of March. The minimum temperature can be -14C. [B][U]Nagar, Pakistan[/U][/B] Nagar is a town in near [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Hunza[/COLOR] valleys in [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is a part of the [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit District[/COLOR]. Nagar was the capital of the former [COLOR=#000000]State of Nagar[/COLOR]. Today, the famous [COLOR=#000000]Karakoram Highway[/COLOR] crosses Nagar, connecting [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]China[/COLOR] via the [COLOR=#000000]Khunjerab Pass[/COLOR]. The road follows the [COLOR=#000000]Hunza river[/COLOR] for some distance through Nagar and into the [COLOR=#000000]Hunza[/COLOR] region. [CENTER][B][U]NARAN VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Naran Valley is located in [COLOR=#000000]North-West Frontier Province[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The [COLOR=#000000]Kunhar River[/COLOR], swollen by glacier melt, meanders its way through the Naran Valley. [COLOR=#000000]Makra Peak[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Malka Parbat[/COLOR], and [COLOR=#000000]Saiful Muluk[/COLOR] are the main attractions. [CENTER][B][U]RUPAL VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Rupal Valley, [COLOR=#000000]35°13′38.76″N, 74°42′26.60″E[/COLOR], is a valley in the [COLOR=#000000]Astore District[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It lies in the south of [COLOR=#000000]Nanga Parbat[/COLOR]. It is popular for [COLOR=#000000]Nanga Parbat[/COLOR] treks from the south which start in the Rupal Valley. [CENTER][B][U]SKARDU VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Skardu the capital of [COLOR=#000000]Baltistan[/COLOR] is part of Northern Areas along with Gilgit Region - and Skardu is one of the districts of [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR]. Skardu borders Kargil district in east, Astore in South, Kashmir in southeast, and Gilgit district in the west. It is located in the wide (10 km) and long (40 km). [B]Skardu Valley[/B], in the very place in which the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR] receives the [COLOR=#000000]Shigar River[/COLOR] waters. Indus River flows from tibet, passes through Ladakh and then enters Pakistan through Baltistan. Skardu is also a district of [COLOR=#000000]Baltistan[/COLOR]. Situated at nearly 2500 m (8,200 feet), the town is surrounded by gray-brown coloured mountains, which hide the [COLOR=#000000]8,000 metre peaks[/COLOR] of the nearby [COLOR=#000000]Karakoram[/COLOR] Range. [B][U]Major hub for expeditions[/U][/B] Skardu is one of the two major hubs of all trekking expeditions in [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR], a region that includes four of the fourteen [COLOR=#000000]Eight-thousander[/COLOR] peaks (8,000m and above) of the world. The other hub is [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR]. The tourist season is from April to October. From Skardu two roads lead to the [COLOR=#000000]Askole[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Hushe Valleys[/COLOR], main doorgates to the snowy giants, and to the huge glaciers of [COLOR=#000000]Baltoro[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Biafo[/COLOR], and [COLOR=#000000]Trango[/COLOR]. Here begins the way for climbing legendary mountains such as [COLOR=#000000]K2[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Gasherbrums[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Broad Peak[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=#000000]Trango Towers[/COLOR]. This makes the town a major summer tourist hotpoint, which results in many hotels and shops in the area, and in the trekking season, expensive prices. Treks to the highest [COLOR=#000000]plains[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Deosai Plains[/COLOR] either start from Skardu or end at Skardu. At a height of about 4,100m (13,500 feet), these are the second highest plains of the world, second only to [COLOR=#000000]Tibet[/COLOR]. In local Tibetan language, Deosai is called Byarsa which means the 'summer place'. Approximately 5000 square kilometer in area, the plains extend all the way to Ladakh and provide habitat for snow leopards, ibex, brown Tibetan bears and wild horses. [B][U]The town[/U][/B] The town is built up along the main road, and both sides of this grow up the New Bazaar (Naya Bazaar) in which hundreds of shops offer almost everything. To the west one finds Yadgar Chowk, with an ugly monument, and from there, the quarter behind Naya Bazaar, in the right hand side is Purana Bazaar, the old one. Following west from Naya Bazaar, there is a polo ground, and next Kazmi Bazaar. Skardu appears as a dusty town, but its people are colourful. Streets are full of men (almost no women), mainly [COLOR=#000000]Balti Tibetans[/COLOR], but many other ethnicities pack the streets of the bazaars: [COLOR=#000000]Pashtun[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjabis[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Hunzakuts[/COLOR], and even [COLOR=#000000]Uyghur[/COLOR], due to the close proximity of Baltistan to these regions. Since Pakistani occupation, advent of Pathans and Punjabis is on rise, threatening livelihood and cultural identity of the local Tibetan Baltis. Some of the names of the mohallahs in Skardu town are Khache-drong, Khar-drong, Olding, Kushu-bagh, Pakora, Thsethang, Sher-thang, Nagholi-spang etc. [B][U]Climate of Skardu[/U][/B] The tourist season is from April to October. The maximum temperature is 27C and the minimum (October) 8C. However, in December-January, the temperatures can reach below -10C. The Skardu valley is snowbound during the winter months. Often the road blocks at [COLOR=#000000]Karakoram Highway[/COLOR] cut the road link ([COLOR=#000000]Karakoram Highway[/COLOR]) of areas like [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR], Skardu and [COLOR=#000000]Hunza[/COLOR] from the rest of the country. Although Baltistan is connected with Ladakh and Kashmir with four or five routes, it has only one road connection with Pakistan. Once this road is blocked, you are cut off from rest of the world. Sometimes blockades are for weeks, but more often, opened within 2 - 5 days time. The local people are demanding from Pakistan to open roads towards India so tourists do not remain stuck and Pakistan is reluctant to do that. The air travel is also disturbed by the unreliable weather of Skardu and on some occasions flights are be delayed by several days because of weather. Further, air travel is very expensive nowadays. [B][U]Skardu Fort (Kharpochhe Fort)[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]Skardu Fort[/COLOR] or [COLOR=#000000]Kharpochhe Fort[/COLOR] is a fort that lies on the eastern face of the Khardrong or Mindoq-Khar ("Castle of Queen Mindoq") hill 40 ft above Skardu city. There is an old mosque inside the fort as well. The fort dates from the 8 century CE. A view from these monuments brings into vision the entire valley, the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR] and the settlement below. Rmakpon dynasty rulers of Baltistan built the fort and it was a seven-storey building. Sikhs burned it in the 18th century AD. It resembled the Ladakh fort of Leh which is 9 storey tall. The Potala of Lhasa Tibet, Leh fort and Skardu fort are all built on same designs. The name Kharpochhe means the great fort. Khar in Tibetan means castle or fort and Chhe means great. [B][U]Lakes in Skardu[/U][/B] There are three lakes in Skardu: [B][U]Katsura Thso Lakes[/U][/B] There are two [COLOR=#000000]Katsura Lakes[/COLOR]; the [COLOR=#000000]Upper Katsura lake[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=#000000]Lower Katsura Lake[/COLOR]. The latter is also known as the [COLOR=#000000]Shangrila Lake[/COLOR]. The [COLOR=#000000]Upper Katsura[/COLOR] Lake is not as famous as the [COLOR=#000000]Shangrila Lake[/COLOR]. There is resort at Lower Katsura Lake that is known as [COLOR=#000000]Shangrila Resort[/COLOR]. It is another popular destination for tourists in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The resort has a unique kind of restaurant that has been set up inside the [COLOR=#000000]fuselage[/COLOR] of an [COLOR=#000000]aircraft[/COLOR] that crashed nearby. [B][U]Satpara Thso Lake[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]Satpara Thso Lake[/COLOR] or [COLOR=#000000]Sadpara Lake[/COLOR] is the main lake in Skardu Valley which supplies water for the town of Skardu. It is one of the most picturesque lakes in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. In [COLOR=#000000]2002[/COLOR], the [COLOR=#000000]Government of Pakistan[/COLOR] decided to build a dam on the Satpara Lake. The Government allocated Rs. 600 million ($10 million) for Satpara Dam project in [COLOR=#000000]2004[/COLOR]'s financial year. The progress on the project, however, has been slow [CENTER][B][U]SOON VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [LEFT]Soon Valley or Soon Sakesar is located in [COLOR=#000000]Khushab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Soon Valley starts from [COLOR=#000000]Padhrar[/COLOR] village and end to [COLOR=#000000]Sakesar[/COLOR] that is the highest peak of [COLOR=#000000]Salt Range[/COLOR]. Sakesar is 5010 feet high from the sea level. Soon Valley is situated in the north west of [COLOR=#000000]Khushab[/COLOR]. The length of Soon Valley is 35 miles and average width is 90 miles. There are some special features of this valley that distinguish it from other areas, without knowing about them it is very hard to understand its importance. Sabhral, Khoora, Nowshera, Kufri, Anga, Ugali, Uchali and Bagh Shams-ud-Din are important towns in soon valley. Kanhatti Garden, Sodhi Garden, Da'ep and Sakesar are resorts to visit. [COLOR=#000000]Awan[/COLOR] tribe is settled in Soon Valley. [/LEFT] Well-known personalities like late literary giant Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi and columnist Abdul Qadir Hassan belong to this land. [B][U]Transportation[/U][/B] Soon Valley is accessible through public transport from [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR] (M2 Balkasar Interchange), [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR] (M2 Kalar Kahar Intrechange), [COLOR=#000000]Sargodha[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Khushab[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Mianwali[/COLOR]. [B][U]Lakes[/U][/B] There are two well-renowned [COLOR=#000000]Uchhali Lake[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Khabikki Lake[/COLOR] lakes in soon valley, which now a days are effected badly and drained due to pollution and shortage of natural water resources. [B][U]Famous Casts[/U][/B] The most dignified cast of the AWAN tribe settled in Soon valley with Malik as sub cast is used by the locals. Majority of the people are serving in the armed forces of Pakistan. Other professions like education, business and agricultural are also adopted by the locals. [CENTER][B][U]SWAT VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Swat is a valley and a [COLOR=#000000]district[/COLOR] in the [COLOR=#000000]North-West Frontier Province[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The capital is [COLOR=#000000]Saidu Sharif[/COLOR]. With high mountains, green meadows, and clear lakes, it is a place of great natural beauty, and a popular destination for tourists. It was a [COLOR=#000000]princely state[/COLOR] in the [COLOR=#000000]NWFP[/COLOR] until it was dissolved in [COLOR=#000000]1969[/COLOR]. His valley and the other areas along the banks of the river Swat, earliest known as [I]Shrivastu[/I], later [I]Suvastu[/I] and currently the present name, is also the place of origin of the [COLOR=#000000]Shrivastava[/COLOR] sub-clan of the [COLOR=#000000]Indo-Aryan[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Kayastha[/COLOR] clan. [B][U]History[/U][/B] Swat has been inhabited for over two thousand years and was known in ancient times as [COLOR=#000000]Udyana[/COLOR]. The first inhabitants were settled in well-planned towns. The independent monarchs of this region came under Achaemenid influence, before reverting back to local control in the 4th century BC. In 327 BC, [COLOR=#000000]Alexander the Great[/COLOR] fought his way to Udegram and [COLOR=#000000]Barikot[/COLOR]. In Greek accounts these towns have been identified as Ora and Bazira. By 305 BC, the region became a part of the Mauryan Empire. Around the 2nd century BC, the area was occupied by [COLOR=#000000]Buddhists[/COLOR], the [COLOR=#000000]Indo-Greeks[/COLOR], and the [COLOR=#000000]Kushans[/COLOR] who were attracted by the peace and serenity of the land. Swat is thought to be the probable birthplace of [COLOR=#000000]Vajrayana[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Buddhism[/COLOR]. There are many archaeological sites in the district, and Buddhist relics are common, testimony to their skills as sculptors and architects. [B][U]Buddhist Heritage of Swat[/U][/B] The Swat museum has the, the footprints of the Buddha which were found in the Swat valley and, now can be seen in the Swat museum. When the Buddha passed away, His relics (or ashes) were distributed to seven kings who built stupas over them for veneration. The Harmarajika stupa (Taxila) and Butkarha (Swat) stupa at Jamal Garha were among the earliest stupas of Gandhara. These had been erected on the orders of king Ashoka and contained the real relics of the Buddha. The [COLOR=#000000]Gandhara[/COLOR] School is probably credited with the first representation of the [COLOR=#000000]Buddha[/COLOR] in human form, the portrayal of Buddha in his human shape, rather than shown as a symbol. As Buddhist art developed and spread outside India, the styles developed here were imitated. For example, in China the Gandhara style was imitated in images made of bronze, with a gradual change in the features of these images. Swat, the land of romance and beauty, is celebrated throughout the world as the holy land of Buddhist learning and piety. Swat acquired fame as a place of Buddhist pilgrimage. Buddhist tradition holds that the Buddha himself came to Swat during his last reincarnation as the Guatama Buddha and preached to the people here. It is said that the Swat was filled with fourteen hundred imposing and beautiful stupas and monasteries, which housed as many as 6,000 gold images of the Buddhist pantheon for worship and education. There are now more than 400 Buddhist sites covering and area of 160 Km in Swat valley only. Among the important Buddhist excavation in swat an important one is Butkarha-I, containing the original relics of the Buddha. Source *[COLOR=#000000]Indo Pak Hist till 1951 [/COLOR] Sethana family’s influence started with the advent of their fore father Hazrat Pir Baba Syed Ali Tirmzi in Swat. From 1820, Sethana became place of resistance against the Sikhs and fight continued for 26 years till 1846. In fact, Sethana family dominated the political scene in Usafzai area for 200 years. In 1824, Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Sethana itself with 1,00000 soldiers. Syed Akbar Shah CAST (Syed) was born in 1793- ruled Swat till 1857. His total period of rule on Hazara and Swat lasted for 12 years. His capital was at Ghalegai in Abakhel area of Swat. His great grand father Syed Zaman Shah went from Buner to Sethana and after that the family extended from Buner, Malka and Swat to Sethana. In 1841, the great Indus flood destroyed Sethana followed by burning and destruction of Sethana by Sikhs and British and ultimately in 1973 it submerged under Tarbela Dam Lake. In 1852, Syed Akbar Shah fought the British at Malakand. In 1856, a mutiny supported by Nawab of Dir was crushed. In 1856, five hundred British native Infantry soldiers defected to Badshah Sahib Syed Akbar Shah but Akhund Sahib was against them and recommended their departure from Swat. He died at the age of 70 on 11th May 1857 on the day of mutiny in India. The British passed this remark: [B] “Today we have received bad news of mutiny but the good news is that Syed Akbar Shah has died otherwise the shape of the mutiny would have been different.”[/B] Syed Akbar Shah and his family gave Syed Ahmed Shahid Brelvy total protection and even after the death of Syed Ahmed Shahid his disciples were given protection in Sethana. Syeds of Sethana suffered at the hands of Sikhs and later on British for a very long time. They lost their State and property time and again for the cause of Islam. 2.His son Shehzada Syed Mubarik Shah became the ruler and fought the forces of General Chamberlain gallantly in 1863 at Ambela. He could rule only for one year. At this stage, Akhund Sahib also started conspiring against the family. Infact Akhund Sahib during the life of Syed Akbar Shah started saying that he would not support the family after the death of Badshah Sahib keeping in mind the circumstances and future planning for take over by his family. By this time he had amassed huge properties and created influence by helping public through Badshah Sahib at the same times giving full support to him. The famous Enfield Rifle was used in Sethana for the first time in Subcontinent by the British forces. 3. Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah. Hassan Zai tribes killed his father Syed Mehmood Shah. When he was 6 months old his cousin Feroz Shah came from Malka, attacked Sethana and killed all family male members in 1878. He was removed by a female servant and taken to a nearby village Kia and given protection by Ghulam Khel tribe. At a very young age, he left for India and lived with his stepbrother who was borne and lived in Lukhnow since his child hood. In Azam Garh, he studied with a Persian scholar Maulvi Qamaruddin, Maulvi Nazir ud Din and Maulvi Kabir Ullah who were Arabic and Persian teachers in Banaras. He came back and again went for studies in 1890. In 1897, he took part in Landakai war. In 1899, Nawab of Amb Akram khan appointed him as his Minister at a very young age. After the death of Nawab, his son Khan Zaman Khan became ruler. He married the daughter of Nawab of Amb in 1907. From childhood, he developed love for Islam and history mainly because of his family background. He had photographic memory, whatever, he studied once, he never forgot till his death. He was Hafiz-e-Quran and wrote many books mainly on the history of Pakhtoons (Al Hibrat, Bani Israel and Four Hundred Years old history of Frontier). He went on foot right up to Qundoos north Afghanistan in 1905 to confirm his ancestral history. According to Sir Olaf Caroe, “ he was an authority on the history of Pathans.” In 1903, he went to Delhi and met a very respected personality and Saint Shah Abdul Kher Mujaddi. In 1908, he re-captured Sethana with the help of Nawab of Amb and constructed Fort and house. In 1908, he married the daughter of ruler of Bokhara who had come to Abbottabad after revolution via Afghanistan with the help of Amir Abdul Rehan of Kabul. He ruled Swat from 28 April 1914 to 1918. His capital was at Niphikhel area Bandi Bala. Immediately after taking over as ruler, he organized an Army and proper income tax in Islamic way. Shariat law was to be followed. The Army was properly paid monthly pay. After 2 years in 1916, Mian Gul Abdul Wadood CAST (Gujar) mutinied but was arrested. He pardoned him and Mian Gul fought under his command against Nawab of Dir.He gave in writing on Holy Quran that he would never rise against him. His written statement of request for Pardon duly stamped is still available. He was sent for Hajj but on his return, he conspired with the British and with their active help overthrew him. British have confirmed their help against him and their animosity against Syed family in number of books. In 1912, Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayum requested him for help for Islamia College. He got Rs. 1,00000/- from Nawab Khan Zaman Khan and gave it to him. Again in 1939, he was exiled by the British to Hyderabad Deccan. The Nizam appointed him as his Defense Minister and remained there till 1945. While he was in Hyderabad, Sahibzada Sahib again asked him for help for Islamia College. He again got Rs. 1,50000/- from Nizam and sent it to him. Mian Gul’s status as ruler was accepted in 1926, although he was supported and installed by the British. In the beginning of the 11th century AD, [COLOR=#000000]Mahmud of Ghazni[/COLOR] advanced through Dir and invaded Swat, defeating Gira, the local ruler, near Udegram. Later, when the King of [COLOR=#000000]Kabul[/COLOR] Mirza Ulagh Beg attempted to assassinate the dominant chiefs of the [COLOR=#000000]Yousafzais[/COLOR] they took refuge under the umbrella of the Swati Kings of Swat and [COLOR=#000000]Bajour[/COLOR]. The whole area was being dominated by the [COLOR=#000000]Swati[/COLOR]/[COLOR=#000000]Jahangiri[/COLOR] Sultans of Swat for centuries. According to Major Raverty, Jahangiri Kings of Swat had ruled from [COLOR=#000000]Jalalabad[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]Jehlum[/COLOR]. After more than two decades of guerilla war, they were dispossessed by the [COLOR=#000000]Yousafzais[/COLOR]. The majority of the aboriginal inhabitants of Swat migrated to the Hazara region to the east, where [COLOR=#000000]Swatis[/COLOR] predominate with their surname Swati, reflecting their link to the region. [B][U]Demographics[/U][/B] The main language of the area is pashto. The people of Swat are mainly [COLOR=#000000]Pashtuns[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Kohistanis[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Gujars[/COLOR]. Some have very distinctive features and claim to be descendants of the army of Alexander the Great. The people of the [COLOR=#000000]Kalam[/COLOR] region in northern Swat are known as [COLOR=#000000]Kohistanis[/COLOR] and speak the Torwali and Kalami languages. There are also some [COLOR=#000000]Khowar[/COLOR] speakers in the Kalam region. This is because before [COLOR=#000000]Kalam[/COLOR] came under the rule of Swat it was a region tributary to both Yasin and [COLOR=#000000]Chitral[/COLOR] and after Yasin itself was assimilated into Chitral the Kalamis paid a tribute of mountain ponies to the Mehtar of Chitral every year. [B][U]Tourist attractions[/U][/B] There is a ski resort in Swat at [COLOR=#000000]Malam Jabba[/COLOR] as well. [COLOR=#000000]Malam Jabba[/COLOR] is about 40km north east of [COLOR=#000000]Saidu Sharif[/COLOR]. It is the most popular ski resort in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The ski slope is also the longest in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] at about 800m. [B][U]Administrative Set up[/U][/B] The region has gone through considerable changes over the last few years. Mainly since the dissolution of the princely state. [B][U]Local Politics[/U][/B] In August 2001, a new local government system was introduced by the Military led government of Pervaiz Musharraf, the new system consists of a District Nazim (or mayor) and a deputy Naib Nazim, the district in turn was subdivided into two tehsils. The first is Swat tehsil with 52 union councils and the other is Matta Tehsil with 13 union councils. Each tehsil has its own Nazim and Naib Nazim. The District Nazim is Jamal Nasir Khan of the Pakistan Muslim League and his Naib Nazim is Malik Sadiq Ahmed. Swats tehsil's Nazim is Fazal Rehman NoNo from the Pakistan People's Party Parliamentaerians. While its Naib nazim is Shah Dawran from the Awami National Party. In Matta Tehsil the Nazim is Abdul Jabbar Khan and Zakir Khan both of the Awami National Party. [B][U]Provincial & National Politics[/U][/B] The region elects two Male M.N.A,s and one female M.N.A and seven male M.P.A,s as well as two female M.P.A,s. In the 2002 National and Provincial elections, the Muttahida-Majlis-e-Amal, an alliance of religious political parties won all the seats amidst a wave of anti Americanism that spread after the United States invasion of Afghanistan. [CENTER][B][U]USHU, UTROT AND GABRAL VALLEYS[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The valleys of Ushu, Utrot and Gabral beyond Kalam, constitute some of the most beautiful parts of Swat. There is good trout fishing around Utrot. Foreign tourists are advised to contact the local police authorities at Kalam before preceding to the valleys of Ushu, Utrot and Gabral. Swat is ideal for camping, trekking and mountaineering. Permits are necessary, and can be obtained from the Tourism Division, Government of Pakistan, Markaz F-7, Islamabad. The waters of the Swat River around Kalam and in the valleys of Ushu and Gabral abound in brown trout. Fishing licenses must be obtained from the office of the Assistant Commissioner, Fisheries at Madyan and Kalam. [CENTER][B][U]NEELUM VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [LEFT]The Neelum Valley is a Himalayan gorge in [COLOR=#000000]Azad Kashmir[/COLOR], Pakistan along which the [COLOR=#000000]Neelum River[/COLOR] flows. This green and fertile valley is 206km in length and stretches and snakes its way from Muzaffarabad all the way to Athmuqam and beyond. [/LEFT] This area was badly affected by the 2005 Pakistan earthquake and was cut from the outside world as the roads and paths were filled with rubble. [CENTER][B][U]INSUKATI VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [COLOR=#000000]China[/COLOR]'s largest glacier valley located on the northern slope of the [COLOR=#000000]Karakoram[/COLOR] Range which is between [COLOR=#000000]Xinjiang[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The glacier found in this valley is about 41.5 kilometres long, covering an area of 392.4 square kilometres. [CENTER][B][U]KALAM VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Kalam valley is situated in the upper reaches of [COLOR=#000000]Swat[/COLOR], in the [COLOR=#000000]North-West Frontier Province[/COLOR] (NWFP) of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Kalam, 29 kilometres (18 miles) from Bahrain and about 2,000 meters (6,800 feet) above sea level, the valley opens out, providing rooms for a small but fertile plateau above the river. In Kalam the Ushu and Utrot rivers join to form the Swat River. Here, the metal road ends and shingle road leads to the Ushu and Utrot valleys. From Matiltan one gets a breath-taking view of the snow-capped Mount Falaksir 5918 meters (19,415 ft.), and another un-named peak 6096 meters (20,000 ft.) high. PTDC offers motel accommodation in Miandam, Kalam and Besham. [CENTER][B][U]BISHIGRAM VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Bishigram valley is located in [COLOR=#000000]Swat[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]North-West Frontier Province[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]TIRAT VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Tirat valley is located in [COLOR=#000000]Swat[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]North-West Frontier Province[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]PISHIN VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Pishin valley is located in [COLOR=#000000]Pishin District[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]PANCHKORA VALLEY OF DIR [/U][/B] [/CENTER] Panchkora Valley of Dir is a valley situated in the [COLOR=#000000]North West Frontier Province[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The Panchkora Valley of Dir was the home of early Aryans. Remains of their settlements are classified as [COLOR=#000000]Gandhara grave culture[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]TALASH VALLEY[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Talash Valley, 13 KM from [COLOR=#000000]Chakdara[/COLOR], is full of [COLOR=#000000]Buddhist[/COLOR] remains. Buddhist [COLOR=#000000]stupas[/COLOR] and monasteries which have not been excavated are on both sides of the road towards Dir. At the west end of the valley is Kat Kala Pass. Caroe identified this place with Massaga which was captured by [COLOR=#000000]Alexander the Great[/COLOR] in 327BC. Here there are remains of massive crumbling [COLOR=#000000]Hindu[/COLOR] Shahi fort of 8-10th century. [B]Timargarha[/B], 40 km from Chakdara is the site of excavated graves of Aryans, dating 1500 to 600 BC. On the west side of Panchkora River is the excavated site of Balambat. Site was in occupation continuously since 1500 BC when Aryans occupied this first time. Houses dated 500 BC have been discovered here. An interesting discovery was fire altars, which shows that people were fire worshippers. |
Ports and harbours of Pakistan
[CENTER][B][U]BABRBARIKON[/U][/B]
[/CENTER] Barbarikon was the name of a [COLOR=#000000]sea port[/COLOR] near the modern-day city of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], important in the [COLOR=#000000]Hellenistic[/COLOR] era in [COLOR=#000000]Indian Ocean[/COLOR] trade. It is mentioned briefly in the [COLOR=#000000]Periplus of the Erythraean Sea[/COLOR]: "This river [the [COLOR=#000000]Indus[/COLOR]] has seven mouths, very shallow and marshy, so that they are not navigable, except the one in the middle; at which by the shore, is the market-town, Barbaricum. Before it there lies a small island, and inland behind it is the metropolis of Scythia, Minnagara; it is subject to Parthian princes who are constantly driving each other out." Periplus, Chap. 38 "The ships lie at anchor at Barbaricum, but all their cargoes are carried up to the metropolis by the river, to the King. There are imported into this market a great deal of thin clothing, and a little spurious; figured linens, topaz, coral, storax, frankincense, vessels of glass, silver and gold plate, and a little wine. On the other hand there are exported costus, bdellium, lycium, nard, turquoise, lapis lazuli, Seric skins, cotton cloth, silk yarn, and indigo. And sailors set out thither with the Indian Etesian winds, about the, month of July, that is Epiphi: it is more dangerous then, but through these winds the voyage is more direct, and sooner completed." Periplus Chap. 39 It is also a [COLOR=#000000]Greek[/COLOR] version of the term [COLOR=#000000]Barbaricum[/COLOR], designating areas outside civilization and/or the [COLOR=#000000]Roman Empire[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]GAWADAR PORT[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Gwadar port is located at [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar[/COLOR] city at the entrance of the [COLOR=#000000]Persian Gulf[/COLOR] on [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR] and about 460 km west of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Gwadar port, is a deep-sea [COLOR=#000000]warm water port[/COLOR], being constructed in two phases with heavy investment from [COLOR=#000000]China[/COLOR]. Gwadar has had immense [COLOR=#000000]geostrategic[/COLOR] significance on many accounts. In [COLOR=#000000]1993[/COLOR], Pakistan started technical and financial feasibilities for the development of Gwadar port. The Gwadar port project started on [COLOR=#000000]22 March[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]2002[/COLOR]. The first phase was completed in [COLOR=#000000]December[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]2005[/COLOR]. Gawadar port was inaugurated on [COLOR=#000000]March 19[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]2007[/COLOR] after the completion of second development phase. Gawadar port is Pakistan's first deep port that has the capacity to serve virtually all sorts of cargo ships of any size. [B][U]Port Operations[/U][/B] [COLOR=#000000]Port of Singapore[/COLOR] took over Gwadar Port by the end of January 2007. Port of Singapore was the highest bidder for the Gwadar port after DP world backed out of the bidding process. Originally, Chairman of [COLOR=#000000]Dubai Ports World[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem[/COLOR], who met [COLOR=#000000]President[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Pervez Musharraf[/COLOR] on May 5th 2006, expressed a strong hope for management of facilities at the strategic Gwadar deep sea port and development of infrastructure in the southern port city and elsewhere in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR].But They took the decision not to bid after India’s National Security Council had voiced concerns about DP World’s ventures in [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR], alongside its Pakistani plans and [COLOR=#000000]Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem[/COLOR] assured the Indians their pull-out was well considered and India need not have any security concerns.The port will now be in competition with the likes of Chabahar, a port in Iran, as well as Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. [CENTER] [/CENTER] [CENTER][B][U]GAWADAR FISH HARBOUR[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Gwadar Fish Harbour is located in [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]KORANGI FISH HARBOUR[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Korangi Harbour, in East Karachi, is a relatively new harbour, originally built to take pressure off the [COLOR=#000000]Karachi Fish Harbour[/COLOR]. It was also to serve the boom in fisheries production as a result of expansion offshore, which never occurred locally, and for large trawlers and processing vessels. [CENTER][B][U]ORMARA[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Ormara is a port city located in [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR]. It is located 450 Km west of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] on the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR]. Jinnah naval base of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Navy[/COLOR] is also located at Ormara. Ormara airport is located at 25° 16' 29N 64° 35' 10E. The population of Ormara is estimated to be over 40,000 in 2005. Over 99% is [COLOR=#000000]Muslim[/COLOR]. The vast majority of the population of Ormara is [COLOR=#000000]Baloch[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]PASNI FISH HARBOUR[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Pasni is a fishing port and major town in [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is located on the [COLOR=#000000]Makran[/COLOR] coast on [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR] about 300 Km from [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. Pasni is also sub-division of [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar[/COLOR] district. [CENTER][B][U]PORT QASIM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Port Muhammad Bin Qasim is a port in [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], located at [COLOR=#000000]24°46′00″N, 67°20′00″E[/COLOR] (24.766667, 67.333333). It was constructed in the late [COLOR=#000000]1970s[/COLOR] to relieve congestion at [COLOR=#000000]Karachi Port[/COLOR]. Port Qasim was named after the [COLOR=#000000]Muslim[/COLOR] general [COLOR=#000000]Muhammad bin Qasim[/COLOR] who captured the area around 712 CE. The port was developed close to the [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Steel Mills[/COLOR] complex near the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR] delta. Port Qasim's residential area is a neighbourhood of [COLOR=#000000]Bin Qasim Town[/COLOR] of Karachi. Port Qasim is managed by [COLOR=#000000]Port Qasim Authority[/COLOR]. Port Qasim is Pakistan's second busiest [COLOR=#000000]port[/COLOR], handling about 35% of the nation's cargo (17 million tons per annum). It is located in an old channel of the Indus River at a distance of 35 kilometers east of Karachi city centre. The total area of the port comprises 1,000 acres (4 km²) with an adjacent 11,000 acre (45 km²) industrial estate. The approach to the port is along a 45-kilometre long Navigation Channel which provides safe navigation for vessels up to 75,000 DWT. The geographic position of the Port places it in close proximity to major shipping routes. One of its major advantages is the proximity to national transport facilities - 15 kilometers from the Pakistan [COLOR=#000000]National Highway[/COLOR], 14 kilometers from the [COLOR=#000000]National Railway[/COLOR] network through six railway tracks located immediately behind the berths and 22 kilometers from [COLOR=#000000]Jinnah International Airport[/COLOR]. [B][U]Terminals[/U][/B] The Port has nine cargo-handling berths: -[LIST][*]Multipurpose Terminal with four multi-purpose berths each of 200 meters length.[*]Qasim International [COLOR=#000000]Container Terminal[/COLOR] with two berths each of 300 meters length.[*]Engro Vopak Chemical Terminal with one berth.[*]Fotco Oil Terminal with one berth but the potential for four additional berths.[*]Iron Ore and Coal Berth (279 metres long) for [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Steel Mills[/COLOR].[/LIST][B][U]Expansion[/U][/B] Future expansion of the port includes the deepening and widening of the navigation channel and the establishment of a liquid [COLOR=#000000]cargo terminal[/COLOR], a [COLOR=#000000]liquefied petroleum gas[/COLOR] terminal, grain handling and storage facilities, a [COLOR=#000000]textile[/COLOR] complex and a desalination plant. [B][U]Environmental Concerns[/U][/B] The area around the port includes several [COLOR=#000000]mangrove forests[/COLOR] which are constantly under threat from human activities. The beach immediately west of the navigation channel was the scene of a major oil spillage when the Greek-registered [COLOR=#000000]Tasman Spirit[/COLOR] ran aground in [COLOR=#000000]August[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]2003[/COLOR]. The environmental impact included large numbers of dead fish and turtles and a key mangrove forest, as well as dozens of people suffering nausea. [CENTER][B][U]KETI BANDAR[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Keti Bandar is a port at [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Thatta District[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Keti Bandar was one of the richest ports of the region. The residents of Keti Bandar proudly claim that this port granted a loan to Karachi Municipal Committee during nineteenth century. This is no more in operation since [COLOR=#000000]1935[/COLOR]. Now not even the ruins of the port are visible due to sea erosion. Most of the inhabitants believe that Keti Bandar is actually the port of [COLOR=#000000]Debal[/COLOR] where [COLOR=#000000]Muhammad bin Qasim[/COLOR] along with his army arrived through ships from [COLOR=#000000]Iraq[/COLOR]. [COLOR=#000000]Dibla[/COLOR] tribe settled at Keti Bandar which justifies their claim to some extents. The ports of coastal belt of Thatta are Keti Bandar, [COLOR=#000000]Bagan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Kharo Chhan[/COLOR] etc. and are located 160 kilometers south east from [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]JIWANI PORT[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Jiwani port is located along [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar District[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is located near the [COLOR=#000000]Iranian[/COLOR] border. It has a population of 25,000 and it is expected to become a major commercial center in concert with the development of the port of [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar[/COLOR] located nearly 80 Km to the east. Jiwani is located at the eastern end of [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar Bay[/COLOR], which is shared between Iran and Pakistan. The area around the bay includes an important mangrove forest extending across the international border, and is an important habitat for a wide variety of wildlife, especially the endangered Olive Ridley and Green Turtles. Plans to grant fishing concessions and offshore drilling rights are potentially a threat to the wildlife of the area. Jiwani holds strategic importance in the region, located immediately adjacent to the shipping lanes to and from the [COLOR=#000000]Persian Gulf[/COLOR]. This is the main reason that the town hosts a small naval base and an airport with a 5,500-foot runway. [CENTER][B][U]KARACHI PORT[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Port of Karachi is [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]'s largest and busiest [COLOR=#000000]seaport[/COLOR], handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum). The port is located at [COLOR=#000000]24°50′00″N, 66°58′30″E[/COLOR] (24.840000, 66.980000) between the Karachi towns of [COLOR=#000000]Kiamari[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Saddar[/COLOR], close to the heart of old Karachi. The port is located close to the main business district of Karachi and several industrial areas. The geographic position of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] places the port in close proximity to major shipping routes such as the [COLOR=#000000]Straits of Hormuz[/COLOR]. The administration of the port is carried out by the [COLOR=#000000]Karachi Port Trust[/COLOR] which was established in the [COLOR=#000000]nineteenth century[/COLOR]. [B][U]Description[/U][/B] The port comprises a deep natural harbour with an 11-km long approach channel which provides safe navigation for vessels up to 75,000 [COLOR=#000000]DWT[/COLOR]. The main areas of port activity are two [COLOR=#000000]wharves[/COLOR] – East Wharf with seventeen vessel [COLOR=#000000]berths[/COLOR] and West Wharf with thirteen vessel berths. The maximum depth alongside the berths is currently 11.3 meters. The two wharves extend in opposite directions along the upper harbour – the West Wharf southwest from Saddar town and the East Wharf northeast from Kimari Island. The flow of cargo to and from the port is hampered by severe congestion in the harbour with several other maritime facilities located close to the port. Adjacent to the West Wharf is the Karachi Fishing Harbour, which is administered separately from the port and is the base for a large fleet of several thousand fishing vessels. The West Wharf also hosts a ship repair facility and shipyard and a naval dockyard at the tip of the wharf, while to the south of the port are the Karachi [COLOR=#000000]Naval Base[/COLOR] and the Kimari [COLOR=#000000]Boat Club[/COLOR]. The Port of Karachi also faces competition from a new private terminal located 5 kilometres away in the larger harbour west of the port. In recent years the federal government has attempted to alleviate the increased congestion in the harbour by constructing a second port in Karachi thirty kilometers east at [COLOR=#000000]Port Qasim[/COLOR] and a third major port at [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar[/COLOR] about 650 kilometers west of Karachi. The Karachi Fishing Harbour has been upgraded and a second fishing harbour is located 18 kilometres away at [COLOR=#000000]Korangi[/COLOR]. The transfer of some naval vessels to the new naval base at [COLOR=#000000]Ormara[/COLOR] has brought about further reductions in congestion. [B][U]Ancient History[/U][/B] The history of the port is intertwined with that of the city of Karachi. Several ancient ports have been attributed in the area including Krokola, Morontobara (Woman's Harbour) (mentioned by [COLOR=#000000]Nearchus[/COLOR]), [COLOR=#000000]Barbarikon[/COLOR] (the [COLOR=#000000]Periplus of the Erythraean Sea[/COLOR]) and Debal (a city captured by the [COLOR=#000000]Muslim[/COLOR] general [COLOR=#000000]Muhammad bin Qasim[/COLOR] in 712 CE). There is a reference to the early existence of the port of Karachi in the [I]Umdah[/I], by the Arab navigator Suleiman al Mahri (AD 1511), who mentions Ras al Karazi and Ras Karashi while describing a route along the coast from [COLOR=#000000]Pasni[/COLOR] to Ras Karashi. Karachi is also mentioned in the [COLOR=#000000]sixteenth century[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Turkish[/COLOR] treatise [I]Muhit[/I] (The Ocean) by the [COLOR=#000000]Ottoman[/COLOR] captain Sidi Ali Reis. The [I]Muhit[/I] is a compilation of sailing directions for a voyage from the Portuguese island of [COLOR=#000000]Diu[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]Hormuz[/COLOR] in the Persian Gulf, warning sailors about whirlpools and advises them to seek safety in Kaurashi harbour if they found themselves drifting dangerously. There is a legend of a prosperous coastal town called [COLOR=#000000]Kharak[/COLOR] in the estuary of the [COLOR=#000000]Hub River[/COLOR] (west of modern Karachi) in the late [COLOR=#000000]seventeenth[/COLOR] and early [COLOR=#000000]eighteenth century[/COLOR]. In 1728 heavy rains silted up the harbour and resulted in the merchants of Kharak relocating to the area of modern Karachi. In 1729, they built a new fortified town called Kolachi (sometimes known as Kalachi-jo-Kun and Kolachi-jo-Goth) on high ground north of Karachi bay, surrounded by a 16-foot high mud and timber-reinforced wall with gun-mounted turrets and two gates. The gate facing the sea was called Kharadar ([I]salt gate[/I]), and the gate facing the Layari River was called Mithadar ([I]sweet gate[/I]). The modern neighbourhoods around the location of the gates are called Mithadar and Kharadar. Surrounded by mangrove swamps to the east, the sea to the southwest, and the Layari River to the north, the town was well defended and engaged in a profitable trade with [COLOR=#000000]Muscat[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Bahrain[/COLOR]. From 1729 to 1783 the strategic location of [COLOR=#000000]Kolachi[/COLOR] saw the town change hands several times between the Khans of Kalat and the rulers of Sindh. In 1783, after two prolonged sieges the town fell to the Talpur Mirs of Sindh, who constructed a fort mounted with cannons on Manora Island at the harbour entrance. The prominence of the port attracted the British, who opened a factory in Karachi at the end of the eighteenth century but disagreements with the Mirs on trade tariffs led to the closure of the factory. The British were concerned about Russian expansion towards the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR], so in [COLOR=#000000]1839[/COLOR] they occupied Karachi and later the whole of the Sindh. The port served as a landing point for troops during the [COLOR=#000000]First Afghan War[/COLOR]. [B][U]Modern History[/U][/B] The potential of Karachi as a natural harbour for the produce of the [COLOR=#000000]Indus[/COLOR] basin led to rapid development. The Indus Steam Flotilla and the Orient Inland Steam Navigation Company were formed to transport cotton and wheat down the Indus river to Karachi. A number of British companies opened offices and warehouses in Karachi and the population increased rapidly. By 1852, Karachi was an established city with a population of 14,000 and a prosperous overseas trade. The modern port began to take shape in 1854, when the main navigation channel was dredged and a mole or [COLOR=#000000]causeway[/COLOR] was constructed to link the main harbour with the rest of the city. This was followed by construction of Manora breakwater, Kiamari Groyne, the Napier Mole Bridge and the Native Jetty. The construction of the wharves started in 1882, and by 1914 the East Wharf and the Napier Mole Boat Wharf were complete while 1927 and 1944, the West Wharf, the lighterage berths and the ship-repair berths were constructed between 1927 and 1944. From the 1861 the Sindh Railway line connected Karachi to the cotton and wheat producing areas of the Sindh and northern [COLOR=#000000]British India[/COLOR] and by 1899 Karachi was the largest wheat and cotton exporting port in India. The period between 1856 and 1872 saw a marked increase in trade, especially during the [COLOR=#000000]American Civil War[/COLOR] when cotton from Sindh replaced American cotton as a raw material in the British textile industry and the opening of the [COLOR=#000000]Suez Canal[/COLOR] in 1869. Another major export was oil brought by rail from the Sui region in [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR]. Karachi's importance as a gateway to India increased in 1911 when the capital of British India was moved to Delhi. The city was an important military base during the [COLOR=#000000]First World War[/COLOR] (1914-18) because it was the first Indian port of call for ships coming through the Suez Canal and was the gateway to Afghanistan and the Russian Empire. In [COLOR=#000000]1936[/COLOR] the Sindh district of the [COLOR=#000000]Bombay Presidency[/COLOR] was reorganised as a new province with Karachi as the capital instead of the traditional capital of [COLOR=#000000]Hyderabad[/COLOR]. This led to new public services and buildings, thus increasing its population and importance. Karachi was again a military base and port for supplies to the Russian front during the [COLOR=#000000]Second World War[/COLOR] (1939-1945). In 1947, Karachi became the capital of the new nation of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], resulting in a growth in population as it absorbed hundreds of thousands of refugees. Although the capital moved to [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR] in 1959, Karachi remains the economic centre of Pakistan, accounting for the largest proportion of national GDP based in part on the commerce conducted through the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim. Post Independence, the port witnessed tremendous growth as a result of being the largest port in Pakistan. The port was targeted by the [COLOR=#000000]Indian Navy[/COLOR] (codenamed [COLOR=#000000]Operation Trident[/COLOR]) during the hostilities of the 1971 war. [B][U]Port Facilities[/U][/B] The port has thirty dry cargo berths, three liquid cargo-handling berths (oil piers), two ship repair jetties and a shipyard and engineering facility. These are arranged in two main wharves - the West Wharf and the East Wharf each including a container terminal: -[LIST][*]Karachi International Container Terminal (KICT) opened in [COLOR=#000000]1996[/COLOR] at West Wharf berths 28-30. It has a handling capacity of 300,000 TEUs per annum and handles container ships up to 11-metre draught. The total quay length is 600 metres divided into two container berths. The terminal is equipped with three [COLOR=#000000]Panamax[/COLOR] cranes and one post-Panamax crane.[/LIST][LIST][*]Pakistan International Container Terminal (PICT) in [COLOR=#000000]2002[/COLOR] at East Wharf berths 6-9. It has a handling capacity of 350,000 TEUs per annum and handles container ships up to 11.5 metre draught. The total quay length is 600 metres divided into two container berths. The terminal is equipped with two Panamax cranes.[/LIST][LIST][*]KICT and PICT have a nearby competitor in the privately operated Al-Hamd International Container Terminal (AICT), which opened in [COLOR=#000000]2001[/COLOR] at a site west of the Layari River. AICT is situated next to the [COLOR=#000000]Sindh Industrial Trading Estate[/COLOR], the new truck stand at Hawkes Bay Road and close to the RCD Highway, [COLOR=#000000]Super Highway[/COLOR] and the future Layari Bypass.[/LIST][LIST][*]Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works carries out shipbuilding and repair for both commercial and military customers on a 29-hectare (70 acres) site at the West Wharf. The facilities include a large shipbuilding hall, three shipbuilding berths, two dry-docks, three foundries.[/LIST][B][U]Expansion[/U][/B] Further deepening of the port has been planned by the Karachi Port Trust in order to enhance facilities. The channel is being dredged initially to 13.5 metres deep to cater for 12 metre draught vessels at all tides. At [COLOR=#000000]Kiamari Groyne[/COLOR], located at the outer tip of the harbour, dredging will be to 16.5 metres to enable vessels up to 300 metres long to dock. The Karachi Port Trust also plans to develop a trans-shipment terminal at Kiamari Groyne which should minimise turn around time for larger vessels. Other projects to expand the port include:[LIST][*]An increase the handling capacity of KICT from 300,000 [COLOR=#000000]TEUs[/COLOR] to 400,000 TEUs per annum[*]Two new berths at KICT with 14 metres depth alongside and an additional 100,000 m² terminal/stacking area[*]Installation of modern facilities at PICT (completed in April, [COLOR=#000000]2004[/COLOR])[*]A new bulk [COLOR=#000000]cargo terminal[/COLOR] at East Wharf[*]Reconstruction of the oldest oil pier to allow berthing of 90,000 [COLOR=#000000]DWT[/COLOR] tankers[*]A new 100-[COLOR=#000000]acre[/COLOR] cargo village to cater for containers and general and bulk cargo[*]Reconstruction of the 100-year old NMB Wharf to enhance the berthing of passenger vessels[*]The purchase of a new dredger, two hopper barges, two harbour tugs, two water barges, an anchor hoist vessel, two pilot boats, and a dredger tender[*]A new [COLOR=#000000]desalination plant[/COLOR] to address the city's water shortage problem[*]A 500-foot high Port Tower for commercial and recreational use including a [COLOR=#000000]revolving restaurant[/COLOR][*]The construction of a 500-acre Port Town with 13,000 homes for port workers at nearby Hawkes Bay[*]A new Port Club at Chinna Creek adjacent to the East Wharf[/LIST][B][U]Environmental Concerns[/U][/B] The area around the harbour includes several [COLOR=#000000]mangrove forests[/COLOR] which are constantly under threat from human activities. To the east of the port lies Chinna Creek, which covers about 6 km² and is dotted with mangrove islands. To the southwest of the port is another much larger mangrove forest in the bay formed by several islands and Manora breakwater; the river Layari flows into this bay, bringing waste from upstream suburbs. The beach immediately east of the harbour was the scene of a significant oil spillage when the Greek-registered [COLOR=#000000]Tasman Spirit[/COLOR] ran aground in August [COLOR=#000000]2003[/COLOR]. The environmental impact included large numbers of dead fish and turtles and damage to a key mangrove forest, as well as dozens of people suffering nausea. [B][U]Karachi Dock Labour Board[/U][/B] The Karachi Dock Labour Board (KDLB) is responsible for labour relations between employees and the [COLOR=#000000]Karachi Port Trust[/COLOR]. In October 2006, the Pakistan government has decided to close down Karachi Dock Labour Board by December this year as part of its landlord port strategy and under the [COLOR=#000000]National Trade Corridor[/COLOR] (NTC) programme. The closure of KDLB would cost around Rs 4.2 billion ($70 million) to the national exchequer. The World Bank in its report suggested, in case of closure the KDLB would have to pay about Rs one million to each employee. There are about 3895 employees and officers on its payroll. Of which about 3673 are dockworkers; 185 staff members; and 37 are officers. The total payoffs calculated by the bank would be around Rs 4.2 billion. [CENTER][B][U]KARACHI FISH HARBOUR[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Karachi Fish Harbour is in West Karachi near the main port. It is relatively well supplied with facilities, with two large auction halls which whilst not ideal could be made presentable at little cost, a smaller improved auction hall for export fish, a landing area for fish intended for fishmeal, one 40 ton flake ice machine (most ice used is block ice and bought in by truck from outside the harbour area), an unloading wharf next to the market hall and export processing factories. Boat building facilities and a slipway are on the creek side of the harbour. [CENTER][B][U]PORT FOUNTAIN[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Port Fountain or Karachi Port Trust Fountain is located next to the Northern rock of a series known as [COLOR=#000000]Oyster Rocks[/COLOR], off the [COLOR=#000000]Karachi Harbour[/COLOR]. The [COLOR=#000000]fountain[/COLOR] is the worlds second tallest fountain and rises to height of 620 feet when operating at full force. Ever since its inauguration by the President of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] on [COLOR=#000000]January 15[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]2006[/COLOR]. The fountain has been attracting visitors from all over Pakistan. The fountain structure and platform of 135 sq meters (15m x 9m) is on 16 piles 18 meters deep. Two 835-horsepower turbine pumps deliver nearly 2000 liters of sea water per second at a velocity of 70 meter per second through specially designed 8 inch nozzles. The fountain constructed at a cost of PKR 320 million. Because the fountain rises so high into the air, it is quite easily seen from many locations of the city. Many high rise apartments, buildings and surroundings overlook the fountain throughout the community at the beach. The column of water can be seen from miles at sea. The fountain is located 1.4 km away from the beach to avoid spraying neighborhood homes. Maximum vapours travel up to a radius of 500 feet around the fountain. Eighteen flood lights of 400 watts illuminate the fountain at night. |
Dams and Barrages of Paistan
[CENTER][B][U]DUNGI DAM[/U][/B]
[/CENTER] [COLOR=#000000]Dohngi Dam[/COLOR] (Dungi Dam) is a dam, located 2 kilometers northwest of [COLOR=#000000]Gujar Khan[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Rawalpindi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]GHAZI BAROTHA DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Ghazi Barotha Dam is located on [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Ghazi Barotha Hydroelectric project is located around 100 km from Islamabad. It involved the construction of a partial river diversion at Ghazi Barotha, 7 km downstream from the [COLOR=#000000]Tarbela Dam[/COLOR]. The barrage diverts water into a 52 km concrete-lined channel and delivers it to the 1,450MW powerhouse at Barotha. This is further downstream, near the confluence of the Indus and Haro rivers. In this reach the Indus River drops by 76 m within a distance of 63 km. After passing through the powerhouse, diverted water is returned to the Indus. In addition to these main works, transmission lines stretch 340 km. [CENTER][B][U]GOMAL DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Gomal Dam is located on [COLOR=#000000]Gomal river[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]South Waziristan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]NWFP[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]GOMAL ZAM DAM PROJECT[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Gomal Zam Dam Project is located in [COLOR=#000000]Damaan[/COLOR] area of [COLOR=#000000]NWFP[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [COLOR=#000000]Gomal River[/COLOR], on which a 437 feet high [COLOR=#000000]Gomal Zam Dam[/COLOR] will be built, is one of the significant tributaries of [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR]. It is planned to irrigate about 163,000 acres of land. The total projects costs amounts to Rs. 12 billion. It will be a Roller compacted concrete dam, having a gross storage of 1.14 MAF. It will produce 17.4 MW of electricity when completed. Approximately Rs. 4.388 billion contracts for the construction of Gomal Zam Dam Project was awarded to Messers CWHEC - HPE, a joint venture of two Chinese firms in August 2002. [CENTER][B][U]GUDDU BARRAGE[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Guddu Barrage is a [COLOR=#000000]barrage[/COLOR] across river [COLOR=#000000]Indus[/COLOR], near [COLOR=#000000]Sukkur[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. President [COLOR=#000000]Sikander Mirza[/COLOR] laid foundation-stone of the Guddu Barrage on [COLOR=#000000]February 2[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1957[/COLOR]. The barrage was completed in [COLOR=#000000]1962[/COLOR]. At the time of its construction it has maximum design discharge of 1.2 million cubic feet per second (34,000 m³/s). It is a gate-controlled weir type barrage with a navigation lock. The barrage has 64 bays, each 60 feet (18 m) wide. The maximum flood level height of Guddu barrage is 26 [COLOR=#000000]feet[/COLOR] (8 m). It controls irrigation supplies to 2.9 million [COLOR=#000000]acres[/COLOR] (12,000 km²) of agricultural lands in the [COLOR=#000000]Jacobabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Larkana[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Sukkur[/COLOR] districts of [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR] and the Nasirabad district of [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR]. The cost of the project was 474.8 million rupees. It feeds Ghotki Feeder, Begari Feeder, Desert and Pat Feeder canals. [CENTER][B][U]HUB DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Hub Dam is a large water storage [COLOR=#000000]reservoir[/COLOR] constructed in 1981 on the [COLOR=#000000]Hub River[/COLOR] on the arid plains north of [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR] on provincial border between [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Sindh, Pakistan[/COLOR]. The reservoir supplies water for [COLOR=#000000]irrigation[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Lasbela District[/COLOR] of Balochistan and drinking water for the city of Karachi. It is an important staging and wintering area for an appreciable number of waterbirds and contains a variety of fish species which increase in abundance during periods of high water. The [COLOR=#000000]Mahseer[/COLOR] (Tor putitora), an indigenous riverine fish found in the Hub River, can grow up to 9 feet in length and more than 110 lbs. The Hub reservoir can grow up to 32 square miles and provides for excellent [COLOR=#000000]angling[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]KALABAGH DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The [COLOR=#000000]Kalabagh[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]dam[/COLOR] is a mega water reservoir that [COLOR=#000000]Government of Pakistan[/COLOR] planning to develop across the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR], one of the world's largest rivers. The proposed site for the dam is situated at [COLOR=#000000]Kalabagh[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Mianwali District[/COLOR] of the northwest [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR] province, bordering [COLOR=#000000]NWFP[/COLOR]. The dam project is a highly controversial and has been so since its inception. In December [COLOR=#000000]2005[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]General[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]Pervez Musharraf[/COLOR], who became the [COLOR=#000000]President[/COLOR] of Pakistan after a [COLOR=#000000]1999[/COLOR] coup, announced that he would definitely build the dam in the larger interest of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [B][U]History[/U][/B] The region of [COLOR=#000000]Kalabagh[/COLOR] was once an autonomous [COLOR=#000000]jagir[/COLOR] (feudal estate) within Punjab. It was annexed by the Sikhs in [COLOR=#000000]1822[/COLOR]. After the British annexed the Punjab, the [B][I]Nawab of Kalabagh[/I][/B] was granted the jagir of Kalabagh, in recognition of his services to the [COLOR=#000000]British Raj[/COLOR]. According to the PC-II of the Project, Kala Bagh dam was initiated by GOP in [COLOR=#000000]1953[/COLOR], and until [COLOR=#000000]1973[/COLOR], the project was basically considered as a storage project for meeting the irrigation needs, and consequently, rapid increases in the cost of energy have greatly enhanced the priority of the dam as a power project. The project's paperwork was finalized in March, [COLOR=#000000]1984[/COLOR], with the assistance of the United Nations Development Programme; supervised by the [COLOR=#000000]World Bank[/COLOR], for the client [COLOR=#000000]Water and Power Development Authority[/COLOR] (WAPDA) of Pakistan. [B][U]Controversy[/U][/B] The proposed construction of the Kalabagh Dam triggered an extremely bitter controversy among the four provinces of Pakistan, namely [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]North-West Frontier Province[/COLOR], and [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR]. The only province which is in favor of this dam, is Punjab that is the most strong among all four provinces, as usually the government is mainly centralized in it. The other three provinces have expressed extreme dissatisfaction, going so far as to have their provincial assemblies pass unanimous resolutions condemning the proposed dam. Hence, the project is still under consideration. The delay is also being caused by the fact that according to [COLOR=#000000]international water distribution law[/COLOR], the tailender has a legal and natural right on river and that is why no mega construction or [COLOR=#000000]reservoir[/COLOR] can be built without permission and endorsement of the tail ender i.e. Sindh. In the case where the tail ender is not using water i.e. building a water reservoir, a reservoir can be made upstream. Impact assessments of the proposed dam have shown that while it will provide storage and electricity, the dam will also have adverse impacts on the environment, as can be expected from any large dam. It will also displace a large number of people. While proponents point to the benefits, the adverse factors have been played up by the opponents of the dam. As a result, the dam has been stalled by claims and counterclaims since [COLOR=#000000]1984[/COLOR]. The controversy can be best understood by looking at the viewpoints of each of the four provinces. [B][U]Punjab viewpoint[/U][/B] Punjab — the granary of Pakistan - desperately needs more water to keep up with the growing population and industrial demands on its agriculture. A dam at Kalabagh would also supply cheap hydroelectric power. The annual outflow of water into the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR] is considered a "waste" in Punjab, which feels that water can be used to irrigate Pakistani infertile lands. Punjab wants not just Kalabagh, but also two more large dams on the Indus, at Bhasha and Skardu/Katzarah. It feels that the Kalabagh site is the most favourable, compared to the other two, and that it should be built first. [B][U]Sindh viewpoint[/U][/B] Sindh, the first province to point KBD project a blame game, is the lower riparian and strongest opponent of KBD. But its case mainly against Punjab is more on a conceptual basis of what Sindh thought to be "theft of water by Punjab" rather than locating an actual incident of theft. Sindh supports its argument by stating that by virtue of its name and history of water rights of the province, Indus River belongs exclusively to Sindh. Therefore, claiming the construction of dams, Tarbela and Mangla and now KBD actions of theft of water at the irrigation cost of Sindh. Further, Sindh presents many objections against the proposed dam. Some of these objections are as follows:[LIST][*]Sindh objects that their share of the Indus water will be curtailed as water from the Kalabagh will go to irrigate farmlands in [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]NWFP[/COLOR], at their cost. Sindhis hold that their rights as the lower riparian have precedence according to international water distribution law.[/LIST][LIST][*]The coastal regions of Sindh require a constant flow of water down the Indus into the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR] so that the flowing water can keep the seawater from intruding inland. Such seawater intrusion would literally turn vast areas of Sindh's coast into an arid saline desert, and destroy Sindh's coastal [COLOR=#000000]mangroves[/COLOR].[/LIST][LIST][*]With the construction of dams, such as [COLOR=#000000]Mangla Dam[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Tarbela Dam[/COLOR] across the Indus, Sindhis have seen the once-mighty Indus turned into a shadow of its former glory downstream of the Kotri Barrage up to [COLOR=#000000]Hyderabad[/COLOR]. They fear that there simply is not enough water for another large dam across the Indus, let alone three.[/LIST][LIST][*]The Kalabagh site is located in a highly [COLOR=#000000]seismic[/COLOR] zone near an active [COLOR=#000000]fault[/COLOR], and the underlying rocks are likely to contain numerous fractures, causing the reservoir water to seep through the catacomb of fractures and discharge at the lowest point around the reservoir and the Indus River.[/LIST][LIST][*]Damming the Indus has already caused a number of environmental problems that have not yet addressed. Silt deposited in the proposed Kalabagh dam would further curtail the water storage capacity of [COLOR=#000000]Manchar Lake[/COLOR] and other [COLOR=#000000]lakes[/COLOR] and of wetlands like [COLOR=#000000]Haleji Lake[/COLOR].[/LIST][LIST][*]President General [COLOR=#000000]Musharraf[/COLOR] and other leaders, such as Prime Minister [COLOR=#000000]Shaukat Aziz[/COLOR], have promised ‘[B]iron-clad' [/B]constitutional guarantees to ensure that Sindh gets its fair share of water. However, these assurances mean little to most Sindhis, who point out that even the earlier [COLOR=#000000]1991[/COLOR] [B]Indus Water-Sharing Accord[/B], which is a document already guaranteed by the constitutional body, the Council of Common Interests, has been violated, and that Punjab has “stolen" their water.[/LIST]The objection to Kalabagh in Sindh is widespread. Even political parties of Sindh that are in the central [COLOR=#000000]cabinet[/COLOR] and are supported by General Musharraf, such as the [COLOR=#000000]MQM[/COLOR], have strongly denounced the dam. [B][U]NWFP viewpoint[/U][/B] The [COLOR=#000000]NWFP[/COLOR] has two main objections to the dam.[LIST][*]While the reservoir will be in the NWFP, the dam's electricity-generating turbines will be just across the provincial border in Punjab. Therefore, Punjab would get royalties from the central government in [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR] for generating electricity. Contrary to this, however, Punjab has agreed not to accept any royalties from the Kalabagh Dam. The fact that the NWFP will suffer the adverse consequences of the reservoir but not get royalties is seen as unfair.[/LIST][LIST][*]Concerns that large areas of [COLOR=#000000]Nowshera[/COLOR] district would be submerged by the dam and even wider areas would suffer from waterlogging and salinity as has occurred with the Tarbela Dam.[/LIST][B][U]Balochistan viewpoint[/U][/B] The dam does not directly affect the Baloch as such. Rather, most nationalist Baloch Sardars sees the dam as another instance of Punjab lording it over the smaller provinces. By opposing the dam they are signaling their disaffection with being the poorest province and most neglected of all in development. In reality Balochistan can only get more water and its due share after the construction of Kalabagh dam and Kachhi canal. [B][U]The Common Man's Viewpoint[/U][/B] Majority of people of Pakistan are against the construction Kalabagh dam, as its construction can prove a danger to sustain the unification of provinces under the name 'Pakistan'. The only people who want the construction of Kalabagh dam can be classified into two groups: The first is the high ranked officers of Pakistan army, who will be granted farmlands to be irrigated by Kalabagh dam after the retirements (in fact these are the most powerful supporters of dam). The second group is the political leaders of Punjab; since the issue has turned out be a war between Sindh and Punjab, so by favouring the construction of Dam, Punjabi politicians can maintain their vote-bank. The only reason why President Pervaiz Musharaf favours Kalabhgh dam is because he needs the support of Punjab to sustain his dictatorship in the country. All the ‘oppressed' provinces (Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan) of the country has already expressed a huge concern over the construction of dam, specially in Sindh where every single street has observed the protest against the dam. The people of these oppressed provinces do not believe in any guarantee from ‘Punjabiz' Pakistani government as it has already done many decisions against the constitution/treaties, for example, the regulation of water in Chashma-Jehlem link canal. [B][U]Analysis[/U][/B] Most independent analysts believe that the foremost problem with the proposed dam at Kalabagh is one of a [I]trust deficit between the Punjab on one side and the other three provinces on the other[/I]. The noted columnist, [COLOR=#000000]Ayaz Amir[/COLOR] suggested that the people of Punjab should redefine their assumptions about the rest of Pakistan and distribution of resources. A layman of [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR] does not understand why the rest of Pakistan does not trust Punjab. The answer, according to Amir, lies in the frequent coups staged by the [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Army[/COLOR] (which is overwhelmingly Punjabi in its composition), as well as the Army's extra-constitutional intervention and influence in public sector and civil institutions of the country in general and Sindh in particular. Now no province is ready to trust the Punjab. All Pakistanis agree that Pakistan faces a severe water shortage, and that some form of water management must be implemented soon. Many point out that even if work on Kalabagh were to start tomorrow, it would still take at least eight years to complete and commission such a large dam. In the meantime, the water situation would continue to worsen. Smaller dams, barrages, and canals must be built before that, and water conservation techniques introduced. The WAPDA for years repeatedly changed its statistics on the dam, to the point where no-one in Pakistan now believes any of its figures. Government of Pakistan formed a technical committee, headed by A. N. G. Abbasi, to study the technical merits of the Kalabagh dam vis-à-vis the other two. The four-volume technical report concluded that [B]Bhasha[/B] or [B]Katzarah[/B] dam should be built before Kalabagh, further complicating matters. To make matters even more complex, the report also stated that Kalabagh and Bhasha Dams could be considered feasible. The abrupt way in which [COLOR=#000000]President General Musharraf[/COLOR] announced the decision to build the dam, simply overruling the objections of the smaller states, has sharply polarised public opinion. In Punjab the view is one of “[I]...its high time![/I]" while in the other states, especially Sindh, the reaction has been one of “[I]...over my dead body![/I]”. The fact that the General literally dragged so controversial an issue off the backburner and thrust it into national centre stage without considering the predictable reactions from the smaller provinces has left many aghast. Much has been said in the press, and the issue is still far from being resolved. [CENTER] [B][U]KAROONJHAR DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Karoonjhar Dam is a [COLOR=#000000]dam[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Tharparkar[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sindh[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]MANGLA DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] As per the [COLOR=#000000]Indus Waters Treaty[/COLOR] signed in 1960, [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR] gained rights for the [COLOR=#000000]Ravi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sutlej[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Beas[/COLOR] rivers, while Pakistan, in addition to waters of above three rivers in her area and some monetary compensation, got rights to develop the [COLOR=#000000]Jhelum[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Chenab[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Indus[/COLOR] river basins. Until 1967, the entire irrigation system of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] was fully dependent on unregulated flows of the Indus and its major tributaries. The agricultural yield was very low for a number of reasons, the most important being a lack of water during critical growing periods. This problem stemmed from the seasonal variations in the river flow and the absence of storage reservoirs to conserve the vast amounts of surplus water during periods of high river discharge. The Mangla Dam was the first development project undertaken to reduce this shortcoming and strengthen the irrigation system. The dam was damaged partially during an [COLOR=#000000]Indian Air Force[/COLOR] bombing in the [COLOR=#000000]Indo-Pakistani War of 1971[/COLOR] when the hydel project was hit by the bombs. [CENTER] [B][U]The Mangla Dam project[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Mangla Dam, the twelfth largest dam and [FONT=Arial]third largest earth-filled dam [/FONT]in the world,[FONT=Arial] is only 115 km southeast of Rawalpindi[/FONT]. [FONT=Arial]One has to turn left from Dina Town and the dam on river Jhelum is about 14 km to the east.[/FONT] It was constructed in 1967 across the [COLOR=#000000]Jhelum River[/COLOR], about 100 miles southeast of the federal capital, [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR]. The main structures of the dam include 4 embankment dams, 2 spillways, 5 power-cum-irrigation tunnels and a power station. The main dam is 10,300 feet long and 454 feet high (above core trench) with a reservoir of 97.7 square miles. Since its first impounding in 1967, sedimentation has occurred to the extent of 1.13 MAF, and the present gross storage capacity has declined to 4.75 MAF from the actual design of 5.88 MAF. The live capacity has declined to 4.58 MAF from 5.34 MAF. This implies a reduction of 19.22% in the capacity of the dam. The project was designed primarily to increase the amount of water that could be used for irrigation from the flow of the Jhelum and its tributaries. Its secondary function was to generate electrical power from the irrigation releases at the artificial head of the reservoir. The project was not designed as a flood control structure, although some benefit in this respect also arises from its use for irrigation and water supply. [FONT=Arial]In the centre of the dam there is a Gakkhar Fort from where one can have a panoramic view of the lake. [/FONT][CENTER] [B][U]MIRANI DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Mirani Dam is located in [COLOR=#000000]Gwadar District[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Mirani Dam multipurpose project, is located on [COLOR=#000000]Dasht River[/COLOR], about 30 miles west of [COLOR=#000000]Turbat[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Makran Division[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR], it envisages provision of dependable irrigation supplies for the development ref irrigated agriculture on the two banks of the river. The project have been completed in November 2006 and inaugurated by president Pervaiz of Pakistan. [CENTER][B][U]SHAKIDOR DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Shakidor (Shadi Kor) [COLOR=#000000]dam[/COLOR] is located near [COLOR=#000000]Pasni[/COLOR], in the [COLOR=#000000]Balochistan[/COLOR] province of south west [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], 1,900 km (1,180 miles) from [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR] and has a length of about 148 meters (485 feet). It was built in 2003, at a cost of 45 million rupees (758,853 dollars), to provide irrigation water to the nearby farms. On [COLOR=#000000]February 10[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]2005[/COLOR], the dam burst under the pressure of a weeks' worth of rain, killing at least 70 villagers and dragging their bodies to the [COLOR=#000000]Arabian Sea[/COLOR]. The Pakistani military was sent into emergency Search and Rescue operations, saving 1,200 people but still having to account for over 400 missing. [CENTER][B][U]SUKKAR BARRAGE[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Sukkur barrage is a [COLOR=#000000]barrage[/COLOR] across the [COLOR=#000000]Indus river[/COLOR] near the city of [COLOR=#000000]Sukkur[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It was built during the [COLOR=#000000]British Raj[/COLOR] from 1923 to 1932 as the [B]Lloyd Barrage[/B] to help alleviate famines caused by lack of rain. The barrage enables water to flow through what was originally a 6166-mile long network of canals, feeding the largest [COLOR=#000000]irrigation[/COLOR] system in the world, with more than 5 million acres (20,000 km²) of irrigated land. The retaining wall has sixty-six spans, each 60 feet wide; each span has a gate which weighs 50 tons. [CENTER][B][U]TARBELA DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Tarbela Dam (or the National Dam), the world's largest earth-filled dam on one of the world's most important rivers - the Indus-, is 103 km from Rawalpindi near [COLOR=#000000]Haripur[/COLOR] District. It is a major source of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]'s total [COLOR=#000000]hydroelectric[/COLOR] capacity. Tarbela Dam is part of the [COLOR=#000000]Indus Basin Project[/COLOR], which resulted from a water treaty signed in 1960 between [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], guaranteeing Pakistan water supplies independent of upstream control by India. Construction began in 1968, and was completed in 1976 at a cost of Rs.18.5 billion. Over 15,000 Pakistani and 800 foreign workers and engineers worked during its construction. It is the biggest hydel power station in Pakistan having a capacity of generating 3,478 MW of electricity. The dam has a volume of 138,600,000 cubic yards (106,000,000 m³). With a reservoir capacity of 11,098,000 acre-feet (13.69 km³), the dam is 469 feet (143 m) high and 8,997 feet (2,743 m) wide at its crest while total area of the lake is 260 sq.km. It helps to maintain the flow of the [COLOR=#000000]Indus[/COLOR] during seasonal fluctuations. A new, smaller hydroelectric power project has been developed downstream known as the [COLOR=#000000]Ghazi Barotha Hydel Power Project[/COLOR]. It is solely for generating electricity and has a water channel with the highest flow in the world. While the dam has fulfilled its purpose in storing water for agricultural use in Pakistan, there have been environmental consequences to the Indus river delta. Reductions of seasonal flooding and reduced water flows to the delta have decreased mangrove stands and the abundance of some fish species. Permits are required for visiting the Dam. Please contact Public Relations Officer (PRO), Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), Tarbela (Tel: 051-568941-2). A No-Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Ministry of Interior (Shaheed-e-Millat Sectt.), Islamabad is also required for foreign visitors. [CENTER][B][U]DIAMER-BHASHA DAM [/U][/B] [/CENTER] Diamer-Bhasha Dam is the name of a dam that has been planned in the [COLOR=#000000]Northern Areas[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] on the River Indus. It is located about 314 km upstream of Tarbela Dam and about 165 km downstream of [COLOR=#000000]Gilgit[/COLOR]. The dam is expected to create a large reservoir with a gross capacity of 7.3 million-acre feet (9 km³) submerging large tracts of land in the Diamer district. The dam is supposed to have a power generation capacity of 3.360 megawatts and is expected to considerable ease up the skewed hydro to thermal power generation ratio in Pakistan. It is expected that the detailed drawings of the dam would be completed by March 2008, immediately after which construction work shall begin. [CENTER][B][U]TANDA DAM (RAMSAR SITE) [/U][/B] [/CENTER] Tanda Dam is lcated in [COLOR=#000000]Kohat District[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]North-West Frontier Province[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The site comprises a small water storage area in semi-arid hills in the catchments of the Kohat Toi River. Although most of the shoreline is steep, stony and devoid of aquatic vegetation, at the west end there are some areas of gently shelving muddy shores with a small amount of [COLOR=#000000]emergent vegetation[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]NAMAL DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Namal Lake is located in one corner of the Namal valley in [COLOR=#000000]Mianwali[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. This lake was created when Namal Dam was constructed in 1913. Namal Dam is situated some 32 km from Mianwali city. Namal Lake spread over 5.5 sq km, in Namal valley. There are mountains on its western and southern sides. On the other two sides are agricultural areas. NAMAL dam is situated some 32 KM from Mianwali city. This dam is very old. British Government constructed it. When Mianwali became District then the district government buildings were constructed using water stored in Namal Lake from this Namal Dam. In 1913, British engineers, to meet the scarcity of irrigation and drinking water, built a dam on this lake and from here they irrigated lands up to Mianwali city. But with the passage of time and construction of Thal Canal and installation of tube wells, its utility of water squeezed up to some limit. The gates of the dam are repaired by the irrigation department regularly but without enthusiasm. The hill torrents and rains fill the Namal Lake round the year. Due to a drought-like situation in the country, this lake dried up last year, which is the first incident of its kind during the last 100 years, said one of the senior inhabitants of this area. An engineer told this correspondent that the name of Namal Dam still exists on the list of dams in the world. Namal Lake is an ideal abode for the migratory birds in winter season when thousands of waterfowls, including Russian ducks and Siberian cranes, land in the lake water. Due to the apathy of the wildlife department, these guest birds are ruthlessly killed by poachers. To save these birds, the wildlife department must declare this lake a sanctuary. There is beautiful sulphur water fountain near the Numal dam site.People use this water for treatment of different diseases.This sulphur water fountain is very old but even then the flow rate of water is same .If government take care and give attention to this fountain then this can be a great source of sulphur.By drying the water you can get a good quality sulphur from here. [CENTER][B][U]KANPUR DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Khanpur Dam is a dam located on the [COLOR=#000000]Haro River[/COLOR] near the town of [COLOR=#000000]Khanpur[/COLOR], about 25 miles from [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It forms [COLOR=#000000]Khanpur Lake[/COLOR], a reservoir which supplies drinking water to Islamabad and Rawalpindi and irrigation water to many of the agricultural and industrial areas surrounding the cities. The dam was named from the former Khanpur village, which was submerged by the reservoir, so a new Khanpur town has been built downstream of the Dam. The dam was completed in 1983 after a 15-year construction period believed to have cost Rs. 1,352 million. It is 167 feet high and stores 110,000 acre-feet of water. [CENTER][B][U]MISRIOT DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Misriot dam is located 12 km southwest of Rawalpindi. This small dam has an artificial lake with boating and fishing facilities. Fishing permit may be obtained from fishing guard at Misriot. It has a pleasant landscape and walkways beyond the lake among eruptions of black rocks. [CENTER][B][U]TANAZA DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] It is a small dam located at about 35 Km southwest of Rawalpindi on Dhamial Road. Ideal for a day trip, the lake has a quiet atmosphere. [CENTER][B][U]WARSAK DAM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [LEFT][FONT=Arial]The gignatic multi-purpose Warsak Dam is situated 30 kms north-west of Peshawar in the heart of tribal territory. It has a total generating capacity of 240,000 kw and will eventually serve to irrigate 110,000 acres of land.[/FONT] [/LEFT] [CENTER][B][U]TAUNSA BARRAGE[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Taunsa Barrage is located on [COLOR=#000000]Indus river[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The Taunsa Barrage was completed in 1958, and it has been identified as the [COLOR=#000000]barrage[/COLOR] with the highest priority for rehabilitation. It requires urgent measures to avoid severe economic and social impacts on the lives of millions of poor farmers through interruption of irrigation on two million acres (8,000 km²) and drinking water in the rural areas of southern Punjab, benefiting several million farmers. In 2003, the [COLOR=#000000]World Bank[/COLOR] has approved a $123 million loan to [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] to rehabilitate the Taunsa Barrage on the River Indus whose structure had been damaged owing to soil erosions and old-age. This project will ensure irrigation of the cultivated lands in the area of the [COLOR=#000000]Muzaffargarh[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Dera Ghazi Khan[/COLOR] canals, and through the Taunsa-Panjnad Link Canal that supplements the water supply to [COLOR=#000000]Panjnad[/COLOR] headworks canals. [CENTER][B][U]TAUNSA BARRAGE (RAMSAR SITE)[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Taunsa Barrage wetland site is located 20 km northwest of [COLOR=#000000]Kot Adu[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Muzaffargarh District[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The rare marbled teal Marmaronetta angustirostris is a regular passage migrant and winter visitor in small numbers. The rare Indus dolphin Platanista minor and otter Lutra perspicillata are present in the river in small numbers. The site forms a very important wintering area for waterbirds, (notably Anatidae), and a breeding area for several species, notably Dendrocygna javanica, and a staging area for certain cranes (Grus grus and Anthropoides virgo) and shorebirds. Dendrocygna javanica is a common breeding summer visitor with 325 counted in August 1995. Over 24,000 waterbirds were present in mid-January 1987, including: 620 Phalacrocorax niger, 79 Anser indicus, 2,780 Anas penelope, 770 A. strepera, 4,880 A. crecca, 270 A. platyrhynchos, 1,660 A. acuta, 390 A. clypeata, 4,690 Aythya ferina, 53 Anthropoides virgo, 150 Porphyrio porphyrio and 7,510 Fulica atra, along with fewer numbers of Tachybaptus ruficollis, Tadorna tadorna, Marmaronetta angustirostris, Netta rufina, Aythya fuligula, Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Himantopus himantopus and Numenius arquata. The wetland was first declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary of 6,567 ha in 1972, the Sanctuary was re-listed in April 1983, then in July 1988 and subsequently in March 1993. It has been proposed that the [COLOR=#000000]Indus River[/COLOR] from [COLOR=#000000]Taunsa Barrage[/COLOR] upstream to [COLOR=#000000]Kalabagh[/COLOR] and downstream to [COLOR=#000000]Guddu Barrage[/COLOR] be declared as a World Heritage Site for the Indus dolphin Platanista minor. [CENTER][B][U]CHASHMA BARRAGE (RAMSAR SITE)[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Chashma Barrage wetland site is located Indus Monsoon Forest, some 25 km southwest of [COLOR=#000000]Mianwali[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The site is comprised of a large barrage, a water storage reservoir and a series of embankments (serving as flood bounds) which divide the reservoir into five shallow lakes at low water levels. The site is comprised of a large barrage, a water storage reservoir and a series of embankments (serving as flood bounds) which divide the reservoir into five shallow lakes at low water levels. The aquatic vegetation consists of Hydrilla verticillata, Nelumbium speciosum, Nymphaea lotus, Typha angustata, Typha elephantina, Phragmites australis, Potamogeton crispus-Myriophyllum sp.-Nymphoides cristatum, Potamogeton pectinatus, Saccharum spontaneum, Vallisneria spiralis and Zannichellia palustris. The natural vegetation of the region is a mixture of subtropical semi-evergreen scrub and tropical thorn forest. Species include [I][COLOR=#000000]Olea ferruginea[/COLOR][/I], Acacia modesta, A. nilotica, Adhatoda vasica, [I][COLOR=#000000]Dodonaea viscosa[/COLOR][/I], Gymnosporia sp., Prosopis cineraria, Reptonia buxifolia, Salvadora oleoides, Tamarix aphylla, T. dioica, Ziziphus mauritania, Z. nummularia, Chrysopogon aucheri, Lasiurus hirsutus, Heteropogon contortus and Panicum antidotale. Prosopis glandulosa has been introduced in the area. Most of the natural thorn forest on the plains to the east of the Indus has been cleared for agricultural land and for irrigated plantations of Dalbergia sissoo and other species. The rich fish fauna includes Gudusia chapra, Notopterus chitala, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, C. reba, Labeo rohita, L. microphthalmus, Puntius ticto, P. stigma, Barilius vagra, Wallago attu, Rita rita, Bagarius bagarius, Mystus aor, M. seenghala, Heteropneustes fossilis, Eutropiichthys vacha, Nandus sp., Mastacembelus armatus, M. pancalus, Ambassis nama, A. ranga and Channa punctatus. Other aquatic fauna includes Hirudinaria sp., Palaemon spp., Rana tigrina, Kachuga smithi, Trionyx gangeticus and Lissemys punctata. Mammals occurring in the area include Sus scrofa cristatus, Axis porcinus, Canis aureus, Felis libyca and Lutra perspicillata. [CENTER][B][U]KACCHI CANAL PROJECT[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Kachhi Canal Project is located in [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Kachhi Canal Project was started in October 2002. The project, estimated to cost Rs28 billion, is planned as a fast track part of Vision-2025, the national development programme of water and hydropower resources. The first leg of the project comprises 500-kilometre-long [COLOR=#000000]Kachhi Canal[/COLOR] to off take from [COLOR=#000000]Taunsa Barrage[/COLOR] with a capacity of 6,000 cusecs. According to the official documents, the project will provide irrigation to 713,000 acres of land and will enhance cropping intensity in the project area from the present 2 per cent to 46 per cent. The Kachhi Canal will be fed through Taunsa Barrage for only six months. |
Sports venues in Pakistan
[CENTER][FONT=Lucida Sans Unicode][SIZE=4][COLOR=Sienna][B][U]CRICKET STADIUMS[/U][/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT]
[/CENTER] [CENTER][B][U]ARBAB NIAZ STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Arbab Niaz Stadium is a [COLOR=#000000]Test cricket[/COLOR] ground in [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR]. It replaced the [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar Club Ground[/COLOR] as the home ground for the [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar cricket team[/COLOR] in 1985. The ground has hosted 17 ODIs since 1984, and seven Test matches in 1995, most recently in 2003. The ground has a seating capacity of 20,000. [CENTER][B][U]BAHAWAL STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Bahawal Stadium is a [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] ground in [COLOR=#000000]Bahawalpur[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It was the first cricket ground in Western Pakistan to host a [COLOR=#000000]Test match[/COLOR], when it hosted the second Test of Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1954-55 India's inaugural tour of Pakistan. However, this was the only international match to be held at this ground. As of 2002, 155 [COLOR=#000000]first class matches[/COLOR] and 23 [COLOR=#000000]List A[/COLOR] matches have been played at this ground. As [COLOR=#000000]Bahawalpur's cricket team[/COLOR] has been without first class status since [COLOR=#000000]2002–03[/COLOR], there was only one first class match and one List A match here for the three seasons following that, but the ground still hosts Under-19 matches [CENTER][B][U]DEFENCE HOUSING AUTHORITY STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Defence Housing Authority Stadium (previously known as the Defence Cricket Stadium) is a [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] ground in [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It has hosted only one Test match, the [COLOR=#000000]1st Test[/COLOR] between [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Zimbabwe[/COLOR], from [COLOR=#000000]1 December[/COLOR] to [COLOR=#000000]6 December[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]1993[/COLOR]. Pakistan won by 131 runs, mainly due to [COLOR=#000000]Waqar Younis[/COLOR] taking 7-91 in the first innings and 6-44 in the second. This was his first match as [COLOR=#000000]captain of Pakistan[/COLOR], standing in for [COLOR=#000000]Wasim Akram[/COLOR]. Younis became Pakistan's youngest Test captain. It remains an approved venue for Test cricket. The stadium has hosted 17 other [COLOR=#000000]first-class cricket[/COLOR] matches from 1990 to 2000, and 16 [COLOR=#000000]limited overs[/COLOR] matches from 1990 to 1999 [CENTER][B][U]DRING STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Dring Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Bahawalpur[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]Cricket[/COLOR] games. The stadium holds 15,000 people. [CENTER][B][U]GADDAFI STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Gaddafi Stadium is a [COLOR=#000000]Test cricket[/COLOR] ground in [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It was designed by Pakistani architect [COLOR=#000000]Nayyar Ali Dada[/COLOR] and completed in [COLOR=#000000]1959[/COLOR]. After its renovation for the [COLOR=#000000]1996 Cricket World Cup[/COLOR], the stadium has a capacity of over 60,000 spectators for high profile matches or events. [B][U]Ground Facts[/U][/B][LIST][*]Gaddafi Stadium has the largest playing surface of any cricket ground in the world.[*]The ground was originally named "Lahore Stadium", but was renamed in [COLOR=#000000]1974[/COLOR] in honour of [COLOR=#000000]Colonel Gaddafi[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Libya[/COLOR] after a rousing speech he gave at the organization of the Islamic Conference in favour of Pakistan's right to pursue nuclear weapons.[*]Gaddafi Stadium also houses the headquarters of the [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Cricket Board[/COLOR].[*]In 1995-96, the stadium was completely renovated by original architect [COLOR=#000000]Nayyar Ali Dada[/COLOR] for the 1996 Cricket World Cup. The stadium held the final, with over 60,000 spectators.[*][B]Three [COLOR=#000000]hat-tricks[/COLOR][/B] have been taken at the stadium:[LIST=1][*][COLOR=#000000]Peter Petherick[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]New Zealand[/COLOR] against [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]October 9[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1976[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Wasim Akram[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] against [COLOR=#000000]Sri Lanka[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]March 6[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1999[/COLOR][*][COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Sami[/COLOR] of [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] against [COLOR=#000000]Sri Lanka[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]March 8[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]2002[/COLOR][/LIST][/LIST][B][U]Records[/U][/B] [B][U]Test[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]Highest team total[/B]: 699, by [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] against [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]1989[/COLOR].[*][B]Lowest team total[/B]: 73, by [COLOR=#000000]New Zealand[/COLOR] against Pakistan in [COLOR=#000000]2002[/COLOR].[*][B]Highest individual score[/B]: 329, by [COLOR=#000000]Inzamam-ul-Haq[/COLOR] against [COLOR=#000000]New Zealand[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]2002[/COLOR].[/LIST][B][U]One Day International[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]Highest team total[/B]: 327, by [COLOR=#000000]England[/COLOR] against [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]December 10[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]2002[/COLOR].[*][B]Lowest team total[/B]: 112, by [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR] against [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]December 22[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1989[/COLOR].[*][B]Highest individual score[/B]: 139*, by [COLOR=#000000]Ijaz Ahmed[/COLOR] against [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]October 2[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1997[/COLOR].[/LIST][CENTER][B][U]IBN-E-QASIM BAGH STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium, originally known as Old Fort Stadium, is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Multan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]football[/COLOR]. The stadium holds 18,000 and opened in [COLOR=#000000]1975[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]IQBAL STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Iqbal Stadium is a [COLOR=#000000]Test cricket[/COLOR] ground in [COLOR=#000000]Faisalabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. Previous names for the ground include Lyallpur Stadium, National Stadium, and City Stadium. The current name honours Pakistani poet Sir [COLOR=#000000]Allama Muhammad Iqbal[/COLOR]. [B][U]Ground records[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]First Test:[/B] 1st Test, [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] vs. [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR], October 1978.[*][B]First [COLOR=#000000]ODI[/COLOR]:[/B] Pakistan vs. [COLOR=#000000]New Zealand[/COLOR], November 1984.[/LIST][B][U]Tests[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]Highest innings total:[/B] 6-674 by Pakistan vs. India, October 1984.[*][B]Lowest innings total:[/B] 53 all out by [COLOR=#000000]West Indies[/COLOR] vs. Pakistan, October 1986.[*][B]Highest individual score:[/B] 253 by [COLOR=#000000]Sanath Jayasuriya[/COLOR] for [COLOR=#000000]Sri Lanka[/COLOR] vs. Pakistan, October 2004.[*][B]Best bowling figures (match):[/B] 12-130 (7-76 & 5-54) by [COLOR=#000000]Waqar Younis[/COLOR] for Pakistan vs. New Zealand, October 1990.[/LIST][B][U]One-day internationals[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]Highest innings total:[/B] 7-314 (50 overs) by Pakistan vs. New Zealand, December 2003.[*][B]Highest individual score:[/B] 106 by [COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Yousuf[/COLOR] for Pakistan vs. [COLOR=#000000]Bangladesh[/COLOR], September 2003.[*][B]Best bowling figures:[/B] 4-27 (4 overs) by [COLOR=#000000]Mudassar Nazar[/COLOR] for Pakistan vs. New Zealand, November 1984.[/LIST][CENTER][B][U] JINNAH STADIUM (GUJRANWALA)[/U][/B][/CENTER] Jinnah Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Gujranwala[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] matches. The stadium holds 20,000 and hosted its first Test match in [COLOR=#000000]1991[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]JINNAH STADIUM (SIALKOT)[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Jinnah Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Sialkot[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] matches. The stadium holds 20,000 and hosted its first Test match in [COLOR=#000000]1985[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]MULTAN CRICKET STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [LEFT]Multan Cricket Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Multan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. The stadium is located off Vehari Road, in the suburbs of Multan. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] matches. The stadium holds 30,000 and hosted its first test match in [COLOR=#000000]2001[/COLOR] against Bangladesh Cricket team. The stadium hosts both forms of international cricket i.e. [COLOR=#000000]Test cricket[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]One day international[/COLOR]. The ground is a replacement to the old Qasim Bagh Stadium located in the heart of Multan city.[COLOR=#000000]Flood lights[/COLOR] were recently installed to make Day/Night matches possible. The first Day/Night game played at this ground was between archrivals India and Pakistan. [/LEFT] [CENTER][B][U]NATIONAL STADIUM, KARACHI[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The National Stadium is a [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Karachi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR] opened in [COLOR=#000000]April 21[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1955[/COLOR]. It is currently used for [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] matches, and is home to Pakistan's national and Karachi's domestic cricket teams. The stadium is able to hold over 40,000 spectators, making it the second largest stadium in Pakistan after [COLOR=#000000]Gaddafi Stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR]. However, taking Karachi's size (about 15 million) into consideration, the National Stadium is considered too small by many locals. Other cities of similar size in cricketing nations such as [COLOR=#000000]Kolkata[/COLOR] or [COLOR=#000000]Melbourne[/COLOR] have much larger stadiums. There have been numerous plans to increase the capacity of the stadium, however none have actually been implemented so far. The [COLOR=#000000]Pakistani cricket team[/COLOR] have a remarkable [COLOR=#000000]Test[/COLOR] record at the ground, having only lost once (vs. [COLOR=#000000]England[/COLOR], December 2000-01) and have won 21 times in 39 Test Matches and in over 50 years. The stadium has witnessed some great innings like [COLOR=#000000]Viv Richards[/COLOR] 181 against [COLOR=#000000]Sri Lanka[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Mohammad Yousuf[/COLOR]'s record ninth century of the year to break [COLOR=#000000]Viv Richards[/COLOR] record of most Runs in a calendar year was also scored on the same ground in November 2006-07. [CENTER][B][U]NIAZ STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Niaz Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Hyderabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] matches. The stadium holds 25,000 and hosted its first test match in [COLOR=#000000]1973[/COLOR]. The first ever One-day cricket hatrick took place at this stadium. In addition, Pakistan has never lost any match, whether test or one day, on this ground. Niaz Stadium, Hyderabad is situated in the heart of once the 2nd and now the 3rd most populous city of Pakistan. Hyderabad has been named after Niaz Ahmed the late sports loving commoner of Hyderabad who was the motivating factor for building this stadium. The inaugural first class match was played at Niaz Stadium between South Zone v Pakistan Education Board (PEB) on March 16-18, 1962. Niaz Stadium become the 32nd first class ground in Pakistan and 2nd in Hyderabad. Only five Tests have so far been played at Hyderabad two each against England and New Zealand and one against India. The inaugural Test match at Hyderabad took place on March 16-21, 1973 against England, and it was left drawn after tall scoring England picked up 487 with Dennis Amiss scoring 158. Pakistan in reply, did even better, compiling 569 before declaring after nine wickets had fallen. Mushtaq Mohammad hit 157 and Intikhab Alam 138. England played out time by hitting 218 for 6 wickets. The last Test was played at Niaz Stadium, Hyderabad between Pakistan and New Zealand on 25-29 November 1984. Niaz Stadium celebrated staging this Test cricket's 1000th match with Pakistan winning the rubber with more than a day to spare. Javed Miandad became the second Pakistani after Hanif Mohammed to score a century in each innings of a Test. Niaz Stadium boasts of the fact that Pakistan never lost a Test or One-day International here. [CENTER][B][U]PESHAWAR CLUB GROUND[/U][/B] [/CENTER] The Peshawar Club Ground is a [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] ground in [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR], used for one Test match between [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It staged [COLOR=#000000]first class cricket[/COLOR] matches from 1938 to 1987. [B][U]History of matches[/U][/B] The history of first class cricket at the Peshawar Club Ground began with the [COLOR=#000000]North West Frontier Province[/COLOR] in the Indian [COLOR=#000000]Ranji Trophy[/COLOR]. With the separation of Pakistan in 1949, the NWFP team was admitted into the [COLOR=#000000]Quaid-e-Azam Trophy[/COLOR], and again played at Peshawar until they were replaced in the Trophy by a [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar city team[/COLOR] in 1956. Before that, Pakistan had entertained India for the only Test match to be played here. In a drawn four-day encounter, [COLOR=#000000]Polly Umrigar[/COLOR] hit a century for India before he was run out. The following year, [COLOR=#000000]New Zealand[/COLOR] played a [COLOR=#000000]Governor-General of Pakistan[/COLOR]'s XI here, while a full-strength Pakistan side beat a non-Test touring team from [COLOR=#000000]Marylebone Cricket Club[/COLOR]. For Quaid-e-Azam Trophy matches, the Peshawar team switched between this ground and the [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar Gymkhana Ground[/COLOR] until 1971. In 1957, Peshawar off spinner [COLOR=#000000]Haseeb Ahsan[/COLOR] achieved the best figures on the ground with thirteen for 47 in a match against [COLOR=#000000]Punjab B[/COLOR]. Touring teams occasionally visited the ground, though no more Test matches were played. In 1967, a MCC U-25 side played a Pakistan North Zone team, a match which is notable for [COLOR=#000000]Mike Brearley[/COLOR]'s highest first class score. The visitors' captain made 312 [COLOR=#000000]not out[/COLOR] in a day as MCC piled up 514 for four against opposition including the later Test captain [COLOR=#000000]Intikhab Alam[/COLOR], declared, then won by an innings and 139 runs on the third day. He shared double century stands with [COLOR=#000000]Alan Knott[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Alan Ormrod[/COLOR] (records for the first and fifth wickets at the ground), and his innings remains the highest on the ground, despite [COLOR=#000000]Zakir Butt[/COLOR]'s 290 for [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan Railways[/COLOR] six years later. Matches by touring teams became more common in the 1970s, with [COLOR=#000000]England[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]India[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]New Zealand[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Sri Lanka[/COLOR] (then not a Test nation) all playing a team at this ground. Most matches were drawn, though England won by the use of two declarations, while New Zealand lost against a team with nine players who would appear in the Test series against them. An International XI captained by [COLOR=#000000]Vanburn Holder[/COLOR] also beat a near full-strength Pakistan here in 1976, though the match did not have international status. By November 1984, the new [COLOR=#000000]Arbab Niaz Stadium[/COLOR] in Pakistan was ready, and the Club Ground was disused. It hosted Peshawar for the last time in their [COLOR=#000000]1986–87[/COLOR] Quaid-e-Azam Trophy campaign, where they played eight home matches, and since then the Arbab Niaz has taken over as Peshawar's international and first class ground of choice. [CENTER][B][U]PINDI CLUB GRROUND[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Pindi Club Ground is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Rawalpindi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] matches. The stadium holds 15,000 people and hosted its first test match in [COLOR=#000000]1965[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]QAYYUM STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Qayyum Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Peshawar[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]football[/COLOR] matches. The stadium holds 15,000 people. [CENTER][B][U]QUAID-E-AZAM STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Quiad-e-Azam Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Mirpur[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Kashmir[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] matches. The stadium holds 45,000. [CENTER][B][U]RAWALPINDI CRICKET STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Rawalpindi[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] matches. The stadium holds 20,000 and hosted its first test match in [COLOR=#000000]1993[/COLOR]. The stadium was a prime spot in the 1995-96 cricket world cup. The floodlights were added in late 2001 when the [COLOR=#000000]Australians[/COLOR] were set to tour the Region. The stadium is just 20 minutes from the capital Islamabad and is the only international stadium in the territory. [CENTER][B][U]SHEIKHUPURA STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Sheikhupura Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Sheikhupura[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] matches. The stadium holds 15,000 people and hosted its first test match in [COLOR=#000000]1996[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U][FONT=Lucida Sans Unicode][SIZE=4][COLOR=Sienna]FOOTBALL STADIUMS[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT] [/U][/B][/CENTER] [CENTER][B][U]AYUB NATIONAL STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Ayub National Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Quetta[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly [COLOR=#000000]football[/COLOR] games. The stadium holds 20,000 people. [CENTER][B][U]HYDERABAD FOOTBALL STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Hyderabad Football Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Hyderabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]football[/COLOR] matches. The stadium holds 25,000 people. [CENTER][B][U]IBN-E-QASIM STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium, originally known as Old Fort Stadium, is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Multan[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]cricket[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]football[/COLOR]. The stadium holds 18,000 and opened in [COLOR=#000000]1975[/COLOR]. [CENTER][B][U]JINNAH SPORTS STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Jinnah Sports Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Islamabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]football[/COLOR] matches. It also has athletics faclities. The stadium holds 48,700 people. [CENTER][B][U]MODEL TOWN C-BLOCK STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Model Town C-Block Ground is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly [COLOR=#000000]football[/COLOR] games and hosts the home matches of [COLOR=#000000]WAPDA FC[/COLOR]. The stadium holds 3,000 people. [CENTER] [B][U][FONT=Lucida Sans Unicode][SIZE=4][COLOR=Sienna]HOCKEY STADIUMS[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT] [/U][/B] [B][U]FAISALABAD HOCKEY STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Faislabad Hockey Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Faisalabad[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]field hockey[/COLOR] matches. It is located at Susan Road, a major shopping and restaurant area. [CENTER][B][U]GADDAFI HOCKEY STADIUM[/U][/B] [/CENTER] Gadaffi Hockey Stadium is a multi-use [COLOR=#000000]stadium[/COLOR] in [COLOR=#000000]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is currently used mostly for [COLOR=#000000]field hockey[/COLOR] matches. The stadium holds 45,000. |
Forts of Pakistan
[CENTER][CENTER][B][U]ALTIT FORT[/U][/B][/CENTER]
[/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Altit Fort is an ancient fort in the [COLOR=black]Hunza[/COLOR] valley in the [COLOR=black]Northern Areas[/COLOR] of [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It was home to the hereditary rulers of the [COLOR=black]Hunza[/COLOR] state who took the title [COLOR=black]Mir[/COLOR]. Today Altit Fort is a tourist site.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The Altit Fort is in great disrepair, but is currently being restored by the [COLOR=black]Aga Khan Trust for Culture[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]Historic Cities Support Programme[/COLOR]. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]BALA HISAR FORT[/FONT][/U][/B] [/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Bala Hisar Fort is one of the most historic places of [COLOR=black]Peshawar[/COLOR]. The word Bala Hisar is from [COLOR=black]Persian[/COLOR], meaning, “elevated or high fort”. According to Dr. Hussain Khan, the name was given by the Afghan King [COLOR=black]Taimur Shah Durrani[/COLOR] (1773-1793). The [COLOR=black]Sikhs[/COLOR] who conquered [COLOR=black]Peshawar[/COLOR] in the early 19th century named it Samir Garh in [COLOR=black]1834[/COLOR] but the name did not become popular. The fort stands on a high mound in the northwestern corner of Peshawar City. No long ago the fort used to be conspicuously away from the old city of Peshawar but now the construction of new buildings has covered space between the old city and the fort. However the fort being high, gives a commanding and panoramic view of Peshawar and the entire Peshawar valley. On a clear day, one can see the mountains encircling Peshawar valley and beyond. The area covered by the inner wall of the fort is about 10 acres and the outer wall is about 15 acres. The height of the fort is about 90 feet above ground level.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]History[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]Renowned historian, Dr A.H. Dani in his book "Peshawar-Historic City of Frontier" writes that when Hiuen Tsang, a Chinese traveller, visited Peshawar in 630 AD, he spoke of a "royal residence".[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]He says that Chinese word "Kung Shing" used for its significance and is explained as fortified or walled portion of the town in which the royal palace stood. Hiuen Tsang then made a separate mention of the city, which was not fortified. This shows that the royal residence formed the nucleus of a Citadel, which must have been further protected by a moat.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Dr Dani further says that a channel of old Bara River surrounded by a high spot, which includes the Balahisar and Inder Shahr. The higher area could have been the citadel, which is the present Balahisar.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Peshawar has always been a strategic city and its capturing and ruling over it was of great importance for the invaders and kings.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]"In the 11th century AD, the Hindu ruler, Raja Jaipal of the Hindushahi dynasty was defeated in the vicinity of Peshawar and Mehmud Ghaznavi garrisoned the fort with his army," says Dr Taj Ali. The British officers who visited Peshawar in 19th century mentioned that the fort used to be a royal residence of Afghan rulers, he added.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]"The Afghan rulers named it "Balahisar" a Persian name meaning high fort while the Sikhs renamed it as Samargarh in 1834 but the name remained unpopular," says Dr Taj.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The fort was constructed on a mound with commanding view of the surrounding area including Shalimar gardens presently known as Jinnah Park towards its north. This gave more prominence and grandeur to the fort, he said.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]In the past, Balahisar has seen its construction and destruction by conquerors, worriers, invaders and kings on several occasions. After the overthrow of emperor [COLOR=black]Humayun[/COLOR] by the Afghan King [COLOR=black]Sher Shah Suri[/COLOR], the Afghans destroyed the fort.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]When Hamyun was staying in it he decided to rebuild it before proceeding to Kabul. He wanted to use the fort for his conquest of India at a later stage. As his officers did not want to stay back, Hamayun himself supervised the rebuilding of the fort, which was soon completed.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The fort also remained the residence of legendary Afghan king, [COLOR=black]Ahmed Shah Durrani[/COLOR] and his son Taimur Shah Durrani. The Sikhs captured Peshawar and the fort in 1834 following the battle of [COLOR=black]Nowshera[/COLOR], he added.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The Sikhs first destroyed the fort and later either by [COLOR=black]Hari Singh Nalwa[/COLOR] or Sardar Khurruck Singh rebuilt it keeping in view its importance. However Sher Singh, on the orders of his father [COLOR=black]Ranjit Singh[/COLOR], erected the fort with unbaked bricks.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]On the entrance of the main courtyard of the Balahisar fort, a Sikh period inscription in marble can be seen on an arch gate. This is the only inscription available today in Balahisar, which reads, "Victory to Porak. This was built by Raja Bikramajit and was named Samir or Samar Garh."[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The British reconstructed Balahisar after the annexation of Sikh Shahi areas in 1849. At that time the fort had mud walls and was not very strong. The British replaced the whole structure with bricks and the present shape was given to the fort. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U]BALTIT FORT[/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Baltit Fort or Balti Fort is an ancient fort in the [COLOR=black]Hunza[/COLOR] valley in the [COLOR=black]Northern Areas[/COLOR] of [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. In former times survival of the feudal regimes of [COLOR=black]Hunza[/COLOR] was ensured by the impressive [COLOR=black]Baltit fort[/COLOR], that sits on top of [COLOR=black]Karimabad[/COLOR]. The foundations of the fort are said to date back around 700 years, but there have been rebuilds and alterations over the centuries. In the [COLOR=black]16th century[/COLOR] the [COLOR=black]Thum[/COLOR] married a princess from [COLOR=black]Baltistan[/COLOR] who brought master [COLOR=black]Balti[/COLOR] craftsmen to renovate the building as part of her [COLOR=black]dowry[/COLOR]. The architectural style is a clear indication of [COLOR=black]Tibetan[/COLOR] influence in Baltistan at the time.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The [COLOR=black]Mirs of Hunza[/COLOR] abandoned the fort in [COLOR=black]1945[/COLOR], and moved to a new palace down the hill. The fort started to decay and there was concern that it might possibly fall into ruin. Following a survey by the Royal Geographic Society of London, a restoration programme was initiated and supported by the [COLOR=black]Aga Khan Trust for Culture[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]Historic Cities Support Programme[/COLOR]. The programme was completed in [COLOR=black]1996[/COLOR] and the fort is now a museum run by the Baltit Heritage Trust. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U]DERAWAR FORT[/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Derawar Fort is an ancient fort located 48 Km from Dera Nawab Sahib in Cholistan Desert in Pakistan. The Fort was built by Deoraj, a prince of Jaisalmer. It was in possession of royal family of Jaisalmer when it was captured by Abbasis in 1735. In 1747, the Fort slipped from the hands of Abbasis in the reign of Nawab Bahawal Khan due to his pre-occupations at Shikarpur. Nawab Mubarak Khan took the stronghold back in 1804.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]It is still in a good condition. The rampart walls are intact and still guarded by the personal guards of the Amir of Bahawalpur. The tombs of the ex-rulers of Bahawalpur and their families are located in this fort. The tombs have nice glazed blue tile work. Prior permission of the senior Amir of Bahawalpur is required to enter the fort. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U]KOT DIJI FORT[/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The Kot Diji Fort, formally known as Fort Ahmadabad, dominates the town of [COLOR=black]Khairpur[/COLOR] in [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR], about 25 miles east of the [COLOR=black]Indus River[/COLOR] at the edge of the Nara-Rajisthan Desert. The initial fortifications were made from 1785 to 1795 by Mir Sohrab Khan [COLOR=black]Talpur[/COLOR], founder of the Kingdom of Upper Sindh in 1783. They comprised a 12 [COLOR=black]feet[/COLOR] wide mud wall that had [COLOR=black]bastions[/COLOR] throughout its length and a huge iron gate.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The fort was considered invincible and served as the residence of the Ameers of Khairpur in war and peace. It is, therefore, the ancestral home of Khairpur. When the royal house (Zenana) moved into the comfort of palaces, it stood mainly as a decorated reminder of more violent times. Throughout its whole history, however, Fort Kot Diji was never attacked.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Construction[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]Kot Diji is a very practical fort constructed on a limestone hill with kiln-baked bricks. Bricks were used because the locally available limestone rock was very brittle and would have shattered easily on impact with a cannonball. The hill is over 100 feet high, above which the walls of the fort rise another 30 feet. It has three strategically placed towers about 50 feet tall.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The fort is about 1 km long. Its walls are segmented by about 50 bastions, and its 2.6 km perimeter identically follows the double crescent-shaped contours of the hill it stands on. This allows the fort to surround the attacking enemy on three sides on the west front. On the east, where the entrance lies, the fort is divided by three elephant-proof gates into three overlapping levels, so that the first two levels can be attacked by the next level above them in the event of the lower level being overrun by the enemy. The first gate is not a prominent portal but rather an indirect entry so that the gate cannot be rammed on a charge. The walls and bastions have slits in them, allowing defenders to attack their enemy from two levels: from on top and from within the wall.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The fort was built at a time when cannons had become common and its design and position reveals that. It includes a multitude of stations for cannons and, because it is positioned high on a narrow ridge, enemy cannons would have had to fire at a great distance, permitting little accuracy. Cannonballs could either hit the hill or perimeter or would simply fly over the fort and fall on the enemies' own forces on the other side.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Location[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]Kot Diji was located at the edge of the desert; this provided an advantage over enemies marching from the east, because an exhausted army could be met before it could take supplies and water from the irrigated lands. In fact, the Mirwah canal was built in 1790 specifically to irrigate the lands west of the fort and bring water to the military base.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Role under the British Empire[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]The Kingdom of Upper Sindh later was recognized by the British as the princely state of Khayrpur, after the East India Company had reduced its area to less than a third of its original size of about 50,000 km². The Fort was allocated the role of central military base for the Kingdom, especially to resist Afghan invasion. It was the strongest of the 20 or so Talpur forts and was named after the Persian architect Ahmed, who designed it. According to folklore it took 30 years to build; in reality, a much shorter, tactically feasible period may have been possible by mobilizing peasants and soldiers on a massive scale.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Recent history[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]After the merger of the State with Pakistan in 1955, the fort could have been included with the personal property of the Mir of Khairpur (as is the case with other ex-sovereign rulers who still possess their forts). However, Mir Ali Murad II thought it appropriate to hand it over to the government of Pakistan, expecting better maintenance. Since then, the fort has fallen into serious disrepair and is presently in a derelict condition. Most of the lime mortar plaster has fallen of the walls, leaving the bricks exposed. During the dictatorship of Ayub Khan, 192 cannons and mortars based at and collected in the fort were stolen or destroyed by being thrown from the bastions; other decorative fixtures and fittings were stolen as well. Apart from many indigenously made cannons, the collection included those built for Nadir Shah, the Kachar emperors, and the Kalhora, Mughal and Safavid dynasties, along with antique European cannons.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]In 1994 the provincial government of Sindh leased out the limestone hill on which the fort stood for demolition and quarrying for limestone extraction, in order to construct buildings and form foundations for government-built roads. However, public outrage - focusing partly on the abundance of limestone throughout the region - caused the surprised government to back down.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Today the town wall is barely visible. The massive historic Iron Gate was sold for scrap soon after the takeover of Khairpur by Pakistan. Here, as with other places, Khairpur's heritage and history are being erased; some claim that this part of a deliberate effort by the federal government to erase the Khairpur identity. In 1995 a check of 500 rupees (approximately US$8) was provided for the repair of Kot Diji. Repeated requests by citizens for permission to repair it privately have apparently been ignored. In 2005, about 25 million rupees were handed over to a repair scheme which has apparently left it even more damaged. Sand was used as mortar to replace the original mortar and, as a result, the walls are highly susceptible to rainfall.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Recently, the federal government handed over the fort to the government of Sindh. Since Sindh, which nominally has a provincial status, is widely considered to have a corrupt government, it is perhaps unlikely that the fort will benefit. However, Prince Mir Mehdi Raza Khan Talpur (younger of the two sons of the ex-ruler) is giving personal attention to the fort and has stated his commitment to its repair if sufficient funds can be acquired. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U]LAHORE FORT[/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The Lahore Fort locally referred to as Shahi Qila [COLOR=black]citadel[/COLOR] of the city of [COLOR=black]Lahore[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Punjab[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is located in the northwestern corner of Lahore, adjacent to the [COLOR=black]Walled City[/COLOR]. Some of the famous sites within the fort are: [COLOR=black]Sheesh Mahal[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Alamgiri Gate[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Naulakha pavilion[/COLOR], and [COLOR=black]Moti Masjid[/COLOR]. The fort is 1,400 feet long and 1,115 feet wide. In 1981, the fort was inscribed as a [COLOR=black]UNESCO[/COLOR] [COLOR=black]World Heritage Site[/COLOR] along with the [COLOR=black]Shalamar Gardens[/COLOR].[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Origins[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]According to available historical information, the origin of Lahore Fort is obscure. Traditionally the foundation of Lahore and its fort is based on myths and, is attributed to [COLOR=black]Lav[/COLOR], the son of [COLOR=black]Rama[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Avatara[/COLOR] of Lord [COLOR=black]Vishnu[/COLOR] of [COLOR=black]Hinduism[/COLOR], and hero of the [COLOR=black]Ramayana[/COLOR] of epic age ([COLOR=black]1200[/COLOR]-[COLOR=black]800[/COLOR] B.C.). However, during the excavation done in the year [COLOR=black]1959 A.D.[/COLOR] by the Department of Archaeology, in front of Diwan-e-Aam, a gold coin of [COLOR=black]Mahmood of Ghazni[/COLOR] dated A.H. 146 ([COLOR=black]1025[/COLOR] A.D.) was found at a depth of 25 feet from the level of the lawns. Cultural layers continued to a further depth of 15 feet, giving strong indications that people had lived here, long before the conquest of Lahore by Mahmud in [COLOR=black]1021[/COLOR] A.D. Further mention of the fort is traceable to [COLOR=black]Shahab-ud-Din Ghori[/COLOR]'s successive invasions of Lahore from [COLOR=black]1180[/COLOR] to [COLOR=black]1186[/COLOR] A.D.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Timeline[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]It cannot be said with certainty when the Lahore Fort was originally constructed or by whom, since this information is lost to history, possibly forever. However, evidence found in archaeological digs gives strong indications that it was built long before [COLOR=black]1025[/COLOR] A.D.[/FONT][LIST][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1241[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - Destroyed by [COLOR=black]Mongols[/COLOR].[/FONT][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1267[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - Rebuilt by Sultan [COLOR=black]Ghiyas ud din Balban[/COLOR].[/FONT][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1398[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - Destroyed again, by [COLOR=black]Amir Tamir[/COLOR]'s army.[/FONT][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1421[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - Rebuilt in mud by Sultan Mubark Shah Syed.[/FONT][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1432[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - The fort is occupied by Shaikh Ali of Kabul who makes repairs to the damages inflicted on it by Shaikha Khokhar.[/FONT][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1566[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - Rebuilt by [COLOR=black]Mughal[/COLOR] emperor [COLOR=black]Akbar[/COLOR], in solid brick masonry on its earlier foundations. Also perhaps, its area was extended towards the river [COLOR=black]Ravi[/COLOR], which then and up to about [COLOR=black]1849[/COLOR] A.D., used to flow along its fortification on the north. Akbar also built [I]Doulat Khana-e-Khas-o-Am[/I], the famous [I]Jharoka-e-Darshan[/I] (Balcony for Royal Appearance), Masjidi Gate etc.[/FONT][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1618[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - [COLOR=black]Jehangir[/COLOR] adds [I]Doulat Khana-e-Jehangir[/I] in 1618 A.D.[/FONT][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1631[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - [COLOR=black]Shahjahan[/COLOR] builds [I]Shish Mahal[/I] (Mirror Palace).[/FONT][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1633[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - Shahjahan builds [I]Khawabgah[/I] (a dream place or sleeping area), [I]Hamam[/I] (bath ) and [I]Khilwat Khana[/I] (retiring room).[/FONT][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1645[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - Shahjahan builds [I]Diwan-e-Khas[/I] ([I]Hall of Special Audience[/I]) and probably also [I]Moti Masjid[/I] (Pearl Mosque) in the same year.[/FONT][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1674[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - [COLOR=black]Aurangzeb[/COLOR] adds the massively fluted [I][COLOR=black]Alamgiri Gate[/COLOR][/I].[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana](Sometime during) [COLOR=black]1799[/COLOR]-[COLOR=black]1839[/COLOR] A.D. - The outer fortification wall on the north with the moat, the marble [I]athdera[/I], [I]Havaeli Mai Jindan[/I] and [I]Bara Dari Raja Dhiyan Singh[/I] were constructed by [COLOR=black]Ranjit Singh[/COLOR], Sikh ruler from 1799-1839 A.D.[/FONT][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1846[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - Occupied by the British.[/FONT][*][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1927[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] A.D. - The British hand over the Fort to the [I]Department of Archaeology[/I] after demolishing a portion of the fortification wall on the south and converting it into a stepped form thus [I]defortifying[/I] the fort.[/FONT][/LIST][CENTER][CENTER][B][U]QILLA SAIFULLAH[/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Qilla Saifullah or Saifullah Qilla is a mud fort (qilla) built by [COLOR=black]Saifullah Khan[/COLOR], an influential personage among the [COLOR=black]Khudiadadzai[/COLOR] The [COLOR=black]Qilla Saifullah District[/COLOR] of [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR] derives its name from this fort [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U]RANIKOT FORT[/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Ranikot is a large [COLOR=black]fort[/COLOR] in the region of the [COLOR=black]Kirthar Range[/COLOR], about 30 km southwest of Sann, was in the [COLOR=black]Dadu[/COLOR] district of [COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR] now in district [COLOR=black]Jamshoro[/COLOR], approximately 90 km north of [COLOR=black]Hyderabad[/COLOR] in [COLOR=black]Pakistan[/COLOR]. It is one of the largest forts in the world. It has an approximate diameter of 9 km. Its walls are on the average 6 meters high and are made of [COLOR=black]gypsum[/COLOR] and lime cut [COLOR=black]sandstone[/COLOR] and total circumference is about 29 km. While originally constructed for bow and arrow warfare it was later expanded to withstand firearms.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]It is reputed to be the largest unexplored fort in the world. The purpose of its construction and the reason for the choice of its location are still unknown.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Ranikot is the most talismanic wonder of [COLOR=black]Sindh[/COLOR]. Visible from five kilometers away its massive undulating walls twist and dip over the hills. With the circumference of more than twenty-nine kilometers, its walls, built with dressed sandstone and reinforced with 45 bastions along the outer wall, of which 7 are rectangular and the remaining are round. All modified through the ages to accommodate the use of gunpowder, this perhaps makes it the largest fort in the world. Who constructed it first and why, is an enigma yet to be resolved by researchers. Some historians attribute it to Arabs, built by Imran Bin Musa [COLOR=black]Barmaki[/COLOR], the Governor of Sindh in [COLOR=black]836[/COLOR] A.D., some to Sassanians, and some to the Greeks or Romans and some to the Persians, and some even to the Great Wall of China! Though the prehistoric site of Amri (Aamri) is nearby, and fossils and animal skeletons are found inside the fort on the Lundi Hills, there is no trace of any old city inside the fort. The present structure doesn't appear to be 'prehistoric'. Some historians point to 17th century AD as its time of first construction but most agree that some of the present structure was constructed or reconstructed by Mir Karam Ali Khan Talpur and his brother Mir Murad Ali in 1812 AD at a cost of 1.2 million rupees.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]This enchanted fort is located in Lakki Mountains of the Kirthar range on the right side of the mighty River Indus at a distance of about 30 kilometers from the present day town of Sann. A mountainous ridge, 'Karo Takkar' (Black Hill), running north to south, forms its western boundary and the 'Lundi Hills' forms its eastern boundary. 'Mohan Nai', a rain-stream enters the fort from its rarely used western 'Mohan Gate', where it is guarded by a small fortification, changes its name to 'Reni' or 'Rani Nai' or rain-stream and gives the fort its name. Ranikot is thus the 'fort of a rain stream' - Rani. It runs through it, tumbles in a series of turquoise pools to irrigate fields and leaves the fort from its most used 'Sann Gate' on the eastern side. It then travels about 33 kilometers more to enter the Lion River - Indus.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Most of the twenty-nine kilometers long wall is made of natural cliffs and barricades of mountainous rocks which at places rise as high as two thousand feet above sea level! Only about 8 km portions of its wall are man-made, built with yellow sandstone. This was first measured on foot by Badar Jamal Abro along with Syed Jalal Mehmud Shah and local guide Sadiq Gabol. Badar Abro has also written a book on the Fort. As one enters the fort, one can find hills, valleys, streams, ditches, ponds, pools, fossils, building structure, bastions, watchtowers, ammunition depots, fortresses - all inside the Ranikot, adding more to its beauty and mystery. A spring emerging from an underground water source near the Mohan Gate is named as 'Parryen jo Tarr' (the spring of fairies). According to a tale told by the local inhabitants, fairies come from far and wide on the Ponam Nights (full moon) to take bath at this spring near 'Karo Jabal'! Splashing sounds of water falling on the rocks can be heard at another spring, 'Waggun jo Tarr' or the Crocodile Spring, named so as crocodiles once lived there. [/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Meeri and Shergarh fortresses[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]Within Ranikot, there are two more forts - Meeri and Shergarh fortresses. Meerikot takes its name from the word 'Mir' meaning top. Both the main Ranikot and the inner Meerikot have similar entrances - curved, angulated with a safe tortuous path. "The bridge in front of Ranikot resembles to a smaller bridge in front of a fortress in Verona, Italy,” writes Ishtiaq Ansari, the writer of 'Sindh ja koat aaein qillaa' (Forts and Fortresses of Sindh) and a member of Sindh Exploration and Adventure Society. From the military point of view, Meerikot is located at a very safe and central place in the very heart of the Ranikot with residential arrangements including a water-well. Talpur Mirs used Meerikot as their fortified residence. One can explore ruins of the court, harem, guest rooms, and soldiers’ quarters inside it. Its 1435 feet long wall has five bastions. Every structure in the Ranikot has its own uniqueness and beauty. Looking up from Meerikot one can find another fortified citadel - Shergarh (Abode of Lions) built with whitish stone. Though its location at 1480 feet above the sea level makes this fortress a unique structure, it also makes it equally difficult for supply of water, which can only be had from the brooks and rain streams, hundreds of feet below! The steep climb upto Shergarh gives a commanding view down over the whole fort and its entrance and exit points. On a clear day one can even see Indus, 37 kilometers away to the east.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Beside the Mohan Gate and the Sann Gate, there two more gates, rather pseudo gates. One is towards the side of ancient town of Amri. This 'gate' is called the 'Amri Gate'. Certainly it takes its name from the prehistoric ruins of Amri, but it must have taken this name much later than the times of Amri as the fort itself doesn't appears to be as old as the Amri itself. In fact there is a bridge over rain stream 'Toming Dhoro' exiting from the fort called 'Budhi Mori'. The breach in fort wall due to the river stream has been referred as a gate. Similarly, the Shahpir Gate to the south also appears to be a pseudo gate taking its name from a limestone rock with a rough shape of foot imprinted on it. The sacred footprint supposedly belongs to Hazrat Ali or some other religious personality and is venerated by locals. It seems to be a later breach in the fort wall instead of a formal gate because one can't find any bastion or watchtower or their remains at the site, needed to guard any formal entrance or exit points.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]A mosque found in the fort appears to be a later modification of a watchtower. Scattered animal skeletons and prehistoric fossils can be found on the top of Lundi Hills. One of the three graveyards has about four hundred graves made of Chowkundi like sandstone with engraved motifs of sunflowers and peacocks. Whether we can call them as theriomorphic and phytomorphic motifs, is an open question. Another one appears to be a graveyard of Arabs. The third one, about a mile away from the Sann Gate, had sixteen or seventeen graves earlier but now there are only four graves. The local inhabitants call it the Roman's graveyard.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The fort is notoriously deficient of shelters and shady places but the view of the terrain from the top of 'Shimla Hills' is not only attractive but mystifying too! "The size of Ranikot defies all reasons. It stands in the middle of nowhere, defending nothing" writes Isobel Shaw. So why was this fort built here in the desolate terrain of the Kirthar range? Many theories have been developed to answer this question. According to Ishtiaq Ansari, the Talpurs had sent their families to Thar and Kachchh when Afghan's attacked Sindh during the times of [COLOR=black]Kalhoras[/COLOR]. However, after acquiring the rule of Sindh, they wanted a safe and secure place where they can send their families during the troubled times. This might have prompted them to rebuild this fort to their needs. Rahimdad Khan Molai Sheedai holds view that its location in Kohistan on the western frontiers of Sindh gave it its strategic value. [COLOR=black]Talpurs[/COLOR] (they are [COLOR=black]Balouch[/COLOR] by origin) had good terms with [COLOR=black]Khan of Kalat[/COLOR] (Head of all Balouch Tribes), Talpurs were helped by them when they attacked Kalhoras and in return they gifted [COLOR=black]Karachi[/COLOR] to Khan of Kalat and wanted a secure western frontier.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Mazher Ali Ansari is of the view that [COLOR=black]Persians[/COLOR] ([COLOR=black]Achaemenid Empire[/COLOR], 559 BC - 338 BC) were the first to construct this fort to secure their eastern frontier from the [COLOR=black]Indian[/COLOR] rulers, as their empire extended from the Caspian Sea in the west to the [COLOR=black]River Indus[/COLOR] in the east which also served as a natural boundary and barrier. They had constructed a similar wall of 155 km called the [COLOR=black]Gorgan[/COLOR] Wall near the Caspian Sea to protect their empire.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Beside this, in olden times a trade route from [COLOR=black]Mesopotamia[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Iran[/COLOR] (Kirman Shah, Hamadan, Sulatanabad, Qum, Bimpur), [COLOR=black]Mekran[/COLOR] and Sindh (Amri, [COLOR=black]Sehwan[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Mohenjo-daro[/COLOR]) used to pass from this area. Another branch of this route traversed Thano Arab Khan, Karchat, Sann an Amri, to reach Brahmanabad on the left bank of the mighty River Indus. Hence the importance of the location in earlier times, if the fort existed then. The condition of fort is rapidly deteriorating, as is the case with most of archeological heritage of Sindh. One third of the man-made walls have already collapsed and the rest may soon follow suit.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Access to this man-made marvel of ancient times is possible through a motor able road, which goes up to Meeri Kot. A 4x4 is recommended. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]ROHTAS FORT[/FONT][/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Rohtas Fort is a garrison fort built by the Great Afghan King [COLOR=black]Sher Shah Suri[/COLOR]. He named Qila Rohtas after the famous Rohtasgarh Fort in Shahabad district near [COLOR=black]Baharkunda[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Bihar[/COLOR] which he captured from the Raja of Rohtas [COLOR=black]Hari Krishan Rai[/COLOR] in 1539. Rohtasgarh is situated on the upper course of the river Son, 20 37’ N and 85 33’E. It was built by Harish Chandra of the Solar dynasty and was named after his son Rohitasva after whom the fort (Rohtasgarh) was named.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Reasons of Construction[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]Sher Shah constructed Qila Rohtas to block [COLOR=black]Emperor Humayun[/COLOR] return to India after defeating him in the [COLOR=black]Battle of Kanauj[/COLOR]. This fort lies on the old GT Road between the North (Afghanistan) to the Plains of Punjab. It blocked the way from Peshawar to Lahore. The other reason was to suppress the local tribes of this region [COLOR=black]Potohar[/COLOR] called [COLOR=black]Gakhars[/COLOR] who were allies of [COLOR=black]Humayun[/COLOR] and refused their allegiance to Sher Shah Suri.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Location[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]Qila Rohtas is situated in a gorge approximately 16 km NW of [COLOR=black]Jhelum[/COLOR]. It was constructed on a hillock where the tiny [COLOR=black]Kahan[/COLOR] River turns east towards [COLOR=black]Tilla Jogian[/COLOR] Range.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Overview of Construction[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]Qila Rohtas is a garrison fort and could hold a force of up to 30,000 men. Due to its location, massive walls, trap gates and 3 Baolis (stepped wells) it could withstand a major siege although it was never besieged.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The fort is irregular in shape and follows the contours of the hill it was constructed on. The fort is approximately 4 km in circumference. A 533 meter long wall divides the citadel (for the Chieftain) from other parts of the fort.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The fortification has 68 bastions (towers) at irregular intervals. Out of the 3 Baolis, one of them is in the citadel and the rest are in the other parts of the fort. One of the Gates (Langar Khani) opens into the citadel and is a trap gate because it is in the direct line of fire of the bastions.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The Khwas Khani gate is an example of double walling. A small enclave on the western side is a citadel within a citadel. It is accessible by only one gate and also had a very fine Baoli which suggests that it was meant for the Chief and his family. In this citadel there is a beautiful Masque called the Shahi Mosque (Not to be confused with the one in Lahore). There are no palaces in the Fort except for a structure built by [COLOR=black]Raja Man Singh[/COLOR] called the Haveli of Man Singh. It is built on the highest point of the citadel.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Cost of Construction[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]The work on this fort was started in 1541 with [COLOR=black]Todar Mal Khatri[/COLOR], the revenue minister in charge of the project. The [COLOR=black]Gakhars[/COLOR] whose area the fort was built on refused to provide labor for this project.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Todar Mal faced with such problems informed Sher Shah about these difficulties who wrote in reply, “I know you for a man of business, understanding and intelligence. I see no work can be expected from you, because you consider money as your friend. When I have commanded you to do a thing you ought not to have cared for money in fixing the rate. Whatever be the expenses shall be borne by my government.”[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]After receiving this reply, he fixed one red [COLOR=black]Ashrafi[/COLOR] for each slab on the first day. The rate gradually decreased to one [COLOR=black]Paoli[/COLOR] or [COLOR=black]Bahluli[/COLOR].[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Because of the boycott the cost of construction was huge. It would have been much lower had it not been for the Ghakkars. The following sources all give slightly different estimates of the cost[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Waqiat-i-Jahangiri says the cost was Rs. 34,25,000. It refers to an engraved stone over the Shishi Gate which reads:[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]“The amount is 16, 10, 00,000 [COLOR=black]Dams[/COLOR] and something more, which is 34, 25,000 Rupees of Hindustan, 120,000 [COLOR=black]Tumans[/COLOR] of Iran or 1,21,75,000 [COLOR=black]Khanis[/COLOR] of [COLOR=black]Turan[/COLOR]”.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]According to Tarikh-i-Daudi, its cost is 80,505,002 [COLOR=black]Dams[/COLOR] ([COLOR=black]Bahlulis[/COLOR]).[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Fortification Wall[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]The height of the outer wall varies between 10 and 18 meters. Its thickness varies between 10 and 13 meters. The wall has 2 or 3 terraces and varies in thickness, the maximum being 13 meters near the Mori Gate. The terraces are linked by staircases. The topmost terrace has merlon-shaped battlements. Muskets can be fired from these battlements. Soldiers could also pour molten lead over the walls.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The wall is built in sandstone laid in lime mortar mixed with brick. The gates are in grey [COLOR=black]Ashlor[/COLOR] Masonry. Some portions have been built using burnt brick.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]The Gates[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]The Rohtas Fort has the following 12 gates. All of them are built in Ashlor Stone.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Sohail Gate[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]This gate is the best example of masonry in use in the time of Sher Shah. It derives its name from a Saint names Sohail Bukhari buried in the southwestern bastion of the gate. Others say that it was names after the Sohail Star which rises on this side of the fort.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]It is a double gate rectangular in shape. It is 21.34 meters (70 feet) high, 20.73 meters (68 feet) wide and 15 meters (50 feet) deep. The central archway is 4.72 meters (15 feet) wide. It has an inner and an outer arch which is decorated with beautiful and simple motifs of sunflower. This decoration is repeated in all parts of the Qila.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]There are balconies on either side of the central arch. These balconies have a small dome and their sides and bottom are also decorated. Unlike other parts of the Qila which has been built in Afghan-Persian style, the balcony is an example of Hindu architecture. These same balconies can be seen in Haveli Man Singh. There is a small window in the middle of the outer arch. This window is different from the two balconies to either side of the outer arch. It is much simpler that these two balconies.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]There are seven merlons on this gate. The bastions are with battlements which have loopholes. These bastions have three levels on the inside. [/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The inner side of the gate mirrors the outside but has less decoration. There are no battlements towards the inside and no balconies either. The rooms in the upper storey of this gate have windows that open towards the inside of the Qila. Like the outer arch there is a small window in the middle of the inner arch. The gate now houses a Visitors information center and a Museum set up by the Himalayan Wildlife Foundation.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Shah Chandwali Gate[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]This gate links the citadel to the main fort. It is named after a Saint [COLOR=black]Shah Chandwali[/COLOR] who refused to get his wages for working on this gate. The saint died while still on work and was buried near the gate. His shrine still stands to this day.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]This gate is also a double gate. The outer gate, the entrance of which is from the citadel is 13.3 meters wide and 8.23 meters deep. The inner gate is a simple archway which is 3.66 meters wide.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Kabuli Gate[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]This gate opens to the west and is named “Kabuli” because it faces Kabul. It is a double gate and its opening is 3.15 meters (10 feet) wide. It has two bastions on each side. The gate has 5 battlements on top and has stairs leading up to it from the outside. On the southern side of the gate is the Shahi (Royal) Mosque because of which many people also call it Shahi (Royal) Darwaza (Gate or Door). There is a Baoli near this gate.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Shishi Gate[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]The gate derives its name from the beautiful glazed tiles used to decorate its outer arch. These tiles are the earliest examples of this technique which was later refined in Lahore. These tiles are blue in color.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]An inscription on the left side of the gate gives the date of construction of the fort. The inscription is in Persian and is translated as follows[/FONT] [I][FONT=Verdana]In the Hijri Year 948 came the exalted[/FONT][/I][FONT=Verdana] [I]At that time constructed the great fort[/I] [I]The emperor is Sher, with long life[/I] [I]There is no match to his good fortune[/I][/FONT] [FONT=Verdana] Itwas completed by Shahu Sultan. The Hijri year 948 is 1541 AD.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Langar Khani Gate[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]It is a double gate 15.25 meters (50 feet) high, 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) wide with a central arched opening. The outer arch has a small window like the [COLOR=black]Sohail Gate[/COLOR]. The outer opening leads to a Langar Khana (Mess or Canteen).[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]There are two bastions on either side of the gate which have kitchen, stores and a well for water. The opening of this gate is L shaped. As soon as one enters from the outer gate one has to turn right.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Talaqi Gate[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]This gate is 15.25 meter high and 13.8 meter wide with two bastions on either side. This gates name derives from “Talaq” (divorce). According to a legend, Sabir Suri entered the gate and had an attack of fever which proved fatal. This was regarded as a bad omen and the name became “Talaqi”.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Mori or Kashmiri Gate[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]The gate opens to the north and faces Kashmir. This gate opens into one chamber which opens into another.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Khwas Khani Gate[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]This gate is named after one of [COLOR=black]Sher Shah Suri[/COLOR]’s greatest general, Khwas Khan. This was the original entrance to the Qila (Fort) because outside the gate lies the old GT Road.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]It is a double gate. The outer gate is 12.8 meter wide (42 feet) and 8 meter (26 feet) deep. This gate has a bastion and a defensive wall on each side. On the bastions canons could be deployed. The inner and outer gates are almost mirror images of each other. The top of the gate has five battlements. All of these have loopholes as well as machicolation. Unlike other gates of this Qila, the inner side of the gate has five battlements.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The inner and outer arches have sunflower motifs like the Sohail Gate. The gate also has a room which has windows opening to the inside and the outside.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Gatali Gate[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]It is a single gate 9.15 meter high and 6.1 meter deep. This gate faces Gatali [COLOR=black]Ford[/COLOR] (ravine), thus the name.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Tulla Mori Gate[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]This is an entrance rather than a gate. It is on the eastern side of the fort. It is about 2 meters wide. There is a bastion next to this entrance.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Pipalwala Gate[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]This is a small entrance like the Tulla Mori Gate. It is 2.13 meter wide.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Sar Gate[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]This is a small entrance. There is a bastion next to this gate. There is a Baoli next to this gate. It is called “Sar” because “Sar” means water.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Other Buildings[/FONT][/U][/B][LIST][*][B][FONT=Verdana]Shahi Mosque[/FONT][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]This small mosque is near the Kabuli gate. It has a prayer chamber and a small courtyard. The prayer chamber is 19.2 meter long and 7.3 meter deep. It is divided into 3 equal chambers. There are domes from the inside but from the outside no domes can be seen. This mosque is built into the fortification wall i.e. soldiers walked over the mosques roof. The outer wall of the mosque is the fortification wall itself.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]On the outer wall of the mosque are beautiful round designs in which Islamic verses are written in [COLOR=black]Naqsh[/COLOR] script. These verses are surrounded by a Lilly going around the [COLOR=black]Naqsh[/COLOR] script. The Lilly design was later used by [COLOR=black]Mughals[/COLOR] in [COLOR=black]Tomb of Jahangir[/COLOR], Tomb of [COLOR=black]Nur Jehan[/COLOR] and the [COLOR=black]Shah Burj Gate[/COLOR] in [COLOR=black]Lahore Fort[/COLOR]. The design seems to have been copied from the coins used in that time.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][FONT=Verdana]Baolis[/FONT][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]There are 3 Baolis in the fort. These were made by cutting deep into the lime rock. They are:[/FONT] 1.The Main Baoli in the middle of the Fort for soldiers, elephants, horses etc. This Baoli has 148 steps. Each step is 20 cm (8 inches) wide. The upper portion has been cut in stone. It has arches three arches that span the length of the baoli.[LIST][*][FONT=Verdana]The Shahi Baoli near the Kabuli Gate for the Royal family. It has 60 steps and has small chambers that were used as baths by the Royal family.[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]A small Baoli near the Sar Gate, most likely used by soldiers.[/FONT][/LIST][LIST][*][B][FONT=Verdana]Haveli Man Singh[/FONT][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]This is not an original structure of the fort. It was built by a general of [COLOR=black]Akbar[/COLOR], Raja [COLOR=black]Man Singh I of Amber[/COLOR]. He died in 1614 so it must have been built between 1550 and 1614. It is a 2 storey building constructed with bricks and plastered neatly. Architecturally it bears no resemblance to the Qila Rohtas. A part of the structure has fallen away. There seems to have been 4 rooms out of which only one exists now.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The existing room is 5.5 meters square and there are balconies on the outside of it. These balconies are similar to the one outside Sohail Gate. One could see the whole fort from these balconies.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Unlike Qila Rohtas which is an example of Afghan architecture, this Haveli is an example of pure Hindu architecture.[/FONT][LIST][*][B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Gallows[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]There is a small gallows near Haveli Man Singh. It is a one-storey structure. One room has been built on top of another. There was an upper storey where people would be hanged or their head would be cut off. The lower chamber would be used to collect the body. Bricks seem to have been used in the construction of this building which makes it likely that it was not an original structure of the fort. In addition, it is near Haveli Man Singh which makes it likely that it was built later than the main Qila. [/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Decorative Features[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]This fort is an example of purely “Masculine” architecture. It places function over form. This can be gauged from the fact that the fort had NO building for living. Even Kings had to live in tents when they came here.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Stone Carvings[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]These carvings are found on the gate and in the mosque. Most of these are engravings in Arabic and sunflowers.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Calligraphic inscriptions[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]Most of these inscriptions are on the Shahi Mosque. On top of the mosque the word “Allah” is written on merlon shaped arches. On the outer wall of the mosque are the “Kalima” and other religious inscriptions.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]There is an inscription in [COLOR=black]Persian[/COLOR] on the Shishi gate which gives the date of start of construction. The same inscription is also found over the Talaqi gate.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]There are other inscriptions on the Khwas Khani, Langar Khani and Gatali gate.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Glazed Tiles[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]These tiles are found on Shishi gate. This type of tile became extremely popular with the Mughals who further refined them. The tiles on Shishi gate are the earliest example of the usage of these tiles. These tiles were made in Lahore. [/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Plaster[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]Plaster has been used in the Shahi Mosque.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Architectural Style[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]This fort was built in the Afghan-Persian architectural style. Afghans and Persians Kings had been coming to the Indian subcontinent for at least 5 centuries before the construction of this fort. Before the construction of this fort, the combination of these styles had not been harmonious. Qila Rohtas is the earliest example of the successful mixing of these two styles with the Afghan style being more prominent.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The elements of Hindu Architectures are[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana] 1. Balconies on Sohail Gate. 2. Decorations on Shahi Mosque derived from Hindu Architecture. 3. Haveli Man Singh (Pure Hindu Architecture).[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The elements of Afghan architecture are[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana] 1. Utilitarian Construction. 2. Use of stone instead of bricks in building wall. 3. No Living quarters. 4. Comparatively less decorations.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Usage[/FONT][/U][/B] [COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]Sher Shah Suri[/FONT][/COLOR][FONT=Verdana] died before the completion of this magnificent structure. Ten years after Sher Shah’s death and the end of the [COLOR=black]Suri[/COLOR] dynasty, [COLOR=black]Emperor Humayun[/COLOR] returned to rule India for another 15 years.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]When [COLOR=black]Humayun[/COLOR] returned the Governor of Rohtas, [COLOR=black]Tatar Khan Kasi[/COLOR] fled.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]This fort was never popular with the [COLOR=black]Mughals[/COLOR] because of its military character. [COLOR=black]Emperor Akbar[/COLOR] stayed here for a single night. [COLOR=black]Emperor Jahangir[/COLOR] rested here for a single night while going to [COLOR=black]Kashmir[/COLOR] for some R&R. He said the following about its location.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]This fort was founded in a cleft and the strength of it cannot be imagined.The later [COLOR=black]Mughals[/COLOR] seem to have made no use of the fort. The [COLOR=black]Durranis[/COLOR] kept a garrison and a Governor here. The Sikhs held power after the Durranis, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was in camp here when he heard the news that his greatest general [COLOR=black]Hari Singh Nalwa[/COLOR] had been killed at [COLOR=black]Jamrud[/COLOR] by the [COLOR=black]Pukhtuns[/COLOR] under the leadership of [COLOR=black]Wazir Akbar Khan[/COLOR] a son of the great Amir [COLOR=black]Dost Mohammad Khan[/COLOR]. The [COLOR=black]Kabul[/COLOR] suburb of Mina Akbar Khan is named to honour the memory of this great Afghan general.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The Maharaja gave the fort to [COLOR=black]Sardar Mohar Singh[/COLOR] who was succeeded by [COLOR=black]Gurmukh Singh[/COLOR]. It was subsequently leased to different people and the last people to manage Rohtas was [COLOR=black]Raja Fazal Din Khan[/COLOR] who joined [COLOR=black]Sher Singh[/COLOR] in rebellion.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]History[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]The history of Rohtas is a long and chequered one. From old texts and inscriptions found near Rohtas, it appears that the fort was in the possession of the Hindu king Pratapdhavala of the Japla dynasty. Other inscriptions mention that it was ruled by the Khayarwala clan who were sovereigns of Shahbad (the area now known as [COLOR=black]Bhojpur[/COLOR] and Rohtas). Historians are of the opinion that the Hindu kings of Rohtas did a lot of construction – a road through the jungle leading from the foothill to the plateau, the fortifications on the jungle roads, plus the four gates on the four ghats. The main fortifications at the Raja ghat and the Katauthiya ghat can still be seen. Apart from a matrix for making seals belonging to the 7th century king Sasanka, all other artifacts are from the time of [COLOR=black]Sher Shah Suri[/COLOR] onwards.[/FONT] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1500s[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]The fate of Rohtas took a turn in 1539 when it fell out of the hands of the [COLOR=black]Hindu[/COLOR] kings into those of Sher Shah Suri. At war with the Mughal emperor Humayun he had just lost the fort at Chunar and was desperately trying to gain a foothold for himself. Sher Shah made a request to the ruler of Rohtas that he wanted to leave his women, children and treasure in the safety of the fort, while he was away fighting in Bengal. The king agreed and in the first few palanquins there were women and children but the later ones the wily Sher Shah had substituted with fierce Afghan soldiers, who captured Rohtas, forcing the Hindu king to flee. During the Sher Shah’s reign the fort was guarded by 10000 armed men under the command of one of his trusted general, Haibat Khan Niazi. Haibat Khan Niazi built the Jami Masjid in 1543 AD, which lies to the west of the fort and is made of white sandstone, consisting of three domes. Another monument of this time is a mausoleum, perhaps of the daroga (superintendent of works) of Sher Shah, Habsh Khan.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Then in 1558, Rohtas saw the rule of Man Singh, Akbar’s [COLOR=black]Hindu[/COLOR] general, who made it his political stronghold. Northern India had been under Mughal rule, in contrast eastern India was highly unstable, with the various kings putting up resistance against the [COLOR=black]Mughals[/COLOR]. Man Singh as governor of Bengal and [COLOR=black]Bihar[/COLOR] made Rohtas his headquarters in view of its inaccessibility and other natural defences. He constructed a beautiful palace for himself, which is still in a fairly good condition, repaired the rest of the fort, cleared the ponds and made gardens in Persian style. The palace was constructed in a north-south direction, with its entrance to the west with barracks for soldiers in front. The main gate is known as the Hathiya pol or elephant gat…named after the figures of the behemoths which decorate it. It is the largest of the gates and was made in 1597.[/FONT] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1600s[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]After the death of Man Singh, the fort came under the jurisdiction of the office of the Emperor’s wazir (Prime Minister) from where the governors were appointed. In 1621, the Prince Khurram (later Emperor [COLOR=black]Shahjahan[/COLOR]) revolted against his father [COLOR=black]Jehangir[/COLOR], and fled to the safety of Rohtas, where the guardian of the fort, Saiyyad Mubarak handed over the keys of Rohtas to the prince. Once more, Khurram tried to win avadh, but lost the battle of Kampat and again sought refuge in Rohtas. It was here that his son Murad Baksh was born to his wife Arjumand Bano who later became as famous as Mumtaz Mahal. During Aurangzeb’s reign the fort was used as a detention camp for those under trial and for housing prisoners sentenced for life.[/FONT] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]1700s, 1800s[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]Once again the fortunes of Rohtas changed. In 1763 in the battle of Udhwa Nala, the Nawab of [COLOR=black]Bihar[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Bengal[/COLOR] – Mir Kasim, lost to the [COLOR=black]British[/COLOR] and fled with his family to Rohtas. But Mir Kasim’s luck was out and he fared no better at the fort. Finally the Diwan of Rohtas, Shahmal handed it over to the British Captain Goddard. During his two-month stay at the fort, the captain destroyed the storeroom and many of the fortifications. When Goddard left he put some guard in charge, but they too left after a year. Perched on a plateau where the fertile land and abundant water supply once supported 10000 matchlock men, Rohtas was now empty. There was peace at the fort for the next 100 years or so, which was finally shattered during the time of the First War of independence in 1857. Umer Singh, the brother of brave Kunwar Singh together with his companions took refuge here. There were many encounters with the British where the latter were at a disadvantage, for the jungles and the tribals in them were of great help to the Indian soldiers. Finally, after a long drawn out siege and many skirmishes, the British overcame the Indians.[/FONT] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Architectural Legacy[/FONT][/U][/B] Here is what the World Heritage list (Document 586) says on page 2 of the report: [B][I][FONT=Verdana]“Rohtas Fort is an outstanding example of early Muslim military architecture in the Indian subcontinent which incorporates features from elsewhere in the Islamic world. It also had a profound influence on the development of architectural styles in the Mughal Empire (and hence on the European colonial architecture that made abundant use of that tradition).”[/FONT][/I][/B] [B][FONT=Verdana]“It is also outstanding by virtue of the refinement and high artistic value of its decorative elements, notably its high- and low-relief carvings, its calligraphic inscriptions in marble and sandstone, its plaster decoration, and its glazed tiles.”[/FONT][/B] [FONT=Verdana]And[/FONT] [B][I][FONT=Verdana]“There are no surviving examples of military architecture of this period on the same scale in the sub-continent which survive to the same degree of completeness and conservation. Fatehpur Sikri (India) which is already on the World Heritage List represents the full Mughal realization of a form and style that owes everything to its precursor, Rohtas Fort.”[/FONT][/I][/B] [FONT=Verdana]The recommendation by [COLOR=black]ICOMOS[/COLOR] (the organization that makes the World Heritage list) made the following recommendation:[/FONT] “Rohtas Fort is an exceptional example of the Muslim military architecture of central and South Asia, which blends architectural and artistic traditions from Turkey and the Indian sub-continent to create the model for Mughal architecture and its subsequent refinements and adaptations.” [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Present State[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]Most of the fort is in a very good state of preservation. In the portions that have fallen away (Haveli Man Singh) one can still see some part of the original construction.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The central archway of the Chandwali Gate has been rebuilt recently so that is the only “fake” part of the fort.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]In early 2005, seepage, heavy rains, and general neglect caused the left inner face of the Talaqi Gate to collapse, and the right flank and foundation to become detached from the original structure.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The Gatali Gate forms one of the original entrances to Rohtas. Over time, its right bastion and supporting wall have collapsed as a result of permeated rainwater and the erosion of its foundations.[/FONT] [B][U][COLOR=black][FONT=Verdana]World Heritage Site[/FONT][/COLOR][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]Qila Rohtas was designated a World Heritage Site in 1997. Here is what the World Heritage list says on page 3 of the report: [/FONT] [B][FONT=Verdana]“[I]That this property be inscribed on the World Heritage List. Rohtas Fort is an exceptional example of the Muslim military architecture of central and South Asia, which blends architectural and artistic traditions from Turkey and the Indian sub-continent to create the model for Mughal architecture and its subsequent refinements and adaptations.” [/I][/FONT][/B] [B][U][FONT=Verdana]Himalayan Wildlife Foundation[/FONT][/U][/B] [FONT=Verdana]The Rohtas Fort Conservation Programme was conceived by the Himalayan Wildlife Foundation in 2000 to help protect the sixteenth-century Rohtas Fort near Jhelum, and develop it as a heritage site conforming to international standards of conservation and tourism. It is undertaking the following projects in conjunction with the Royal Norwegian Embassy.[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana]Complete Restoration of Shah Chandwali Gate[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Conservation of Haveli Man Singh[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Conservation of Talaqi Gate and Gatali Gate[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Establishment of Sher Shah Suri Museum in upper storey of Sohail Gate[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Improvement of quality of life in Rohtas Fort village[/FONT][/LIST][B][U][FONT=Verdana]Factoids[/FONT][/U][/B][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana]12 gates, 4 are trap gates[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]68 bastions[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]1900 battlements[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]9500 stairs[/FONT][/LIST][CENTER][CENTER][B][U]SKARDU FORT[/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Skardu Fort or Karpachu Fort is a fort in Skardu city in Northern Areas of Pakistan that dates from the tenth century CE. An ancient mosque is also present inside the fort. The fort and its mosque are located on the eastern face of the Khardong hill 40 ft above Skardu city. A view from these monuments brings into vision the entire valley, the Indus River and the settlement below. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U]FORT MUNRO[/U][/B] [/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Fort Munro lies on the Quetta Road at 85 km from [COLOR=black]D.G. Khan[/COLOR]. It is the only hill station in southern Punjab in the [COLOR=black]Sulaiman Mountains[/COLOR] Range. Its altitude is 1800 meters and attracts many people for short stays during the summer. [COLOR=black]TDCP[/COLOR] resort at Fort Munro offers excellent boating on the Dames Lake. The resort also provides accommodation, a restaurant and a snack bar. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U]MULTAN FORT[/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The Multan Fort, a [COLOR=black]Pakistani[/COLOR] military installation, was a landmark of Indian defense and architecture. It was built near the city of [COLOR=black]Multan[/COLOR], in [COLOR=black]Punjab[/COLOR] province, on a hillock separated from the city by the [COLOR=black]Ravi River[/COLOR]. Its date cannot be fixed with accuracy. The fort was destroyed by British forces during the British occupation of India to avenge the murder of one Mr. Agnew in 1848.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The fort was notable both for its effectiveness as a defense installation and for its architecture. Contemporary reports put the walls of the fort at 40 to 70 feet high and 6,800 feet (2 km) in circumference. The fort's 46 [COLOR=black]bastions[/COLOR] included two flanking towers at each of the four gates (the De, Sikki, Hareri and Khizri Gates). A ditch 25 feet deep and 40 feet wide and an 18-foot [COLOR=black]glacis[/COLOR] protected the fort from intruders.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Within the fort stood a [COLOR=black]citadel[/COLOR] flanked by 30 towers, enclosing [COLOR=black]mosques[/COLOR], a Hindu temple and a [COLOR=black]Khan[/COLOR]'s palace. The citadel was severely damaged by the battering it got from the guns of Ranjeet Singh in 1818.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]At present it is survived by some parts of the old rampart and bastions besides the shrines of Hazrat Bahauddin Zakaria and Shah Rukn-e-Alam, an obelisk in memory of Agnew and a Hindu temple. The famous Qasim Bagh and a stadium are located within the walls of the fort. A panoramic view of Multan City can be had from the highest point in the fort. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U]MUZAFFARABAD FORTS[/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] Border skirmishes between the armies of renowned Mughal The Great Akbar and the Chak rulers of Kahsmir were common. To ensure safety of the people, and the land, the Chaks realised to raise defence posts and efficiently countered the offensives [FONT=Verdana]There are two historical forts on the opposite sides of the river [COLOR=black]Neelum[/COLOR].[/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana]Red Fort[/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana]Black Fort[/FONT][/LIST][FONT=Verdana]During the year 1949 the construction of the red fort was undertaken. It was finally completed by Sultan Muzaffar Khan the founder of Muzaffarabad city during 1646. When the [COLOR=black]Mughals[/COLOR] overtook the [COLOR=black]Kashmir[/COLOR] rule, this fort lost its importance. The Mughals were more interested in [COLOR=black]Kabul[/COLOR], [COLOR=black]Bukhara[/COLOR] and [COLOR=black]Badakshan[/COLOR]. During the [COLOR=black]Durrani[/COLOR] rule the fort again came into limelight and its importance was rediscovred.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]Maharaja Gulab Singh and Ranbir Singh, the [COLOR=black]Dogra[/COLOR] rulers, reconstructed and extended the fort for political and military operations. Towards the end of 1947 the Dogra forces filed away leaving the fort wide open to anybody.[/FONT] [FONT=Verdana]The architectonics of the fort show that great experts in design and structure participated in its construction. It is surrounded on three sides by [COLOR=black]Neelum River[/COLOR] formally known as Kishan Ganga. The northern part had terraces with steps leading to the bank of the river. The Eastern side of the fort was very well protected from the hazards of flood waters but some parts in the north were slightly damaged. There was an inn at the entry of the fort of which there is only traces left now.[/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][FONT=Verdana] [B][U]RAWAT FORT[/U][/B][/FONT][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]Rawat Fort is located 17 km east of Rawalpindi, on the Grand Trunk (G.T) Road leading to Lahore. Gakkhars, a fiercely independent tribe of the Potohar Plateau built the fort, in early 16th century. The grave of a Gakkhar Chief, Sultan Sarang Khan is located inside the fort. He died in 1546 AD fighting against the forces of Sher Shah Suri. If one dares to climb the broken steps inside the tomb, one may get a panoramic view of the plateau and the Mankiala Stupa. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U][FONT=Verdana]PHARWALA FORT[/FONT][/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]This fort is about 40 km from Rawalpindi beyond Lehtrar road. A Gakkhar ruler, Sultan Kai Gohar, on the ruins of a 10th century Hindi Shahi Fort built it in 15th century. Emperor Babar conquered the fort in 1519 AD. Later, in 1825, Sikhs expelled Gakkhars from this fort. Though the fort is in a crumbling state, it is still an attraction for castle lovers. The fort, being situated in prohibited area, is only open for Pakistani visitors. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U]ATTOCK FORT[/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]It is situated about 101 km west of Islamabad on the left bank of Indus River. The fort was completed in 1583 under the supervision of Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi, a minister of Emperor Akbar. The Mughal caravan sarai outside the fort, which is almost on the G.T. Road, was also built during this period. Please note that no visitors are allowed inside the Fort. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U]GIRI FORT[/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The glen of Giri is located 8 km northeast of Taxila, at the foot of Margallah. It is approached through a rough torrent bed near two villages named Khurram Gujar and Khurram Paracha. There are remains of two monasteries and stupas, one on the top of the hill and other below it. The remains of Giri Fort are perched on the hilltop, with spring water falling within it. The fort was built in 5th century by the Buddhist monks. Later, it was used by Sultan Masud, son of Sultan Mahmud of Gazni. [/FONT] [CENTER][CENTER][B][U]FORT OF MUNDE SHAHID[/U][/B][/CENTER] [/CENTER] [FONT=Verdana]The old fort of Munde Shahid, 50 Km from Bahawalpur and Marot Fort are considered to be antiquities. A place outside the Marot Fort is known as 'Baithak Maula Ali'. The tomb of Naugaza is located in the Munde Sharif Fort.[/FONT] |
[COLOR="Red"][B]Presidents of the Republic Of Pakistan[/B][/COLOR]
In 1947, Pakistan became a dominion within the British Commonwealth with the British Monarch as head of state, represented by the Governor-General of Pakistan. In 1956 Pakistan established its first constitution and became a Republic, and the positions of Queen and Governor-General were replaced by the President. Pakistan's first president was Iskandar Mirza, who was also the last Governor General. In 1958, he abrogated the constitution and declared martial law. A few weeks later, he was overthrown in a bloodless coup d'état by General Ayub Khan, who had declared himself president. The constitution was revised, and the president became the ruler of Pakistan. The constitution also stipulated that the president be elected by the people. Elections were held in 1963, and Khan defeated Fatima Jinnah, sister of founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Ayub Khan continued as president until March 25, 1969, when he passed the presidency to Yahya Khan. Yahya Khan stepped down after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto became the new president and presided over the formation of a new constitution. This constitution was completed in 1973, and reduced the presidency to a figurehead position, giving power to the Prime Minister. Bhutto stepped down as President and became Prime Minister, symbolizing the transition. The President was henceforth elected by legislative assembly members, not by popular vote. Popular vote would be used to directly elect the members of the National Assembly, including the Prime Minister. In 1978, Prime Minister Bhutto was toppled by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who declared himself President. The presidency again became the premier position in the Pakistani government. Zia introduced the Eighth Amendment, which gave reserve powers to the President's office. Zia died in 1988 and the Prime Minister's office regained leadership of the country. The Presidency retained its reserve powers until 1997, when the Thirteenth Amendment was passed. However, the 1999 coup of General Pervez Musharraf brought executive powers back to the President's office. National and provincial elections were held in 2002. In December 2003, the Seventeenth Amendment partially restored the President's reserve powers, but made the exercise of those powers subject to Supreme Court approval or veto within 30 days. In January 2004, the Electoral College gave Musharraf a vote of confidence, as result of which he was (according to the Constitution) "deemed to be elected". Musharraf's term of office as President is set to end in 2007. 01. Major General Iskander Mirza March 23, 1956 October 27, 1958 Republican Party 02. Muhammad Ayub Khan October 27, 1958 March 25, 1969 Military 03. Yahya Khan March 25, 1969 December 20, 1971 Military 04. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto December 20, 1971 August 13, 1973 Pakistan People's Party 05. Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry August 13, 1973 September 16, 1978 Pakistan People's Party 06. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq September 16, 1978 August 17, 1988 Military 07. Ghulam Ishaq Khan August 17, 1988 July 18, 1993 No party 08. Wasim Sajjad July 18, 1993 November 14, 1993 Pakistan Muslim League (N) 09. Farooq Leghari November 14, 1993 December 2, 1997 Pakistan People's Party 10. Wasim Sajjad December 2, 1997 January 1, 1998 Pakistan Muslim League (N) 11. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar January 1, 1998 June 20, 2001 Pakistan Muslim League (N) 12. Pervez Musharraf June 20, 2001, In Office Military |
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